英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣精講

1、語(yǔ)氣（mood）：語(yǔ)氣是英文中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化形式，用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的意圖和態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)氣可分為三種：陳述語(yǔ)氣（Indicative Mood）、祈使語(yǔ)氣（Imperative Mood）和虛擬語(yǔ)氣（Subjunctive Mood）。英語(yǔ)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣不同于漢語(yǔ)中的“口氣” 某人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)的“語(yǔ)氣，語(yǔ)調(diào)” (含義較狹窄)。陳述語(yǔ)氣表示對(duì)事實(shí)或說(shuō)話(huà)人作者主觀(guān)認(rèn)定的事實(shí)的肯定或否定陳述或就事實(shí)提出疑問(wèn)。英語(yǔ)中句子大部分是陳述語(yǔ)氣。陳述語(yǔ)氣有肯定、疑問(wèn)或否定等形式。如：e came back yesterday.I have been working as a teacher for almost 24

2、 years.I didnt see him at Toms birthday party.祈使語(yǔ)氣（Imperative Mood）表示說(shuō)話(huà)人向聽(tīng)者發(fā)布命令、提出要求、勸告、警告、威脅等等。祈使語(yǔ)氣的句子一般因交際語(yǔ)境是面對(duì)面的直接交流，故一般情況下主語(yǔ)不出現(xiàn)，祈使語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞形式一般為原形動(dòng)詞。如： Start now! Come on, please. Listen to me carefully, please.虛擬語(yǔ)氣（Subjunctive Mood）則是指說(shuō)話(huà)人作者將行為或狀態(tài)以愿望、設(shè)想等非事實(shí)方式來(lái)表達(dá)的動(dòng)詞形式。即在一些場(chǎng)合里，當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)人或作者談到與事實(shí)相反或?qū)δ呈掳l(fā)生的可能性

3、沒(méi)有把握、沒(méi)有信心，或建議、要求某事發(fā)生時(shí)，就需要采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)表達(dá)。如：wish I were you.If he were here, he would help us.If only I had taken your advice. If I knew his telephone number, I would certainly tell you. 學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的目的和意義： 從語(yǔ)氣著手把握動(dòng)詞形式及其所表示的意義，對(duì)準(zhǔn)確有效地領(lǐng)悟語(yǔ)言信息有很大的好處。首先對(duì)動(dòng)詞形式體現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)別的把握可以快速準(zhǔn)確了解句子傳達(dá)的是事實(shí)還說(shuō)話(huà)人的命令、要求、建議抑或是非事實(shí)性信息，即說(shuō)話(huà)人虛設(shè)的信息等等

4、。此外，語(yǔ)氣對(duì)了解說(shuō)話(huà)人作者的交際目的也很有用，陳述語(yǔ)氣的交際目的一般是向聽(tīng)者傳遞信息或詢(xún)問(wèn)信息；祈使語(yǔ)氣的交際目的是希望聽(tīng)者對(duì)自己的命令、建議等作出反應(yīng)使之得到執(zhí)行、實(shí)施；虛擬語(yǔ)氣則是通過(guò)非事實(shí)性的假設(shè)來(lái)表示說(shuō)話(huà)人作者的某種情感、意愿。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的學(xué)習(xí)方法：虛擬語(yǔ)氣的確很復(fù)雜。很多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)候，常常會(huì)被其復(fù)雜的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式變化以及靈活多變的句式變化弄得暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向，甚至混淆不清。其中一個(gè)很重要的原因是虛擬語(yǔ)氣在漢語(yǔ)思維里是天然缺失的，因此在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到該使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情形時(shí)，我們的大腦不會(huì)“靈光一現(xiàn)”認(rèn)為該用虛擬。因而要克服這一點(diǎn)，學(xué)好、掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣，需要我們大家有一種“意

5、識(shí)”，即遇到某一種情形時(shí)，我們要意識(shí)到這一情形是表達(dá)真實(shí)的情況還是與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，即判斷對(duì)這一情形的闡述是否用了或是否該用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這一點(diǎn)很重要，沒(méi)有這一點(diǎn)意識(shí)，一切都無(wú)從談起。解決了意識(shí)問(wèn)題，接下來(lái)就是方法了，我們究竟該如何學(xué)習(xí)，用什么方法才能更好地更準(zhǔn)確地掌握虛擬語(yǔ)氣呢？下面我們就來(lái)一步步地來(lái)分析、學(xué)習(xí)。推薦精選I. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的兩大體系：1. 表示與事實(shí)相反或假想的情形，通常用if來(lái)引導(dǎo)，叫做“非真實(shí)條件句（unreal conditional）”，或者叫“虛擬條件句”。（學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的基礎(chǔ)，也是重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)）1) 虛擬條件句：“兩類(lèi)三時(shí)”這里所說(shuō)的“兩類(lèi)三時(shí)”是指虛擬條件句具有兩種類(lèi)型，

6、并會(huì)對(duì)三種時(shí)間進(jìn)行虛擬。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的兩種類(lèi)型是：假設(shè)條件句（hypothetical）和事實(shí)相反句（counterfactual）（假設(shè)條件句，顧名思義，是表示假想的情形，表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的一種主觀(guān)愿望或態(tài)度等，實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大。事實(shí)相反句，是表示與現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的某個(gè)事實(shí)相反的情形。對(duì)三種時(shí)間進(jìn)行虛擬，即對(duì)將來(lái)、現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去這三種時(shí)間的虛擬。對(duì)于將來(lái)的情形只能是假設(shè)；而對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的情形可以是假設(shè)也可以是談與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情形；對(duì)于過(guò)去，則只能談與事實(shí)相反的情形。例如：If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him. (可能性)If I w

7、ere you, I wouldnt do that. (與事實(shí)相反)If I had the time now, I would help him. (可能性)If had had the time yesterday, I would have helped him. (與事實(shí)相反) 2）虛擬句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變化對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō)，重要的不是如何區(qū)分兩種類(lèi)型的虛擬條件句，而是要弄清楚在三種不同的時(shí)間的情況下，虛擬句的主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)雜變化 現(xiàn)在把三種不同時(shí)間下的主、從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式列表如下：注：將來(lái)（j），現(xiàn)在（x），過(guò)去（g）；主句（Z），從句)（C）虛擬的時(shí)間從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式（

8、C）主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式（Z）將來(lái)（j）Cj：did/were to do/should doZj：would（could，might）+ do現(xiàn)在（x）Cx: did 或wereZx：would（could，might）+ do過(guò)去（g）Cg: had done/had beenZg: would ( could, might) + have done上表中采用漢語(yǔ)拼音首字母來(lái)標(biāo)注主從句以及將來(lái)、現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去，方便同學(xué)們記憶。三種時(shí)間下主從句中有6種不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，必須“分別”牢牢記住，它們是正確使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的起點(diǎn)、基礎(chǔ)，也是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。尤其是現(xiàn)在和過(guò)去的四種謂語(yǔ)形式，更是要牢記。

9、之所以要強(qiáng)調(diào)“分別”牢記，是因?yàn)橹鳌木渲腥N時(shí)間下謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是不同的，而且在實(shí)際的使用中，主從句的謂語(yǔ)可能會(huì)有以下四種不同的搭配組合：a. 現(xiàn)在虛擬：CxZx型（從現(xiàn)主現(xiàn)）Ifdid/were + would do，would have done, 這里的主句和if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句都表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬。b. 過(guò)去虛擬：CgZg型（從過(guò)主過(guò)）Ifhad done/had been + would have done,這里的主句和if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句都表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬。c. 混合虛擬（一）：CgZx型（從過(guò)主現(xiàn)）Ifhad done/had been + would do，這里的主句是表示對(duì)

10、現(xiàn)在的虛擬，而if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句是表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，即主句和從句虛擬的時(shí)間不一致。推薦精選d. 混合虛擬（而）：CxZg型（從現(xiàn)主過(guò)）Ifdid/were + would have done這里的主句是表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬，而if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句是表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，即主句和從句虛擬的時(shí)間不一致。e. 倒裝虛擬 在英語(yǔ)中，虛擬從句可采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句省去if時(shí)，可將從句中的should, had 或were 置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝虛擬句，而意義不變。Should I win the lottery, I would buy a house.Should you ch

11、ange your mind, no one would blame you.Were it to rain, I would stay at home.Had I known, I would have come earlier.Were I you, I wouldnt say here one more minute.（1）將來(lái)虛擬If I were to live my life again, I would have you as my wife. (將來(lái)的“不大可能”實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望)If I should win the lottery, I would buy a house. （說(shuō)

12、話(huà)人認(rèn)為“不大可能”發(fā)生的情況，說(shuō)話(huà)人的自信不夠）事實(shí)上，對(duì)于很多將來(lái)的情況，用不用虛擬完全取決于說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)所陳述事件的態(tài)度，即虛擬語(yǔ)氣能表明說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度。當(dāng)說(shuō)話(huà)人認(rèn)為未來(lái)某事發(fā)生的可能性很小，就使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，如果認(rèn)為某事在未來(lái)很可能發(fā)生，那就用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如：What do you think would be the value of the necklace, if I were to sell it? (表明說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度，賣(mài)掉項(xiàng)鏈的可能性很小)What do you think is the value of the necklace, if I sell it to you? （真想賣(mài)掉

13、項(xiàng)鏈，用is 和sell這樣的一般時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)賣(mài)價(jià)）再比如：If it were to rain, I would stay at home.If it rains, Ill stay at home.（2）現(xiàn)在虛擬If I were you, I would help him.If I became President, I wouldIf I (be) _ you, I wouldnt ask such a silly question. (07-06-T28)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being we

14、re stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound. 我常常想：如果每一個(gè)人在他生活的早期都要遭受幾天的眼睛失明、耳朵失聰，那該是多么幸福??！黑暗會(huì)使他更珍視視覺(jué)，寂靜無(wú)聲能教會(huì)他欣賞聲音的美妙。If I were the president of a university I would es

15、tablish a compulsory course（必修課） in “How to use your own eyes”. （From Three Days to See）推薦精選開(kāi)心一刻 If I were a millionaire The teacher asked his pupils to write an essay, telling what they would do if they had five million dollars. Every pupil except little Sammy began writing immediately. Sammy sat i

16、dle, twiddling（撫弄，玩弄） his fingers and watching the flies on the ceiling. The teacher collected their papers, and Sammy handed in a blank sheet. “How is this, Sammy? asked the teacher. “Is this your essay? Every other pupil has written two sheet or more, while you have done nothing!” “Well,” replied

17、Sammy, “Thats what I would do if I were a millionaire!”(3)過(guò)去虛擬 故事：只要有愛(ài)，就會(huì)有財(cái)富和成功。 The old men replied together, “If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us wouldve stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and

18、 Success!” ( 從前有位老婦人，有一天在自家門(mén)口發(fā)現(xiàn)有三個(gè)白須飄然的老頭正坐在她家前院。但她并不認(rèn)識(shí)他們，于是她對(duì)那三個(gè)老頭說(shuō)道, “我想我應(yīng)該不認(rèn)識(shí)你們，但是你們一定餓了，請(qǐng)來(lái)我家吃些東西。聽(tīng)了老婦人的邀請(qǐng)，他們說(shuō)道：“我們?nèi)齻€(gè)人不會(huì)同時(shí)進(jìn)去的?！崩蠇D人很是納悶，就問(wèn)：“為什么呀？”If I _ that your business was growing so rapidly, I wouldnt have been worried about it. (07-12-T25)A. know B. knew C. had known D. have known2. 名詞從句中的虛擬

19、語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣除了用在上述非真實(shí)條件句以外，在特定的名詞性從句中也需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這里所說(shuō)的“特定的名詞從句”，是指這樣的名詞從句中含有特定的標(biāo)志詞，這些標(biāo)志詞可用來(lái)表示愿望、建議、要求、請(qǐng)求或意志命令等語(yǔ)氣。而且與非真實(shí)條件虛擬中的主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式完全不同的是，名詞從句虛擬句的謂語(yǔ)變化形式只有一條規(guī)律，那就是名詞從句虛擬句無(wú)論其主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是何種形式，從句的謂語(yǔ)形式均為should+動(dòng)詞原形，其中should可以省去。特別提醒：不是would，而是用should。1） 在主語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用It is +形容詞或過(guò)去分詞或特定的名詞 + that從句等結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用sho

20、uld 加動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省略。（CET-4?？疾椋㊣t is 可用的詞有三類(lèi)that（should）+do/(should)+be donesuggested, recommended, desired, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等important, essential, vital, necessary, imperative, normal, advisable, natural, strange，unusual，surprising，astonishing，amazing，等推薦精選

21、advice，decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement，idea，order等Mike has already put forward his suggestion _ a production plan be completed next week. (11-06-T19)A. whom B. what C. which D. that2) 在上述名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用（CET-4?？?/p>

22、查）suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。例如：My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是讓更多的人來(lái)參加會(huì)議。I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了個(gè)建議，下周我們開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)。 3) 在下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用（B級(jí)考查）在表示命令、建議、要求等一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面的從句中，order,

23、 suggest, recommend, advise, propose, desire, require, request, urge, demand, insist + that賓語(yǔ)從句+（should） do等。例如：I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建議下周召開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)議。He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。Exercises:1. We demand that the tour guide (tell) _ us immediately abo

24、ut any change in the schedule.(08-12-T34)2. The adviser/doctor recommended that Mary (start) _ the training program as soon as possible.(09-06-T29) (08-06-T32)注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建議" 或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。判斷改錯(cuò)： （錯(cuò)） You pale face sug

25、gests that you（should）be ill.（對(duì)） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（錯(cuò)） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.（對(duì)） I insisted that you were wrong.3 其它虛擬句型: 虛擬語(yǔ)氣除了可用于非真實(shí)條件句和名詞從句以外，在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中也常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。（已無(wú)法歸入上述任何一類(lèi)，在此單列，分別討論）1） 在wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法 這是大家非常熟悉的一個(gè)虛擬句型，它用來(lái)表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，具有較強(qiáng)的感情色彩，可分別表示對(duì)

26、現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)的虛擬。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：對(duì)不同時(shí)間的虛擬Wish后面賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式推薦精選現(xiàn)在 did/were過(guò)去had done/had been或could/would + have done/been將來(lái)could/would + 動(dòng)詞原形Exercises:1. Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.Abe living Cwould liveBwere living Dwould have lived 2. Jack wishes that he _ business inste

27、ad of history when he was in university.Astudied Chad been studyingBstudy Dhad studied 3. He didn't go to the party, but he does wish he _there.Awould be Cwould have beenBhas been Dhad been 2） 在if only感嘆句中If only表示“但愿”，“要是就好了”其用法和wish基本相同，可表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)的虛擬，只是比wish具有更強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩。If only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。If only

28、 the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響就好了。If only I had followed your advice!If only I were taller.比較if only與only if only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果就好了"。例如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。If only he comes early.但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。Only if you promise to give it me back, I will let

29、 you use my bike.Exercises:1. If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.Aapprove Ccan approveBwill approve Dwould approve 2. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I_ your advice.Afollow Bwould follow推薦精選Chad followed Dhave followed 3) It is （high

30、/ about） time that + 從句中 It is （high） time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。例如： It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子們?cè)撍X(jué)了。 It is high time that the children should go to bed.Exercises： 1. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _?Awe are going homeBwe go home Cwe

31、went home Dwe can go home 2. “You are very selfish.” Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily.Arealized Brealized Cshould realizeDBoth B and C3. It is high time that such practices _.Aare endedBbe ended Cwere ended Dmust be ended 其實(shí)

32、使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)還有很多，但目前需要同學(xué)們掌握的大致就這么多，希望以后同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中不斷積累總結(jié)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者面臨的一大難題。掌握主、從句中不同時(shí)間下謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是基礎(chǔ)，而在交際實(shí)踐中，要正確地使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，要分“四步走”，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)要經(jīng)過(guò)下列四個(gè)步驟的考慮：第一：是否虛擬；第二：何時(shí)虛擬；第三：主句虛擬；第四：從句虛擬。Exercises：1. I didnt see your boss at the meeting. If he (come) _, I would have told him the news.2. If I hadnt driven the car yesterd

33、ay, I (avoid) _ the accident.3. You (see) _ the new foreign teacher if you had been here yesterday.4. If I (have) _ your phone number, I would have called you yesterday evening.5. I didnt go with them to the beach yesterday, but I do wish I (be) _ there.6. It is advised that we (sign) _ an agreement

34、 right after the discussion.7. Its required that that every employee (come) _ before 8:30 a.m.推薦精選8. Its necessary that the problem (settle) _ in some way or other.9. The manager demands that the new secretary (have) _ a thorough knowledge of the personnel.10. I suggested that he (refuse) _ the offer proposed by the