動(dòng)物生理學(xué)1序論

1、動(dòng)物生理學(xué)陳陳 強(qiáng)強(qiáng)2 0 1 02 0 1 0 年年 9 9 月月第一章第一章 緒論緒論1.1生理學(xué)的研究對(duì)象和任務(wù)生理學(xué)的研究對(duì)象和任務(wù)生理學(xué)（生理學(xué)（physiology）是以生物機(jī)體的生命活動(dòng)現(xiàn)象）是以生物機(jī)體的生命活動(dòng)現(xiàn)象和機(jī)體各個(gè)組成部分的功能及其機(jī)理為研究對(duì)象的一門和機(jī)體各個(gè)組成部分的功能及其機(jī)理為研究對(duì)象的一門科學(xué)?？茖W(xué)。physiology is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. 生理學(xué)在生物學(xué)中的地位及生理學(xué)的分支生理學(xué)在生物學(xué)中的地位及生理學(xué)的分支生物學(xué)

2、植物生物學(xué) 動(dòng)物生物學(xué) 微生物學(xué) 病毒學(xué)人類學(xué) 古生物學(xué)生物學(xué)形態(tài)學(xué)生理學(xué)生理學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)育生物學(xué)分類學(xué)遺傳學(xué)進(jìn)化論生物學(xué)群體生物學(xué)個(gè)體生物學(xué)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)分子生物學(xué)生物學(xué)生物化學(xué)生物物理學(xué)生物數(shù)學(xué)仿生學(xué)生理學(xué)動(dòng)物生理學(xué)人體生理學(xué)植物生理學(xué)生理學(xué)細(xì)胞生理學(xué)（細(xì)胞和分子水平）器官和系統(tǒng)生理學(xué)整體生理學(xué)應(yīng)用生理學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué)勞動(dòng)生理學(xué)潛水生理生理學(xué)航天生理學(xué)一、生理學(xué)的任務(wù)人體生理學(xué)的任務(wù)就是研究構(gòu)成人體各個(gè)系統(tǒng)的器官和細(xì)胞的正?；顒?dòng)過程，特別是各個(gè)器官、細(xì)胞功能表現(xiàn)的內(nèi)部機(jī)制，不同細(xì)胞器官之間的相互聯(lián)系和相互作用，并闡明人體作為一個(gè)整體，其部分的功能是如何互相協(xié)調(diào)、互相制約，從而能在復(fù)雜多變的環(huán)境中維持

3、正常的生命活動(dòng)。 the major goals of physiology are to understand and predict the response of the body to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constant changing environment.二、生理學(xué)研究的三個(gè)水平 細(xì)胞和分子水平的研究 器官和系統(tǒng)水平的研究 整體水平的研究中國(guó)古代著作中的解剖生理學(xué)內(nèi)容中國(guó)古代著作中的解剖生理學(xué)內(nèi)容黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)

4、中國(guó)古代蘊(yùn)含著豐富哲學(xué)思想的醫(yī)學(xué)著作 又稱 內(nèi)經(jīng) 。現(xiàn)分為素問、靈樞兩書。托名黃帝,真實(shí)作者不可考。成書年代說法不一，一說戰(zhàn)國(guó)，一說秦漢間，一說西漢初期或中期。實(shí)非一時(shí)一人之作。書中有“若夫八尺之士，皮肉在此，外可度量切循而得之，其死可解剖而視之” 1.2生理學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史生理學(xué)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史齊民要術(shù)（賈思勰，公元533544）中的相畜法對(duì)家畜的機(jī)體結(jié)構(gòu)與功能間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了描述。本草綱目描寫了許多動(dòng)物的形態(tài)、內(nèi)部解剖。醫(yī)林改錯(cuò)（清代王任清，17681831）作者到墳地和刑場(chǎng)解剖尸體，補(bǔ)充和糾正了古書中的一些錯(cuò)誤。該書特別闡述了對(duì)腦的看法，如“靈機(jī)記性于腦”，“聽之聲歸于腦”，“兩目即腦汁所生”等。在當(dāng)時(shí)

5、，應(yīng)該說已具有相當(dāng)高的科學(xué)水平。西方解剖生理學(xué)的發(fā)展亞里士多德(aristotle,公元前384322)蓋倫(galen,129-199)維薩力歐(也譯作維薩里) (vesalius,1514-1564)哈維(harvey,15781657）aristotle (384-322 bc)亞里士多德works on natural history history of animals (physical/mental qualities, habits) on the parts of animals on the movement of animals on the progression of

6、 animals on the generation of animals minor treatises galen was physician to the roman emperor marcus aurelius. galen was the originator of the experimental method in medical investigation, and throughout his life dissected animals in his quest to understand how the body functions. he also recommend

7、ed that other doctors practice dissection as a means of discovery as well as to improve surgical skills.many of galens anatomical and physiological observations were accurate. he proved that urine was formed in the kidney (as opposed to the bladder which was common belief). he correctly identified s

8、even of the 12 cranial nerves, discovered the valves of the heart, recognized the contagiousness of tuberculosis, and the possible spread of rabies via dogs. galens most important discovery was that arteries carry blood, not air.he was the first to identify the brain-mind relation, the basic working

9、 structure of the eye and ear, as well as distinguishing differences between motor and sensory nerves galen was prolific, with nearly 500 treatises to his name. in fact, galens influence reigned supreme over medicine for 15 centuries after his death. its ironic that the ancient worlds strongest supp

10、orter of experimentation for scientific discovery would go unquestioned for such a long time. by the renaissance, when mans critical thinking skills returned, many of galens notions were finally refuted by people such as vesalius and harvey.galens most lasting technique, one that survived his discre

11、ditation during the renaissance, is the taking of the pulse - still done by doctors to this day.andreas vesalius andreas vesalius (1514-64) was a belgian anatomist and physician whose dissections of the human body and descriptions of his finding helped to correct misconceptions prevailing since anci

12、ent times.開始用人的尸體作解剖材料，被譽(yù)為現(xiàn)代解剖學(xué)奠基人，1543年發(fā)表人體的結(jié)構(gòu)一書william harveywilliam harvey was born in england in 1578. after earning a degree at cambridge university at the age of twenty, he journeyed to italy to study medicine at the university of padua. padua was the center for western european medical instru

13、ction at that time. harvey graduated with honors in 1602 and returned to england where he earned yet another medical degree from cambridge university. he then settled down to begin practicing medicine. harvey was fascinated by the way blood flowed through the human body. most people of the day belie

14、ved that food was converted into blood by the liver, then was consumed as fuel by the body. harvey knew this was untrue through his firsthand observations of human and animal dissections. in 1628 harvey published an anatomical study of the motion of the heart and of the blood in animals which explai

15、ned how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart and recirculated. the views this book expressed were very controversial(有爭(zhēng)議的） and lost harvey many patients, but it became the basis for all modern research on the heart and blood vessels. a second ground-breakin

16、g book published by harvey in 1651, essays on the generation of animals, is considered the basis for modern embryology.巴甫洛夫(ivan pavlov, 1849-1936) 俄羅斯生理學(xué)家，在心血管神經(jīng)支配、消化液分泌機(jī)制方面進(jìn)行了大量研究，在神經(jīng)生理學(xué)方面，提出了著名的條件反射和信號(hào)學(xué)說 ，獲得1904年諾貝爾生理及醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng) 。 1.3 生理學(xué)研究方法生理學(xué)研究方法觀察描述法實(shí)驗(yàn)方法（william harvey 哈維) 1847年ludwig 路德維格 發(fā)明了記紋鼓 以后

17、實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展 動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn) 人體實(shí)驗(yàn) 急性實(shí)驗(yàn) acute experiment慢性實(shí)驗(yàn) chronic experiment在體 in vivo離體 in votro彈簧記紋鼓1.4 機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài)機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境與穩(wěn)態(tài)人體及高等動(dòng)物都是多細(xì)胞生物，多細(xì)胞生物所接觸的外界環(huán)境稱為外環(huán)境 external environment， external environment 是不斷變化的。 高等動(dòng)物的各種生理活動(dòng)歸根結(jié)底是細(xì)胞活動(dòng)的結(jié)果，每一個(gè)細(xì)胞可以看成是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的生存單位，象動(dòng)物體處于外環(huán)境中一樣，細(xì)胞也處于一個(gè)環(huán)境當(dāng)中，而且對(duì)環(huán)境的條件要求十分嚴(yán)格。體內(nèi)細(xì)胞直接生存的液體環(huán)境稱機(jī)體的內(nèi)環(huán)境

18、內(nèi)環(huán)境 internal environment 。 成年人的身體中液體占體重的60% 其中2/3為細(xì)胞內(nèi)液 intracellular fluid，占體重的40% 另1/3為細(xì)胞外液經(jīng) extracellular fluid，占體重的20% 對(duì)于高等動(dòng)物 internal environment細(xì)胞外液組織液interstitial fluid 80%血漿plasma 20%細(xì)胞外液internal environment 的物理、化學(xué)性質(zhì)是相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的，如溫度、ph、各種離子的濃度等，這種內(nèi)環(huán)境的相對(duì)平衡狀態(tài)稱作穩(wěn)態(tài) homeostasis。但是internal environment 理化

19、性質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定不是一種凝固的狀態(tài)，而是各種物質(zhì)在不停的轉(zhuǎn)換中達(dá)到的相對(duì)平衡狀態(tài)，即動(dòng)態(tài)平衡.homeostasis 是生理學(xué)中的一個(gè)非常重要的概念，機(jī)體的一切調(diào)節(jié)活動(dòng)都圍繞著穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持。 homeostasis1. the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.2. the processes used to maintain such bodily equilibrium.homeostasis is one of t

20、he fundamental characteristics of living things. it refers to the maintenance of the internal environment within tolerable limits. all sorts of factors affect the suitability of our body fluids to sustain life; these include properties like temperature, salinity, acidity, and the concentrations of n

21、utrients and wastes. because these properties affect the chemical reactions that keep us alive, we have built-in physiological mechanisms to maintain them at desirable levels. 1.5機(jī)體生理功能的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體生理功能的調(diào)節(jié) 神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié) nervous regulation 體內(nèi)各器官系統(tǒng)都接受神經(jīng)支配，包括感覺神經(jīng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)。 nervous regulation 的基本活動(dòng)方式是反射 reflex。 reflex 是指高等動(dòng)物體在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)參與下，對(duì)內(nèi)外環(huán)境變化產(chǎn)生的適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)。reflex 的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)是反射弧，也叫反射通路，由5部分組成。 反射有非條件反射和條件反射。