掌握英語句子的類型 -- 簡單句、并列句、復合句（）

1、句子的類型（Types）句子就是把詞和詞組按照一定的規(guī)則組織起來，使之能夠表達一個完整的意思。一般從說話人的目的來看，句子可以分為四種種類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。本文主要從句子結構本身來討論，句子可以分為三種類型，即簡單句、并列句和復合句。其實句子的種類和句子的類型共存于任何一句句子中。一、 簡單句(Simple Sentence) 簡單句，即英語句子中含有一個主謂結構的句子，有6種類型：1、 主語+系動詞+表語其中系動詞有：be, become, turn, get, feel, smell, seem, look等。This book is mine. (考綱例句)The lea

2、ves turn green. 2、 主語+不及物動詞+（狀語）Mary can swim. (考綱例句)Great changes have taken place. 3、 主語+謂語+賓語The fireman rescued a boy. (考綱例句)My sister enjoys the song. 4、 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語I gave Tom some suggestions. (考綱例句)The company offered her a good job. 5、 主語+及物動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語Doctors make sick people bette

3、r. (考綱例句)I heard someone singing. 名詞、形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動詞不定式等?？捎米髻e語補足語。 其他幾點值得注意：1） make it safe結構英語中有些動詞常用形容詞作賓語補足語，這類動詞結構有：get it open/ shut/ dirty, find it easy/ difficult, hold it still/ open, , 2） buy Tom a bike buy it for Tom 在“主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”結構中，如果直接賓語是人稱代詞， 一般要放在及物動詞之后，而把間接賓語變?yōu)榻樵~短語，移到人稱代詞的后面。

4、 例如： 他們給湯姆一把小刀。 They gave Tom a knife. They gave it to Tom.3） send him a lettersend a letter to him 表示“給予，傳送”等意義的詞常用to引出間接賓語，用于這一類的動詞有：give, hand, leave, sell, show, pass, post, read, sell, show等。例如：老師把練習本給了他們。The teacher handed them the exercise books. The teacher handed the exercise books to them.

5、 4）find her a jobfind a job for her 表示“買，做”等意義的詞常用for 引出間接賓語，用于“主語+謂語+直賓+for + 間賓”結構中。這類動詞有：buy, call, build, choose, do, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make 等。例如：他為父親省了許多錢。He saved his father a lot of money. He saved a lot of money for his father. 5）動詞不定式在有些動詞（let, make, see, hear等）后面作賓補時，則不帶to，hel

6、p 后面的to可帶可不帶。例如： The teacher let the children play. I saw the train drive into the station. 二、并列句(Compound sentence)1、 并列句是由并列連詞把兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成的句子。常用的并列連詞有and, but, or, so, （考綱要求）for, yet, nor, eitheror, neithernor, still, however, not onlybut also等。并列句的結構為：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句例如：These shoes are not cheap ，

7、but they are very good.并列連詞的用法1） and, not onlybut also（as well）, and then表示“連續(xù)”和“另加”。例如：Helen washed the clothes and then（she）listened to music. 2） but, yet, still, however, while表示對比或轉(zhuǎn)折。例如：He wrote the letter, but (he) forgot to post it. She was tired, still she kept on working. She wants to go to

8、the party, however she has no ticket.Some are reading books while others are watching TV.以下幾點值得注意：（1） eitheror, neithernor, or,表示選擇例如：Either she is to blame or you are. Neither can he answer the question nor can you know the answer.Fish must stay in water, or they will die.魚必須躲在水中，不然就會死去。or 既可表示二者之間

9、的選擇，也可以表示三者之間的選擇。例如：Which is the hardest, steel, rock or rubber? 2）For（因為）, so（所以）引導的因果并列句 例如：He must be ill, for he his absent today. He was ill, so he didn't go to school. 注意so不能與because連用。例如：Because it is raining, so we can't go out for a walk.（×） 3）and和or可以表示條件。and和or可以連接兩個分句，前一個分句表

10、示條件，常 為祈使句；and前面的分句相當于if引導的肯定性從句，or前面的分句相當于if 引導的否定性從句。例如：Work hard, and you will succeed.（=If you work hard, you will succeed.）Hurry up, （=If you don't hurry up, you will be late.）or you will be late. 4）So is（can, does, did）he. 和 neither is（can, does, did）he. So和neither可以用在并列句中的第二個分句前，代表第一個句中的某

11、個成分， 表示前面分句中所講的情況，也適用于后面的分句，這時，后面的分句要用倒裝 結構。 例如：He has passed the exam, so has she. （表示肯定）She doesn't like the picture, neither do they. （表示否定） 5）not onlybut also和as well as的區(qū)別 not onlybut also還常用來連接平行的詞或詞組，意義與用法同as well as相 似，但強調(diào)的重點有所不同。not onlybut also強調(diào)的是后者，as well as強調(diào)的是 前者，這兩個連接詞進行轉(zhuǎn)換時，要注意被強

12、調(diào)對象的轉(zhuǎn)移。 例如：他不但給她寫了信，而且給她寄了錢。 He not only wrote to her but also sent her some money. He sent her some money as well as wrote to her. She has not only knowledge, but also experience. She has experience as well as knowledge. 注意（1） 因as well as所強調(diào)的是前者，所以as well as連接兩個詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要同as well as前面的主語一致。如： Sh

13、e as well as you is right.她和你都是對的。（2） 在“He works as well as a skilled worker.”一句中，as well as不是連詞，well是副詞，意為“好”。asas為表示平等比較的連詞，意為“像一樣”。三、復合句（Complex sentence）復合句包含有兩個或更多的主謂結構，是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨立。初中階段只要掌握賓語從句和狀語從句兩類。1賓語從句（重點掌握語序、時態(tài)和連接詞） 種類：1. that引導的賓語從句：2. if / whether引導的賓語

14、從句：( 句中有or not,只能用whether )3. 疑問詞引導的賓語從句（what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how）：語序：陳述句語序 ( 主語+謂語 )句子的標點: 從屬于主句時態(tài)： 1.當主句為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時：2. 當主句為一般過去時：（1） 一般：時態(tài)進一級：（2）特殊情況：1. 從句表達的是客觀真理,用_. 2從句中有明確表示過去時間的詞,則_. 3think, believe引導的賓語從句人稱：一主二賓三不變2狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause)狀語從句在復合句中起狀語的作用，修飾主句中的

15、謂語動詞、形容詞和副詞。狀語從句用從屬連詞，在句中不充當句子成份，只起連接作用。根據(jù)意義上的不同，狀語從句可分為下列幾種：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、方式狀語從句、條件狀語從句、結果狀語從句、讓步狀語從句和比較狀語從句。下面依據(jù)考綱中羅列的連詞逐一分析,考綱中不涉及的在此不作分析：A. 時間狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause of Time)考綱中涉及的連詞主要有when, while, as, since, until, before, after, as soon as1、 when引導時間狀語時，表示主句謂語動詞的動作和從句謂語動詞的動作時同時 發(fā)生，或者從

16、句的動作發(fā)生在主句的動作之前，when從句可表示“一段”時間 或“一點”時間。例如： I was taking a walk when she called me. 她叫我時我正在散步. When he opened the door, he saw a boy sitting on the floor.他打開門時，看見一個小 男孩坐在地板上。 注意when也可以用作并列連詞，意為“那時，這時”。例如： I was walking down the street when I came across an old friend.我正在街上走著，這時碰見一位老朋友。2、 while引導時間狀語從

17、句強調(diào)主句的動作與從句的動作在某一段時間內(nèi)同時發(fā)生，意為“在期間”，while引導的時間狀語從句只能表示一段時間（同延續(xù)性動詞連用）。例如：Father looked after the children while mother was away.母親不在時，父親照看孩子們。以下幾點值得注意：（1） while也可用作并列連詞，意為“而，另一方面”。例如：She likes music, while I prefer sports. （2） while可表示“只要”。例如：While there is life, there is hope. （3） while還可表示“雖然，盡管”。例如：

18、While she is respected, she is not liked. 3、 as引導的時間狀語從句表示“當時，一邊一邊”，指主句的動作和從句 的動作同時發(fā)生。as引導的時間狀語從句既可表示一段時間（與延續(xù)性動詞連 用），也可表示一點時間（同非延續(xù)性動詞連用）。例如： I saw her as she was getting on the bus. 她上車時我看見了她。As I walked along the street, I heard someone calling me.我正在街上走時，聽見有人叫我。注 when: (1) 主、從句動作同時發(fā)生: (2）主、從句動作先后發(fā)

19、生: 注 發(fā)生在過去的動作緊接著發(fā)生,或有某種邏輯關系,則都用一般過去時while： 主、從句動作同時發(fā)生，while后只能跟延續(xù)性動詞，一般用進行時。 as： 主、從句動作同時發(fā)生4、 before表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之前。Do you brush your teeth before you go to bed?如從句是過去時，主句一般用過去完成時。He had lunch before he went out. 他吃好午飯才出去。 5、after表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后。如主句是過去時，從句一般用過去完成 時。例如： He went out after he had lunch

20、. 他吃好午飯才出去。 6、till（until）表示“直到”，但till只用于句尾。主句表示能持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)，或 終止性動作的否定狀態(tài)，一直延續(xù)到從句的動作為止。例如： I waited till（until）he arrived. 我一直等到他來。 You can't leave until I give you permission. 直到我允許，你才能離開。7、as soon as引導狀語從句表示“一就”，強調(diào)兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，間隔時間很短。例如：She began to cry as soon as she heard the news.8、since意為“自以來”。sin

21、ce從句中的動作表示動作的起點，用一般過去時； 主句中的動詞表示動作的延續(xù)情況，一般要用現(xiàn)在完成時。另外要注意：（1）若 主句中的動詞表示狀態(tài)，而不是動作，可用一般現(xiàn)在時。（2）在有特定時間的上 下文中，主句用過去完成時。例如： Three years have passed since he entered the university. 自從他進大學已經(jīng)三年了。 It is ten years since he joined the army. 他參軍已經(jīng)十年了。B、條件狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause of Condition)引導條件狀語從句的連接詞：if, unle

22、ss例如：If it is fine on Sunday, we shall have a spring outing.如果下星期日天氣好，我們?nèi)ゴ河?。You will not pass the exam unless you study hard.如果你不努力學習，就會通不過考試。以下幾點值得注意：1） 同時間狀語從句一樣，條件狀語從句如果表示將來時間，要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一 般將來時。例如： Unless the noise stops soon, I shall telephone the police and complain about it.I won't wait for

23、him unless he rings me tomorrow.（這里一定要用rings ，不能用will ring）2）“if +否定句”=“notunless +肯定句”。例如：You can't enter the hall if you have no ticket. = You can't enter the hall unless you have a ticket. 你要有門票才能進大廳。祈使句+ and (then) / or=if / unless引導的條件狀語從句 eg1. Work hard, and /then you will get good mar

24、ks. = eg2. Hurry up, or youll be late for school. =C、原因狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause of Reason/Cause)說明主句動作發(fā)生的原因。引導原因狀語從句的連接詞有： because , now that, since, as, for1、 because表示“因為”，語氣最強，表示直接原因，在回答why引導的問句時，必須用。例如：I cant go to see the film because Im quite busy.Because he was ill, he was absent yesterday.因

25、為他病了，他昨天沒來。Why do you study English? 你為什么學習英語？I study English because I want to be an English teacher.我學習英語是因為想做英語老師。2、 since“既然”，語氣較弱，所引導的從句放在主句之前，表示已知悉的原因，重 點在主句。例如Since he is busy, I won't trouble him. 既然他很忙，我就不打擾他了。3、 as表示“由于”，語氣比because, since弱，表示較明顯的原因，多用于日常談話。 例如： As it was reining hard,

26、they stayed home. 由于雨下得很大，他們呆在家里。4、 for連接兩個并列句，中間有逗號，表示推斷出來的附另原因，通常不放在句首。 例如：He must be still studying now, for the light in his room is still on.他想必仍在學習，因為他房間的燈還亮著。5、now that近似于since，是較正式的用法，常譯為“既然”。例如： Now that everybody is here, let's begin the meeting.既然大家都到了，我們就開會。D、目的狀語從句(The Adverbial Cla

27、use of Purpose)考綱中列出的引導詞有： so that（為了），in order that（以便）.目的狀語從句中謂語常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等。例如：Speak loudly so that the whole class can hear you.He studied hard so that he might succeed. 他努力學習，以便成功。Betty got up early in order that she might catch the train.貝蒂起得早，以便能趕上火車。 “in order to

28、 + v.”和“so as to + v.”均可表示目的，意為“為了，以便”，但是，“so as to + v.”不可放在句首，只能放在被修飾動詞之后。例如：他們努力學習，以便通過考試。 They study hard in order to pass the exam. They study hard so as to pass the exam. In order to pass the exam, they study hard.E、結果狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause of Result) 引導詞有：so（結果），so that（結果），so that（如此，以至于）

29、，suchthat（如此以至于）。例如：The suitcase is so heavy that we have to find a trolley.Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead. 沒有再聽到他的消息，所以人們以為他死了。The train was so full that I could hardly turn around.火車上人多，我?guī)缀蹀D(zhuǎn)不過身。so that和such that的比較： so為副詞，修飾動詞、副詞或形容詞，不可修飾名詞，such為形容詞、修飾名詞。例如：He is

30、 so honest a man that everybody trusts him. = He is such an honest man that everybody trusts him. 他非常誠實，大家都依賴他。F、比較狀語從句(The Adverbial Clause of Comparison)引導比較狀語的詞有：than（比），the（+比較級）+the（+比較級）（越越），as（+原級+）as（像一樣），not as（so）（+原級）as（和不一樣）1、 asas和一樣；not so（as）as不如My diet is as healthy as yours.He spend

31、s as much time in reading as I do. 他和我花同樣的時間讀書。The book is not so interesting as that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。2、 morethan比更；lessthan比更不This problem is more important than that one. 這個問題比那問題重要。This problem is less important than that one. 這問題不如那問題重要。3、 比較級前可加程度副詞much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a gre

32、at deal, twice, 3 times, three years, rather, slightly等。例如： This book is a great deal better than that one. 這本書比那本書好多了。 He is much taller than his brother. 他比他哥哥高多了。 The room is 3 times larger than that one. 這房間是那個房間的四倍。This bridge is longer than any other bridge in the world. 這橋比世界上別的任何橋都長。G、讓步狀語從句

33、(The Adverbial Clause of Concession)引導讓步狀語從句的連接詞：though（雖然），although（雖然）.though和although可通用，但although一般位于句首，而though可在句尾或句首。而且用了although，though，后面不能用“but”。例如：Although they are old, they still work in the fields every day.Although he has failed many times, he doesn't give up trying.The article is

34、very important though it is short. He failed even though he had tried his best. 他雖然盡了最大努力，但仍失敗了。3定語從句(Attributive Clauses)了解由關系代詞(who, that, which)引導的定語從句。重點：關鍵在于理解，看得懂就行。只要注意修飾人的用who或 that 修飾物的用that 或which。This is the aunt who/that looks after Tom.He started to eat the apple which /that Ben had giv

35、en him. 中考真題 I. Choose the best answer（選擇最恰當?shù)拇鸢福籂钫Z從句 1.You will be able to get good marks _. (03)A. while you are doing your homework by yourselfB. if you do some revision every dayC. before you begin to study hardD. until you follow your teachers advice賓語從句1. He didnt remember _ his watch. (95)A.

36、where he had putB. where he has putC. where had he putD. where has he put2. I dont know _ last night. (96)A. why they didnt go to the moviesB. when they didnt go to the moviesC. why didnt they go to the moviesD. when didnt they go to the movies3. The old man wondered _. (97)A. whether the American p

37、ilot had seen UFOsB. whether had the American pilot seen UFOsC. how had the American pilot seen UFOsD. that the American pilot had seen UFOs4. He hasnt decided _. (98)A. if hell go on a trip to WuxiB. when will he go on a trip to WuxiC. if he goes on a trip to WuxiD. when does he go on a trip to Wux

38、i5. Miss Li wants to know _ next week. (99)A. when my uncle leavesB. when will my uncle leaveC. where my uncle will stayD. where does my uncle stay6. He asked me _ during the winter holidays. (00)A. where I had goneB. where I had beenC. where had I goneD. where had I been7. Will you please tell me _

39、? (01)A. where Pudong Airport isB. how far Pudong Airport wasC. how can we get to Pudong AirportD. when was Pudong Airport built8. Id like to know _. (02)A. when will he give back the tapeB. whether has he received higher educationC. that he has been busyD. whether she will join in our English Eveni

40、ng 9. Professor Nelson wanted to know _.(05) A. when would the conference begin B. when the conference would begin C. when will the conference begin D. when the conference will beginII. Rewrite the sentences as required (按要求改寫句子,每空格限填一詞): 1. The words on the notice board are very small. I cant see t

41、hem clearly. (兩句并一句) (97)The words on the notice board are _ small _ I cant see them clearly.2. Put on your coat, or youll catch a cold. （保持原句意思） (01)_ you _ put on your coat, youll catch a cold.3. I wont go with you unless you help me do the washing. (用if改寫句子) (03)I wont go with you _ you _ help me

42、 do the washing.I _ go with you _ you help me do the washing. 4. The boy asked his mother, “ Does water freeze at 0?” （保持原句意思 (03) The boy asked his mother _ water _ at 0. 5. The ice cream will melt, so youd better put it in the fridge at once. （保持原句意思）(04)The ice cream will melt _ you _ put it in t

43、he fridge at once. 6. Jacks mother asked him, “ Have you packed your things?” (改為賓語從句) (04) Jacks mother asked him _ he _ packed his things. 7. The poor child was so lucky that she received many books from Project Hope. (改為簡單句) (05)The poor child was _ _ to receive many books from Project Hope. 同步精練

44、 I. Choose the best answer（選擇最恰當?shù)拇鸢福? ) 1.Do you know _?A. what time does the train arrive B. what time the train arriveC. the train arrives what time D. what time the train arrives( ) 2. I really didnt know _.A. what the matter was B. whats the matterC. what matter it was D. what matter was it( )

45、3. The teacher wanted to know _ finish their homework.A. when would the boys B. when will the boys C. when the boys would D. when the boys will( ) 4. I asked her _.A. which she liked best one B. which one did she like bestC. which one does she like best D. which one she liked best( ) 5. Mr. Li asked

46、 me in todays lesson _.A. why does the sun rise in the east B. why the sun rises in the eastC. why did the sun rise in the east D. why the sun rose in the east( ) 6. Can you tell me _?A. where he lives B. where he liveC. where does he live D. where is he living( ) 7. Could you tell me _?A. whats her

47、 address B. whose are those booksC. when the train left D. if he would go to Beijing( ) 8. Could you tell me _? Is it serious?A. when he has gone B. why did you look so worriedC. whats wrong with your arm D. whom are you looking for( ) 9. Mr. Black didnt tell me how long _?A. he had come to Shanghai

48、 B. he had gone to ShanghaiC. he had been to Shanghai D. he had been in Shanghai( ) 10. Which sentence of the following is not right?A. The doctor asked whats the matter.B. Betty wondered whether or not I would join the club.C. Dick told his youngest sister light travels much faster than sound.D. Jo

49、hn said a pair of glass was on the desk.II. Rewrite the sentences as required (按要求改寫句子,每空格限填一詞): 1. The boy was frightened. He began to cry. （合并為一句）The boy was _ frightened _ he began to cry.2. Jack was clever. He could work out the maths problems. （保持原句意思） Jack was clever _ _ work out the maths pro

50、blems.3. Factories must clean the water so that it wont pollute rivers or lakes. （保持原句意思） Factories must clean the water so _ not _ pollute rivers or lakes.4. The MP3 is so expensive that none of us can buy it. （保持原句意思） The MP3 is _ expensive for _ of us to buy.5. The government killed 14,000 chicke

51、ns to stop the bird flu from spreading.（保持原句意思） The government killed 14,000 chicken _ _ the bird flu can be stopped from spreading.6. Mr. Black said to the boy, “Dont talk in class.” （保持原句意思） Mr. Black told the boy _ _ talk in class.7. If you are careless, you wont finish the job well.（保持原句意思） _ _,

52、 or you wont finish the job well.8. Mr. Clerk went to bed when the TV programme was over. （保持原句意思） Mr. Clerk _ go to bed _ the TV programme was over.9. We didnt go to the park last Monday because it rained heavily. （保持原句意思） We didnt go to the park last Monday _ _ the heavy rain10. Nothing can live if there is no water or air. （改為簡單句