高三英語 復(fù)習(xí)與訓(xùn)練十六虛擬語氣

1、高三英語復(fù)習(xí)與訓(xùn)練十六一虛擬語氣16. 虛擬語氣 1）虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。虛擬語氣在條件句中應(yīng)用比較多。2）條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。16.1 真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生。各種結(jié)構(gòu)參見下表：句 型條件從句主句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形祈使句情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 例如：if he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他來，會(huì)帶小提琴來的。典型例題 the volleyb

2、all match will be put off if it _.a.will rain b. rains c. rained d. is rained 答案b。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。注意：1）在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will. （錯(cuò)） if you leave now, you are never going to regret it. （對(duì)） if you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞不用shall （will） +動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的

3、動(dòng)詞形式。 16.2 非真實(shí)條件句 1）虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況，時(shí)態(tài)的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)往后推移。a. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)條件從句主句一般過去時(shí)（be用were）should（would）等 +動(dòng)詞原形例如：if they were here, they would help you. 如果他們?cè)谶@兒，會(huì)幫助你的。含義：they are not here, they cant help you.b. 與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)條件從句主句過去完成時(shí)should（would）等+ have+ 過去分詞 例如：if he had come yesterday, i should / wou

4、ld have told him about it.如果他昨天來的話，我會(huì)把這件事告訴他的。 含義：he did not come yesterday, so i did not tell him about it.c. 表示對(duì)將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情的假想條件從句主句一般過去時(shí)should/would等 + 動(dòng)詞原形were+ 不定式should+ 動(dòng)詞原形 例如：if you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你將來成功了，一切都會(huì)好的。 if you should succeed, everything would be all rig

5、ht.if you were to succeed, everything would be all right.含義：you are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now. 16.3 混合條件句 有時(shí)，主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，主句從句謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這種條件句叫做混合條件句。例如：if you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天問過他，今天就知道做什么了。 （從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反

6、。）if it had rained last night（過去）, it would be very cold today （現(xiàn)在）.如果昨晚下過雨，今天就會(huì)很冷了。 16.4 虛擬條件句的倒裝 虛擬條件句的從句部分含有were, should, 或had時(shí), 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到從句的句首，實(shí)行倒裝。例如： were they here now, they could help us. =if they were here now, they could help us.他們現(xiàn)在在的話，就會(huì)幫助我們了。 had you come earlier, you

7、would have met him. =if you had come earlier, you would have met him.你來得早一點(diǎn)，就碰到他了。 should it rain, the crops would be saved. =were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，莊稼就有救了。注意：在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞'be'的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was，即在從句中be用were代替。例如： if i were you, i would go to look for him.

8、如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。 if he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。典型例題 _ to do the work, i should do it some other day.a. if were i b. i werec. were id. was i 答案c. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 were i

9、not to do, 而不能說 weren't i to do。 16.5 特殊的虛擬語氣詞should 1）在主語從句中的應(yīng)用it is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用should 加動(dòng)詞原形，should 可省略。it is 可用的詞有三類that（should）dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等a pi

10、ty, a shame, no wonder等 2）在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：i suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建議下周召開個(gè)會(huì)議。 he insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那兒去。 注意：如suggest, insist不表示&

11、quot;建議" 或"堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)"，即它們用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為"時(shí)，賓語從句用陳述語氣。 判斷改錯(cuò)： （錯(cuò)） you pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.（對(duì)） your pale face suggests that you are ill. （錯(cuò)） i insisted that you（should）be wrong. （對(duì)） i insisted that you were wrong.3）在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用suggestion, p

12、roposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。例如： my idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是讓更多的人來參加會(huì)議。 i make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了個(gè)建議，下周我們開個(gè)會(huì)。 16.6 wish的用法 1）wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：主句

13、從句從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作（be的過去式為 were）現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（had + 過去分詞）過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望將來時(shí)would/could +動(dòng)詞原形例如：i wish i were as tall as you.我希望和你一樣高。 he wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他沒講過那樣的話。 i wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如： i wish to see the manager. = i wa

14、nt to see the manager. 我希望見一見經(jīng)理。 i wish the manager to be informed at once. （= i want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望經(jīng)理能馬上得到消息。 16.7 比較if only與only if only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果就好了"。if only也可用于陳述語氣。例如：i wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。if only the alarm

15、 clock had rung.當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響就好了。if only he comes early.但愿他早點(diǎn)回來。 16.8 it is （high） time that it is （high） time that 后面的從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。例如： it is time that the children went to bed. 孩子們?cè)撍X了。 it is high time that the children should go to bed.16.9 need "不必做"和"本不必做"

16、; didn't need to do表示過去不必做某事, 事實(shí)上也沒做。 needn't have done表示過去不必做某事, 但事實(shí)上做了。例如：john went to the station with the car to meet mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。 john went to the station with the car to meet mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去

17、車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （mary步行回家了，沒有遇上john的車。）典型例題 there was plenty of time. she _. a. mustn't have hurried b. couldn't have hurriedc. must not hurry d. needn't have hurried 答案d。needn't have done. 意為"本不必"，即已經(jīng)做了某事，而時(shí)實(shí)際上不必要。 mustn't have done 用法不正確，對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行否定性推斷應(yīng)為couldn'

18、;t have done, "不可能已經(jīng)"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）。 16.10 虛擬語氣練習(xí)1.everything _ if albert hadnt called the fire brigade.a.will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed b.would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed2.if you hadnt gone with tom to the party last night,_.a.you would meet

19、john already b. you wont have missed johnc.you will have met john d. you would have met john3.supposing this ship _ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk4.the insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks

20、and heads, if _ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not5.the teacher suggested that each student _ a plan for the vacation.a. made b. make c. makes d. will make6.frankly, id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.a.

21、do b. dont do c. didnt do d. will not do7.after the way she treated you, if i _ in your place.a. be b. am c. was d. were8.the idea is that the nation _ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send9.its high time you _.a. start to work b. would start to wor

22、k c. started to work d. had started to work10.“if i hadnt practiced when i was younger,” the musician says,“i _ able to play so well now.”a. wouldnt be b. wont be c. wouldnt have been d. couldnt have been11.it is imperative that you _ there in person.a. are b. were c. be d. will be12.the atomic stru

23、cture is, _, a miniature solar system.a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are13.we required that the machine parts _ cast iron.a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by14.the management urged that the cost of production _.a.to be further reduced b. was further red

24、uced b.be further reduced d. should further reduced15.the business is risky. but _ we would be rich.a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed16.i wish our teacher _ to give another test. i havent got prepared yet.a. isnt going b. werent going c. will not going

25、 d. could have gone17.i wish i _ to the movies with you last night.a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone18.id just as soon _ rudely to her.a. that you wont speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didnt speak19.if i _ in the twenty-first century, i _ my vacation in a very differ

26、ent way.a. should livewould spend b. will live .should spendc. are living should have spent d. will be livingwould have spent20.it is required that the machine _ as frequently as necessary.a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil21.his english teacher recommends that he _ a regular degre

27、e program.a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning22.we prefer that the plan _ before being put into execution.a.is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed c.be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed23.what do you think of his proposal that improvements _ in the old type of vacuum cle

28、aner?a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made24.the doctors advice is that the patient _ about his real physical condition.a.be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told25._,we could not have finished the work on time.a.if they do not help us b. was i

29、t not for their helpc.should they offer to help us d. but for their help26.if we had been more careful, we _ much better results now.a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got27.henry _ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.a. would be b. is c. will be d. was28.they th

30、ought it desirable that an armed guard _ in readiness.a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand29.all science students, _,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.a.whether they are future physicists and chemistsb.they are future physicists of chemistsc.they should be future physicists of ch

31、emistsd.be they future physicists or chemists30.sally cant have written tome, or _ the letter by now.a. ill get b. ill have got c. id have got d. id get31.i should very much like to have gone to the party but i _.a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited32.

32、there is a general understanding among the members of the board of directors that chief attention _ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given33.one of the requirements for a fire is that the material _ to its burning tempe

33、rature.a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat34.“did you go to see the football match yesterday?”“no. i didnt feel well, but i would have gone if i _.”a.did b. have c. would d. had35.if we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we _ her at the bus station.a. may have met b.

34、 might meet c. may meet d. might have met36.were safer in a train than we would be if we _ any other way.a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled37.he told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which i _ of hunger and cold.a. would be died b. would have died c. would di

35、e d . will have died38._ today, he would get there by friday.a.was he leaving b. if he is leaving c. were he to leave d. if he leaves39.had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight _.a.could be not solved b. could not be solvedb.could not have been solved d. could not ha

36、ve solved40.he is a poorly learnt man. but he acts as though he _.a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like41.the driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _ on the way.a. goes wrong b. go wrong c. went wrong d. would go wrong42._ the fog, we should have reached our destination.a. because of b.

37、 in spite of c. in case of d. but for43.the old man went to office on foot, but he _ by bus.a. might have gone b. ought have gone c. could have gone d. should be gone44.he is working hard for fear that he _ to pass the exam.a. fails b. may fail c. should fail d. would fail45.she put on her glasses i

38、n order that she _.a. can see b. saw c. had seen d. might see46.whatever _ well go ahead.a. had happened b. will happen c. might happen d. may be happened47.if i _ out of ink, i might have finished writing the paper.a. hadnt run b. shouldnt run c. didnt run d. havent run48.but for your advice, i _ i

39、nto trouble.a. would get b. got c. might have got d. should get49._ for the traffic jam, i should have covered fifty miles.a. had it been b. had it not been c. it had not been d. it not had been50.were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things _ they are today.a. would never be b. could hav

40、e been c. would never have been d. didnt have51.if only i _ there.a. have not been b. would not been c. will not be d. had not been52.tom would buy that bicycle but he _ no money.a. had b. has c. had had d. has had53.i didnt go to the party, but i do wish i _ there.a. was b. were c. had been d. went

41、54.it is time we _ up our results.a. sum b. summed c. will sum d. would sum55.dr bethune worked hard as if he _.a. never had felt tired b. had never felt tired c. never felt tired d . was tired never56.i enjoyed the movie very much. i wish i _ the book from which it was made.a. have read b. should h

42、ave read c. am reading d. had read57.it is strange that such a thing _ in your school.a.will happen b. happens c. should happen d. happened58.if she could sew,_.a.she make a dress b. she would have made a shirtc.she will make a shirt d. she would had made a coat59.“did you notice john was not at wor

43、k today?”“no. if _ working, i would have noticed it.”a.id be b. i wasnt c. id been d. werent60.“why dont you explain it to her?”“i _ it to her if i thought she would understand.”a.would explain b. will explain c. explain d. would have explained61.“your performance was very good.”“i could have done better if i _ more time.”a. have had