從干嘉的理必之學(xué)看樸學(xué)中的科學(xué)要素

1、“言吾言科學(xué)研究”的計劃報告2013年6月27日一、背景：語言科學(xué)的由現(xiàn)1.1. 語法分析是一槿技街/»:50 年中期，老一輩國際著名語言學(xué)家Hockett Charles (1958)在 A Course in Modern Linguistics(P147)里面指出：“Specialistshave been working for a long time on the problem of analyzing, describing, and comparing grammatical systems and the degree of accuracy achieved is

2、 much greater than the layman world suspect. At the same time, there remain many pints on which precision is till impossible. Some linguists like to believe that grammatical analysis has become a completely objective operation, but this is not true. Phonemic analysis has been brought much nearer suc

3、h a state: complete precision is not always possible, but we can at least pinpoint the areas of indeterminacy and usually see why they remain indeterminate. But grammatical analysis is still, to a surprising extent, an art: the best and clearest descriptions of language are achieved not by investiga

4、tors who follow some rigid set of rules, but by those who through some accident of life- history have developed a flair for it.”有些語言學(xué)家很樂觀地認(rèn)為：語法分析已然成為完全客觀的操作，但這不是事實。語音實驗學(xué)近乎這種境界但語法分析還任然處在，令人驚奇的藝術(shù)境地。(霍愷得1958年)1.2. 當(dāng)代語言學(xué)的革命然而，就在同時， Robert Lee 在他的 “ Review of Syntactic Structure ” (1957:377-378)吹響了當(dāng) 代語言科

5、學(xué)的號角：“Chomsky' bsok on syntactic structures is one of the first serious attempts on the part of a linguist to construct within the tradition of scientific theory-construction a comprehensive theory of language which may be understood in the same sense that a chemical, biological theory is ordina

6、rily understood by experts in those fields. It is not a mere reorganization of the data into a new kind of library catalogue, nor another speculative philosophy about the nature of Man and Language, but rather a rigorous explication of our intuitions about our language in terms of an overt axiom sys

7、tem, the theorems derivable from it, explicit results which may be compared with new data and other intuitions, all based plainly on an overt theory of the internal structure of languages; and it may well provide an opportunity for the application of explicit measures of simplicity to decide prefere

8、nce of one form over another form of grammar.喬姆斯基的 句法結(jié)構(gòu)是第一個首次以語言學(xué)家的身份認(rèn)真嚴(yán)肅地嘗試在科學(xué)理論構(gòu)建傳統(tǒng)之下建立的一個有關(guān)語言的整理理論 一個在化學(xué)或生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域、為其中科學(xué)家所理解的意義上的理論；他不是類似于把(語言)材料重新組織為圖書館的分類條目，也不是有關(guān)人與語言自然屬性的哲學(xué)設(shè)論；而是有關(guān)我們自然語感的，一種嚴(yán)格清晰的、諸多定理可以由此派生的公理系統(tǒng)。Robert所說的"科學(xué)理論”的要點(diǎn)是The Key Points:(1) The tradition of scientific theory-construct

9、ion科學(xué)理論構(gòu)建的傳統(tǒng)(2) An overt axiom system 明確的公理系統(tǒng)(3) Theorems derivable from it 公理可派生的定理1.3. 什么是“公理系統(tǒng)axiom-system "?什么是“可派生定理 derivable theorems ”呢？Marks Tomas 在他的 Formal Sciences (2005)里面說道：It is important to recognize that the theoriesgrouped together beneath the term Formal Science all utilize s

10、ome form of the axiomatic-deductive method and that, therefore, despite their many differences, they all involve the deduction of consequences (i.e., theorems) from a small set of intuitively obvious axioms or assumptions, and, as a result, they can be viewed as being unified by the same basic scien

11、tific method . In order for anaxiomatic-deductive system to be constructed at all, it is necessary to be able to state initial assumptions, to identify primary elements of some kind, and to make valid deductive inferences from these assumptions and elements. There are many areas of research that are

12、 not understood with sufficient precision to permit an axiomatic-deductive analysis. However, the ' formalsciences all attempt to utilize this methodology, and it is one of their characteristic features ."“關(guān)鍵要注意的是： 在形式科學(xué)這個概念下的(所有)理論，都使用不同形式的“公理-演繹”法，因此，除卻其中的種種不同外，它們無不含有從"少數(shù)幾個經(jīng)驗上顯在公理或公設(shè)

13、assumptions來推演結(jié)果(定理)”的演繹，因此，它們都可以被統(tǒng)一地看做是這一科學(xué)方法的產(chǎn)物。形式科學(xué)無不以此為其方法論，可以說這是它的屬性特質(zhì)之一?！毙问娇茖W(xué) Formal Science” 的基本特征 ( characteristic features )1、公理-演繹法 axiomatic-deductive method2、 結(jié)果 (或定理) 的推演 deduction of consequences (i.e., theorems)3、構(gòu)建公理演繹系統(tǒng)an axiomatic-deductive system 的必要程序：(1)建立元女臺公設(shè) state initial ass

14、umptions;(2)鑒定基本元素 identify primary elements;(3)基于(1)(2)的邏輯有效的推彳濘make valid deductive inferences from these assumptions andelements;綜上所述，當(dāng)代生成語言學(xué)已然具備了 “形式科學(xué)”基本特征，屬于科學(xué)的范疇。這是人類歷史上的第一次，世稱“喬木斯基革命”。幾年前生成語法學(xué)家Larson的句法教材直接取名為："Grammar as Science作為科學(xué)的語言學(xué) ”6、形式科學(xué)的SOI步驟:8-TION操作法The theory forming Procedu

15、re 理論構(gòu)建程序1. Observation盡觀察、2. Classification準(zhǔn)分類,3. Characterization掘?qū)傩?. Generalization建通理>(訓(xùn)練法)What I learned from the East!5. Abduction6. Deduction7. Prediction8. Verification溯因/回溯推理演繹推理預(yù)測有無核驗現(xiàn)實What I learned from the West!三、形式科擘探索的理論模式（蒲月券利2000）預(yù)測ac2E5""c理論現(xiàn)實/55/555/*鞋工廠/皮鞋廠 *種植樹/開玩笑

16、預(yù)測事實喪家犬（不早于西漢）1、自然音步2、2+1造詞3、1+2造語4、韻律構(gòu)詞學(xué)5、韻律句法學(xué)6、秦漢雙音化7、韻律文體五言詩（不先于三音詞）四、7K例 (Gravity 意味著 The Big Bang theory 和 Imperfection)2+2 一 +1復(fù)印文件復(fù)印件復(fù)印文件印文件天天、星期星期；*負(fù)責(zé)任工作、*想透徹問題遠(yuǎn)古音步必單；沒有三音春司，沒有五言爵（不同畤代的不同文if）五、根at “形式科擘”的“擘循1理路”削造的最新擘科1、漠音吾音11律#w司小不減二，大不遇三二檄津，三建化、四事醴2、漠音吾音11律句法勤春司后只允有一低1成份；3、漠音吾音11律文三言爵、五言爵

17、、七言爵 的春司序輾法顛倒4、漠音吾音11律言吾黃和St 了一本善瞞黃和了一部傅言己M> 雅、ffi5、上古音II律音音1.遠(yuǎn)古二言詩歌的律斷竹，續(xù)竹。飛土，逐肉。彈竹或鼓，或罷，或泣，或歌。易經(jīng)中孚六三屯如，遭如；乘馬，班如；匪寇，婚媾。易經(jīng)屯六二凡詩之“行”必以兩個音步為其最小極限，而天下絕無以“單音步詩行”之為律者，故詩行（二言）詩行（四言）據(jù)此，遠(yuǎn)古二言詩行必“二步詩行”若二言二步，則一言必一步音步音步音步音步AAAA斷竹，doo n?tu g楙a楙a雎嫣續(xù)竹；yjo gtu g在河之洲飛土，p? lIha a?窈窕淑女逐肉。l ? wgnju g君子好逑下此理之必然，不煩旁證者也所以，本形式科擘演'之法，我們可以斷言：遠(yuǎn)古漢語必然是一種單音步的語言2 . W （魚部輕（/a/）、歌部重（/ai,ar/）,則上古韻律必以韻素計輕重）吾喪叁。莊子齊無論生為生，理為里。孟子公孫丑上且彼卷彼，我卷我，彼裸程，安能污 我？列女傅明傅丈夫也，出丈夫也，吾何畏 竺哉？滕文公僵以其富，度以吾仁，遽以其爵，理以吾義。孟子公孫丑下生，而忘勾踐之殺女父乎？史記吳太伯世家史無我詐，為無生虞。左傳成公元年生愛其羊，建愛其禮。論語八僧3 .理 Ita） “論語二句而我吾互用，毛詩一句而卬我雜稱，蓋同一 我義而語音輕重緩急不同，施之于