Day 12 Mmory, Motivation and Willpower12天的記憶動(dòng)機(jī)與意志力

1、motivationwillpowermemorymotivationmotivational theories and concepts motives needs, wants, desires leading to goal-directed behavior drive theories seeking homeostasis incentive theories regulation by external stimuli evolutionary theories maximizing reproductive successmotivation motivation a need

2、 or desire that energizes and directs behavior instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearnedmotivation drive-reduction theorythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the needmotivat

3、ion homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level incentives a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviorfigure 9.2 the diversity of human motivesmaslows hierarchy of needs motivati

4、on intrinsic motivationdesire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective extrinsic motivationdesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishmentrewards affect motivationmom: “ill give you $5 for every a.controlling rewardchild: “as long as she pays, ill study

5、.extrinsic motivationmom: “your grades were great! lets celebrate by going out for dinner.informative rewardchild: “i love doing well.intrinsic motivationcritical thinking about motivation and emotionintrinsic vs. extrinsicviews of motivationviews of motivation empirical view (e.g. skinner) extrinsi

6、c (incentives / disincentives) rewards & punishments affect an individuals tendency to respond in the way necessary for learning to occur cognitive view (e.g. piaget) intrinsic (goals & objectives) individual interest in a domain of cognitive activity drive learningempiricalempirical effecti

7、veness of incentives nonetheless derives from individual goals & objectives biological in nature: goals reflect what is necessary for surviving and thriving performance approach - desire to outdo others and avoid appearance of inferioritycognitivecognitive learning motivation is a result of need

8、 to reconcile differences in our understanding of the world. mastery approach - desire to learn and understand and avoid misunderstandingwillpowerwill power kelly mcgonigal will power 101 i will challenges i wont challengeswill powerbattle between two minds two parts of yourselfpre frontal cortexamy

9、gdalataking the high road uses a lot of the brains energytrain willpower sleep meditation physical exercise low glycemic plant based diettrain willpower sleep intervention drug addicts taught breath focused meditation focused on sleep 5-15 mins increased sleep by at least one hour incearsed sleep pr

10、edicted relapse minutes meditation per week also predicted relapsebritten et al 2010set back or failure give yourself a break dieters forced to eat a donut taste test randomly assigned to control/experimental group experimental group give yourself a break- self compassion eat less than compared to c

11、ontrol groupadams and leary 2007self compassion message mindfulness of thoughts and feelings common humanity encouragement over criticismcurrent self vs. future self1234future self more overlap the more look after the future (savings) more will power future self a stranger less likely to look after

12、the future conversation with your future selfersner, hershfield et alvisualizing failure vs. visualizing successvisualizing failure vs. visualizing success imagined themselves failing asked to focus on what the issues/obstacles when, where how will you defend against this double amount of exercising

13、 16 weeks later x2 as likely to keep changes going compared to controlstadler, oettinger & gollwitzer 2009holding breathsurfing the urge distress tolerance stay put when it gets difficult smoking quit of 24hrs then asked to come with unopened pack power of acceptancesurfing the urge notice the t

14、houghts, craving, feeling accept and attend to inner experience breath and give your body and brain a chance to pause and plan broaden your attention and look for the actions that will help you achieve the goalwillpower rules train your willpower physiology forgive yourself self compassion make frie

15、nds with your future self predict failure surf the urgekelly mcgonigal the willpower instinctmemoryhuman memory: basic questions how does information get into memory? how is information maintained in memory? how is information pulled back out of memory?the processes of memory encoding storage retrie

16、val (remembering) forgettingstorage three levels of storage level 1: sensory memory level 2: short term memory or working memory level 3: long term memoryfigure 7.2 three key processes in memoryencoding: getting information into memory the role of attention focusing awareness divided attentionfigure

17、 7.3 levels-of-processing theoryenriching encoding elaboration = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding thinking of examples visual imagery = creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered easier for concrete objects: dual-coding theorystorage: maintaining inf

18、ormation in memory analogy: information storage in computers information storage in human memory information-processing theories subdivide memory into three different stores sensory, short-term, long-termfigure 7.6 the atkinson and schiffrin model of memory storagesensory memory brief preservation o

19、f information in original sensory form auditory/visual approximately secondshort term memory (stm) limited duration about 20 seconds without rehearsal rehearsal the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information limited capacity magical number 7 plus or minus 2 chunking groupi

20、ng familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit chimp memorylong-term memory unlimited capacity and lengthy storage time permanent storage? flashbulb memories how is knowledge represented and organized in memory? schemas and scripts semantic networks connectionist networks and pdp modelswhat is you

21、r long term memory? it has unlimited capacity, and lengthy storage time information maybe stays there forever, it just cant be retrieved or it may decay things will sometimes get into our long term memory as a side effect of our thinking, not always from trying to memorize - remembering is a side ef

22、fect of thinkingwhat is your long term memory? we sort the stuff we remember, and remember what is important to us, or what is consistent with what we think should be there there are cultural differences in what is considered important to remember, and how it is rememberedretrieval: getting informat

23、ionout of memory the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon a failure in retrieval retrieval cues reinstating the context context cues reconstructing memories misinformation effect source monitoringforgetting: when memory lapses ebbinghauss forgetting curve retention the proportion of material retained recall

24、 recognition relearningfigure 7.10 ebbinghaus forgetting curve for nonsense syllableswhy we forget ineffective encoding decay interference proactive retroactive retrieval failure repression authenticity of repressed memories? memory illusions controversyretrieval failure encoding specificity transfe

25、r-appropriate processing repression authenticity of repressed memories? memory illusions controversytypes of long term memory we seem to have different kinds of memory they come into the brain through different pathways they are stored in different ways and in different places in the brainfigure 7.1

26、7 theories of independent memory systemstypes of long term memoryexplicit i am conscious that i remember this operant conditioning leads to this kind of memoryimplicit i am not conscious that i remember this it shows up in my behaviour classical conditioning leads to this kind of emotional memory th

27、e secret of a good memory is the secret of forming diverse and multiple associations with every fact we care to retainwhereabouts in the brain are memories stored? we seem to have different networks operating for different kinds of memory implicit memories come through the amygdala explicit memories

28、 come through the hippocampus once consolidated, they are stored in the original site eg. motor memory in the motor context, language memory in the language areas of the brainanatomy of memorybilateral damage tothe hippocampus results in anterogradeamnesia (patient h.m.)anatomy of memoryamygdala: em

29、otional memory and memory consolidationbasal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and cc responseshippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, laying down new declarative long-term memoriesthalamus, formation of new memories and working memoriescortical areas: encoding o

30、f factual memories, storage of episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming. remembering (retrieval) complex process we use partial cues each time we remember, we reconstruct the memory tip of the tongue phenomenon is when the semantic memory is there, but not the information about the na

31、mewhat helps us remember? context reconstruction having spaces between the learning sessions using lots of different ways to encode the information(a) overlearning(b) using visual imagery (method of loci) (c) using mnemonic devicesforgetting why do we forget? we never learned it properly in the firs

32、t place because of lack of attention or lack of in depth processing it decays (short term memory especially) interference from other material you have learned retrieval failure: cue needs to match the encoded memory motivated forgetting: instructing ourselves to forget, repressed memorymemories are imperfect reconstructions subject to distortion hindsight distortion: memory recalled is influenced by present knowledge influence: we take on board what we are told, or see, or ot