2012屆高考英語 語法專題復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)匯總

1、2012屆高考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)匯總一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用法經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.He cycles to work every day. 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees. 表示格言或警句中。Pride

2、goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Columbus proved that the earth is round.現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來： 1下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表 示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。 The tra

3、in leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2. 倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行， Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive the

4、re.4. 在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.一般過去時(shí)的用法在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?I saw Tom in the street y

5、esterday. I bought this TV set in Beijing last year.表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.He always went to work by bus. He used to act like that. 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示語氣委婉禮貌。動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would等用過去式表示委婉。Did you want anything else? I

6、wanted to ask you about that. Did you want to speak to me now?I wondered if you could help me.Could you lend me your bike?4）用在條件句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)不符的虛擬語氣。If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.注意比較下列句型：It is time sb. did sth. “時(shí)間已遲了；早該了”：It is time for

7、 you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“寧愿某人做某事”：I'd rather you came tomorrow.一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid（久病者） all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky f

8、or seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)一般將來時(shí)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first？Will you be at home at seven this evening?be going to +不定式，表示將來。a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。What are you g

9、oing to do tomorrow?b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next

10、 week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。be going to / will的用法之比較： 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來，will表意愿。If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to和be going to 的用法之比較： be to 表示客

11、觀安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 則表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。We are waiting for you.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)She is learning piano

12、 under Mr. Smith.表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。The leaves are turning red.It's getting warmer and warmer.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。You are always changing your mind.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contai

13、n, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.瞬間動(dòng)詞。accept, receive, comple

14、te, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.系動(dòng)詞。seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。常用的時(shí)間狀語有： this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to

15、ten last evening, when, whileMy brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞have (has) + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。has 用于第三人稱單數(shù)，have 用于其他所有人稱。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。通常與表示

16、包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞just，already, before, yet, never, ever等狀語連用。I have never heard of that before.Have you ever ridden a horse?She has already finished the work.Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.Ive just lost my science book. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（包括現(xiàn)在在

17、內(nèi)）的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。I havent seen her these days.She has learnt English for 3 years.They have lived here since 1990.What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的短語連用。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用

18、在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped snowing in the morning, well go to the park.have been (to)和have gone (to)的區(qū)別： have / has been (to) 表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地，說話時(shí)此人很可能不在那里，已經(jīng)回來。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已經(jīng)去了”某地，說話時(shí)此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在這里。 He has been t

19、o Beijing. 他曾去過北京。 （人已回來，可能在這兒）He has gone to Beijing. 他已經(jīng)去了北京。 （人已走，不在這兒）。一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語有：this morning, tonight,

20、 this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately等。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不確定的時(shí)間狀語。分析比較下列各例句：I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） She has returned from Paris.（她已從巴

21、黎回來了。）She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來了。）He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)注意：句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to h

22、is parents last night. 過去完成時(shí)的用法過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had + 過去分詞過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或者某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或者持續(xù)下去。Before he slept, he

23、 had worked for 12 hours.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本，未能”。We had hoped that you w

24、ould come, but you didn't.過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 用一般過去時(shí)

25、代替完成時(shí)的情況： 1. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。When I heard the news, I was very excited.3. 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1

26、492.過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，即立足于過去某時(shí)，從過去的某一時(shí)間看即將發(fā)生的事情就要用這一時(shí)態(tài)。He said his mother would buy a bike for himMy brother told me he wouldnt believe Jack any more.Would it be all right if he knew his illness? 基本形式：wouldshould動(dòng)詞原形（其中 would 用于各種人稱，should 常用于第一人稱）。They were sure they woul

27、d win the final victory他們堅(jiān)信會(huì)贏得最后勝利。 He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there他沒想到我們都在那里。 上述兩個(gè)例句中的賓語從句謂語 would win 和 should（would）be 分別與其主句謂語 were sure 和 didn't expect 相對(duì)應(yīng)。過去將來時(shí)的一些其它表達(dá)形式： wasweregoing to動(dòng)詞原形 He said he was going to try 他說他準(zhǔn)備試試。 waswereto動(dòng)詞原形 They said the railway was

28、 to be opened to traffic on May Day他們說這條鐵路將在五一節(jié)通車。 waswere about動(dòng)詞原形 We were about to go out when it began to rain 我們正要出去天（突然）下起雨來。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（一般多為動(dòng)作概念較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)詞，如 go，come， leave，start， open，begin 等）也可用于表示將來。I didn't know when they were coming again 我不知道他們什么時(shí)候再來。 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)來表示過去將來時(shí)。He said he wou

29、ld come to see you when he had time 他說他有時(shí)間就來看望你。 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。She'll be coming soon.I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法： 1. 表示在將來某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.明天這個(gè)時(shí)候我將在飛往廣州的途中。What will you be doing at eight tom

30、orrow morning? 明天上午八點(diǎn)鐘你將做什么?I hope you won't be feeling too tired.我希望你不要太累。We'll be watching television all evening.我們整個(gè)晚上都將看電視。2. 表示將來被客觀情況所決定的動(dòng)作或者按照安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一樣，我們晚飯后將要喝茶。The leaves will be falling soon. 樹葉很快就會(huì)脫落。We shall be having a meetin

31、g tomorrow morning. 我們明天要開一個(gè)會(huì)。Ill be taking my holidays soon. 我不久即將度假。注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.3. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語：soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach

32、.將來完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。經(jīng)常與“before+將來時(shí)間”或“by+將來時(shí)間”連用，也可與before或by the time引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句連用。By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.到本周末，我將讀完這本書。By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天這時(shí)候，他們將修好這臺(tái)機(jī)器。The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get

33、 home.到我們回家時(shí)，孩子們將已睡了。When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.你今晚八點(diǎn)鐘來時(shí)，我將會(huì)寫完文章了。By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我們的老師將已教二十年英語了。注意：將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。使用這種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，多會(huì)涉及兩個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，一個(gè)在前，一個(gè)在后；敘述前面的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞要用將來完成時(shí)；敘述后面的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞要用一般

34、現(xiàn)在時(shí)。We will have completed the work before you come.He says that he will have graduated from a university before you return home.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法1. 表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在?，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)終止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行著。I have been waiting for you for two hours.我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù)下去)It has been raining for three hours.雨已經(jīng)下了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。(動(dòng)作可能延

35、續(xù))“How long have you been learning English?” “I have been learning English for two years.”你英語學(xué)多久了? 我學(xué)了兩年了。(動(dòng)作可能延續(xù))“Why are you so dirty?” “I've been playing football.”你身上怎么這樣臟?我剛才踢足球了。(動(dòng)作不再延續(xù)下去)2. 有些不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如be，have like，love，know，see，hear等，同樣也不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，而只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。She has been ill for a lon

36、g time. 她已經(jīng)病了好久了。I have not seen you for ages. 我好久沒有見到你了。 區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)皆可表示動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的，而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果。We have been cleaning the classroom我們打掃教室來著。 其直接結(jié)果可能是：

37、我們身上都是灰。 We have cleaned the classroom我們把教室打掃過了。 其結(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔，可以用了。 Be careful! John has been painting the door約翰剛剛把門油漆過，現(xiàn)在油漆還未干，所以你要小心。John has painted the door只表示John已經(jīng)刷過門了，無此含義， 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)有延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒有。They have been widening the road意思是他們?cè)诩訉採R路，但尚未完工。They have widened the road意思則是已完工了?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示

38、動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。Have you been meeting her lately？（有“經(jīng)常相會(huì)”之意。）Have you met her lately？（只是問“見過”沒有。）Who's been eating my apples？ （有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩，表示憤怒不滿。有“蘋果未被全部吃光”的意思。）Who's eaten my apples？ （是完成時(shí)態(tài)，說明“蘋果一個(gè)不剩了”。） 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成： be + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。其中助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，被動(dòng)語態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)中：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ am/is/are +

39、過去分詞一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+was/were +過去分詞一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ will/shall + be +過去分詞過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+would +be +過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ have/has +been +過去分詞過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+had +been +過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + am/is/are +being +過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+ was/were +being +過去分詞將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語 + will/shall +have +been +過去分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用場(chǎng)合： 1. 當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)

40、作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 Goodbyes were said.彼此告別了（沒必要指出誰對(duì)誰告別）。2. 當(dāng)更有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí) Theories must be combined with practice. 理論必須聯(lián)系實(shí)際（強(qiáng)調(diào)理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，不強(qiáng)調(diào)誰聯(lián)系）。3. 由于某種理由（如為了禮貌、婉轉(zhuǎn)或便于組合句法關(guān)系）而需要使用被動(dòng)語態(tài) You are expected to finish it in time. 希望你及時(shí)把它完成。被動(dòng)語態(tài)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別： 被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示的是動(dòng)作，句子中的主語是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，句中可以用介詞 “by”所引導(dǎo)的短語。而系表結(jié)構(gòu)則表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)，一般沒有介詞“by”所引導(dǎo)的短語。The book was written b