維生素作用來源及吸收Sourcesandabsorptionofvitamins

1、維生素作用來源及吸收( Sources and absorption of vitamins)Vitamin A- eye friendVitamin A, also known as retinol or retinol, is a fat soluble fat soluble vitamin that is resistant to heat and readily oxidized in the air.First, the main physiological functions of vitamin A1. vitamin A is the synthesis of rhodops

2、in raw material, the material is a kind of sensitive material, exist in the retina. Lack of vitamin A can not be synthesized enough rhodopsin, will lead to night blindness.2. helps protect the skin, nose, throat, respiratory organs, the digestive system and urogenital epithelial tissue, and protect

3、against infection.3., with vitamin D and calcium and other nutrients to maintain the skeleton, teeth growth and development.4. prevent goiter.5. cholesterol necessary for the synthesis of cortisol and glycogen.Two. Dietary vitamin A deficiency affects healthBecause vitamin A is a major component of

4、the visual pigments, and lack of vitamin A can cause night blindness. Vitamin A deficiency can also cause dry eye disease and can cause vision loss. In addition, vitamin A deficiency can cause slow growth of children, abnormal development of bones and teeth, dry skin, diarrhea, increased kidney and

5、bladder stones, and reproductive disorders.Excessive intake of vitamin A will cause poisoning, poisoning symptomswere anorexia, headache, blurred vision, irritability, dry skin, hair loss, nausea, diarrhea, liver and spleen;pregnant women such as excessive intake of vitamin A, more likely to have co

6、ngenital malformations in infants.Three. Daily recommended amounts of vitamin A and sources of foodVitamin A daily recommendations and food sources are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge, vitamin A, liver, egg, milk, carrot, beet, cabbage, mustard, spinach, pu

7、mpkin, sweet potato, zucchini, apricot, peach, crab and HalibutBaby 0-1 200Children 1-10 300-1000Adult 1000Pregnant woman 10001200 nurseVitamin D- Zhuanggu guardVitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that has five compoundsand is closely related to vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. They have three characterist

8、ics: they are found in some natural foods; after exposure to ultraviolet light, cholesterol in the body can be converted into vitamin D.First, the main physiological functions of vitamin DVitamin D mainly has the following physiological functions:1, increase the body's absorption of calcium and

9、phosphorus, so that the level of plasma calcium and plasma phosphorus saturation.2, promote growth and bone calcification, and promote dental integrity;3, increase the absorption of phosphorus through the intestinal wall, and increase the reabsorption of phosphorus through the renal tubules;4. Maint

10、ain the normal level of citrate in the blood;5, prevent amino acid through kidney loss.Two, vitamin D deficiency health effectsVitamin D deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia and tetany.Prolonged intake of excessive amounts of vitamin D (5000IU) causes hypercalcemia and high urinary calcium. Chara

11、cterized by anorexia, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, irritability, and infirmity,Excretion of diarrhea occurs alternately, and severe death can result from calcification of the kidney, calcification of the heart and arteries.Three, vitamin D daily recommendations and sources of foodThe daily re

12、commended amount of vitamin D and its main food sources are shown in the table below:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge, age, vitamin D, fish, fish eggs, liver, yolk, butter, butter, cheese, meat, milk, fruit, nuts, vegetables and grainsBaby 0-1 10Children 1-10 10Adult 10Pregnant woman 10

13、 10 nurseVitamin E-, the nutrient that keeps youth aliveVitamin E, also known as tocopherol, belongs to fat soluble vitamins. There are eight compounds in vitamin E, of which tocopherol is the most biologically active and most closely related to human health. Non heat, acid and alkali, easy to oxidi

14、ze.First, the physiological function of vitamin E1, is a strong antioxidant, can effectively prevent food and rancidity of fatty acids in the digestive tract, protect cells from harmful substances to produce unsaturated fatty acid oxidation damage.2, excellent free radical scavenger, can protect the

15、 biological membrane from free radical attack, effective anti-aging nutrients.3, improve the body immunity.4, maintain the integrity of red blood cells, and promote the biosynthesis of red blood cells.5, it is a necessary promoting factor of cell respiration, and can protect lung tissue from air pol

16、lution.6, preventing cardiovascular disease.Two, vitamin E deficiency and healthLack of vitamin E will cause infertility, muscle contraction, Wei myocardial abnormalities, such as anemia; newborn babies (especially preterm infants) suffer from vitaminE deficiency(due to red blood cells, with shorten

17、ed lifespan) edema, skin injury, blood abnormalities and other symptoms.Vitamin E deficiency patients can not absorb fat, low levels of blood and tissue tocopherol, increase red blood cell fragility, shorten the life span of red blood cells, and increase urinary excretion of creatine.Vitamin E is re

18、latively non-toxic. But if you eat too much, you will feel nauseous, because the excessive intake of vitamin E can be excreted from the stool, so it is a safe nutrient.Three. Recommended amounts of vitamin E and sources of major foodsVitamin E daily recommendations and food sources are shown in the

19、following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesGroup age (age), vitamin E (mg), vegetable oil, nuts, asparagus, meat, eggs, vegetables, oatmeal, potatoes, seafood and tomatoesBaby 0-1 4-6Children 1-10 6-11Teen 11-18 11-14Adult 15Pregnant woman 1516 nurseVitamin K- hemostatic heroVitamin K

20、 is divided into two broad categories, one is fat soluble vitamins, that is, vitamin K1 extracted from green plants and vitamin K2 extracted from microorganisms. The other is water-soluble vitamins, which are synthesized by artificial vitamins K3 and K4. The most important thing is vitamin K1 and K2

21、.First, the main physiological functions of vitamin KVitamin K controls blood clotting.Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of four kinds of clotting proteins (prothrombin, transforming accelerator, anti hemophilia factor, and situ factor) in the liver.Two, lack of vitamin K will produce what sy

22、mptoms? What is its toxicity?Lack of vitamin K can delay blood coagulation; cause hemorrhagic disease of newborn.Natural forms of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 are not toxic even if they are supplied with large amounts.Three. What is the recommendedamount of vitamin K per day? What are the main sources

23、of food?Vitamin K daily recommendations and food sources are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge, age, vitamin K, fish, fish eggs, liver, yolk, butter, butter, cheese, meat, milk, fruit, nuts, vegetables and grainsBaby 0-1 10-20Children and adolescents 1-11 11-

24、60More than 11 50-100Adult 70-140Vitamin C-, nutrients in fruits and vegetablesVitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Of all vitamins, vitamin C is the most unstable. It is easily destroyed during storage, processing and cooking. It is also easily oxidized and decomposed.F

25、irst, the main physiological functions of vitamin C1, promote the biosynthesis of bone collagen. Help the wound heal faster;2, promote amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, and extend the life of the body.3, improve the use of iron, calcium and folic acid.4, improve fat and lipids, especia

26、lly cholesterol metabolism, to prevent cardiovascular disease.5, promote the growth of teeth and bones, prevent bleeding gums. ;6, enhance the body's ability to resist stress and immunity to the external environment.Two, vitamin C deficiency and diseaseThe symptoms of vitamin C deficiency are ch

27、aracterized by:1. swelling and bleeding gums, gums and loose teeth fester.2. skeletal deformities, fractures.3. the woundis difficult to heal. Further, it causes bad blood, anemia.4. major bleeding and heart failure, the risk of sudden death in severe cases.5., muscle fiber decline, including myocar

28、dial decline.Vitamin C is non-toxic nutrients, the daily intake of more than eight grams would be harmful, symptoms include nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, excessive iron absorption, destruction of red blood cells, increased bone mineral metabolism, interfere with anticoagulant therapy, plasma c

29、holesterol, and may be dependent on the formation of large doses of vitamin C.Three. What is the recommendedamount of vitamin C per day? What are the main sources of food?Vitamin C daily recommendations and food sources are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesGroup

30、 age (age), vitamin C (mg), kiwi, cherry, citrus fruit, guava, green pepper or red pepper, mustard, spinach, strawberry, grape and tomatoBaby 0-1 30Children 1-10 35-50Teen 11-18 50-60Adult 60Pregnant woman 80100 nurseAntiberiberic vitamin B1- nutritionVitamin B1 is also called thiamine,It is an anti

31、 - neuritis, a water-soluble vitamin.First, the physiological function of vitamin B11, promote the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, play a coenzyme role in energy metabolism, without thiamine, there is no energy.2, to provide the energy needed for nerve tissue, prevent nerve tissue Wei shrinkag

32、e and degradation. The prevention and treatment of beriberi.3, the direct functions of the body are: maintain normal appetite, muscle elasticity and healthy mental state.Two, vitamin B1 deficiency caused by the disease and its toxicityVitamin B1 deficiency causes glucose metabolism disorders, anorex

33、ia, fatigue, physical decline, depression, irritability, growth retardation, numbness and abnormal electrocardiogram.A serious lack of vitamin B1 causes beriberi peak, produce polyneuritis (neural pneumonia), weight loss or edema, cardiac dysfunction.No toxic effects of vitamin B1 have been found.Th

34、ree. Recommended amounts of vitamin B1 and sources of major foodsThe recommended daily dose of vitamin B1 and its main food sources are shown in the table below:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesGroup age (age), vitamin B1 (mg), meat, rice, corn, bean products, kidney, nuts (sunflower seeds,

35、 peanuts), rice, bread, wheat bran and safflower powder, etc.Baby 0-1 0.3-0.5Children 1-10 0.7-1.4Teen 11-18 1.6Adult 1.4-1.6Pregnant woman 1.81. nurseVitamin B2- yellow nutrientsVitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is slightly soluble in water and is stable by heating in a neutral or acidic solution

36、.Vitamin B2 storage is limited in the body, so diet should be provided every day. The two nature of vitamin B2 is the main cause of its loss: (1) it can be destroyed by light; (2) it can be destroyed by heating in alkali solution.First, the physiological function of vitamin B21, participate in carbo

37、hydrate, protein, nucleic acid and fat metabolism, can improve the body's utilization of protein, promote growth and development.2, participates in the cell growth, metabolism, is the human body organization metabolism and the repair must nutrition.3, strengthen liver function and regulate the s

38、ecretion of adrenalin.4, protect the skin, hair follicles, mucous membranes and sebaceous glands function.Two, the symptoms and toxicity of vitamin B2 deficiencyUnlike all other vitamins, a slight lack of vitamin B2 does not cause any serious illness in the body. But a serious lack of vitamin B2 can

39、 cause some symptoms such as angular cheilitis, glossitis, nasal and facial seborrheic dermatitis. Eyes, redness of the cornea, congestion, etc.Vitamin B2 is not toxic, as far as it is known.Three. Recommended amounts of vitamin B2 and sources of majorfoodsVitamin B2 daily recommendations and food s

40、ources are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesGroup age (age), vitamin B2 (mg), meat, eggs, liver, kidney, heart, corn, almonds, eggs, mushrooms, soy products, wheat bran and cheeseBaby 0-1 0.4-0.7Children 1-10 0.7-1.4Teen 11-18 1.6-1.8Adult 1.2-1.5Pregnant woman

41、1.81.8 nurseVitamin B12-, the only vitamin that contains metallic ionsVitamin B12 also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin.Plants cannot make vitamin B12, it is only a special gastrointestinal secretion, is absorbed by the body of vitamins in the intestine; it stay for a long time, it takes

42、 about three hours (most of the water soluble vitamins need only a few seconds).First, the main physiological functions of vitamin B121, to promote the development and maturation of red blood cells, so that the body's hematopoietic function is in a normal state, to prevent pernicious anemia.2, p

43、romote carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism;3, it has the function of activating amino acids and promoting the biosynthesis of nucleic acids. It can promote the synthesis of protein, and it plays an important role in the growth and development of infants and young children.Two, the symptoms and

44、toxicity of vitamin B12 deficiencyVegetarians, pernicious anemia, partial or total gastrectomy, stomach surgery, and parasitic infections are all likely to suffer from the lack of vitamin B12. The common symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include weakness, loss of weight, back pain, tingling in the

45、limbs, dull demeanor, mental or other neurological disturbances. It can also cause anemia, but it's rare.Vitamin B12 is known to be free of toxicity.Three. Recommendedamounts of vitamin B12 and sources of major foodsThe recommendeddaily dose of vitamin B12 and the main sources of food are shown

46、below:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge, vitamin B12, liver, kidney, heart, meat, fish, crabs, eggs, cheese and breadBaby 0-1 0.52-1.5Children 1-10 2.0-3.0Teen 11-18 3Adult 3Pregnant woman 44 NurseVitamin B6- anti dermatitis nutrientsVitamin B6 is a general term to three kinds of pyridin

47、e derivatives pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine conversion, is a water-soluble vitamin. Food processing or cooking can destroy 50% vitamin B6, and vitamin B6 supplementation is necessary, especially for infants, pregnant women and lactating women is concerned.First, the main physiological function

48、s of vitamin B61, participate in the metabolism of amino acids in protein metabolism.2. Tryptophan can be converted into niacin.3, participate in fat metabolism, can reduce the blood cholesterol content.Two, vitamin B6 deficiency will produce symptoms and toxicityVitamin B6 deficiency, the adult is

49、around the eyes, nose and mouth appear on the skin grease, scaling or seborrheic dermatitis, and then spread to other parts of the body; red tongue smooth; weight loss; muscle weakness; irritable, depression. The baby presented with nervous dryness, muscular convulsions, and convulsions.Vitamin B6 i

50、s relatively non-toxic. But large doses can cause lethargy, long-term use will act.Three. Recommended amounts of vitamin B6 and sources of major foodsVitamin B6 daily recommendations and food sources are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge group (years) vitamin

51、 B6 (mg) rice bran, wheat bran, nuts (such as sunflower seeds, etc.), banana, corn, fish, meat, kidney, liver, poultry and bean products.Baby 0-1 0.3-0.6Children 1-10 0.6-1.6Teen 11-18 1.6-2.0Adult 2.2Pregnant woman 2.82.8 nurseVitamin B5- is the bane of the skin diseaseVitamin B5 is usually called

52、niacin or nicotinic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Niacin is the most stable compound in compoundvitamin B. Whencooking, niacin usually loses no more than 15 - 25% in the mixed diet.I. main physiological functions of Niacin1, participate in carbohydrate metabolism.2, participate in the metabolism

53、 of fat, synthesis and decomposition of glycerol, oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids. ;3, can lower cholesterol levels;4, participate in protein metabolism, amino acid synthesis and degradation.5, to someextent, to prevent recurrence of non fatal myocardial infarction.Two. Symptoms and toxicity

54、of niacin deficiencyNiacin deficiency can cause laipi disease, the main symptoms are: dermatitis; mucous membrane irritation;tongue and mouthpain; diarrhea; change, proctitis and spiritual such as anxiety, depression, irritability, will produce severe neurological disorders, produce hallucinations,

55、diarrhea, dementia etc.Only large doses of niacin have toxicity, excessive intake, will lead to the expansion of blood vessels, skin redness, itching, liver injury, hyperglycemia or gastric ulcer.Three, the recommended daily amount and the main source of niacin in foodThe recommendedamount of niacin

56、 and sources of food are shown in the following table:Recommended daily quantity of food sourcesAge group (years) niacin (mg) in liver, kidney, meat, fish, beans, rice, nuts, dairy products, peanut butter.Baby 0-1 4Children 1-10 7-16Teen 11-18 18Adult 16-19Pregnant woman 1821 nurseFolic acid - nutrients from green leavesFolic acid, also called leaf essence, is a water-soluble vitamin. Ye Suanyi was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, so fresh vegetables were stored at room temperature for 23 days, and their folic acid leve