北極航線英文

1、Polar route杜昌林杜昌林071150109Words and expressions 1. region n. 區(qū)域；（大氣）層，界，境； 2. buffer n.緩沖器；vt.緩沖 3. navigational adj.航行的，航海的 4. obstacle n.障礙物 5. inadequate adj.不充足的；不適當(dāng)?shù)?6. coordinate vt.使協(xié)調(diào)；整合；vi.協(xié)調(diào) 7. hemisphere n. 地球的半球 8. nonstop adj.直達(dá)的；不停的； 9. capability n.才能，能力 10. strand vt.使陷于困境，使擱淺 11. cr

2、uise vi.巡游；漫游；巡航 12. stratosphere n.氣平流層，同溫層；最上層Background Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, then the Soviet Union joined the anti-fascist allies, so the British Prime Minister Churchill announced to support and aid to the Soviet union. At that time, there were three ways to carry war supplies to the

3、 Soviet Union: the railway between the Persian Gulf and Iran; the Pacific route between Tsugaru Strait and soya-kaikyo Strait; The Arctic route. Due to various reasons, former two ways were very limited, most supplies must use the Arctic route . All the time since, the air line flying over Arctic is

4、 the shortest route to link Asia, Europe and North America three continents. A polar route refers to an aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap region.極地航線指的是飛過極地?zé)o人的冰層覆蓋區(qū)的航線。 The American Federal Aviation Administration defines the North Polar area of operations as the area lying north o

5、f 78 deg north latitude, which is entirely north of Alaska and most of Siberia.美國聯(lián)邦航空管理局定義北極運(yùn)營區(qū)為北緯78度以上的地區(qū)，包含整個(gè)阿拉斯加的北部和大部分的西伯利亞。The term polar route was originally more general, being applied to great circle routes between Europe and the west coast of North America in the 1950s.術(shù)語“極地路線”最初很普遍,被應(yīng)用在指19

6、50年代歐洲和北美西海岸的大圓航線。 Korean Air Lines Flight 902 was shot down in the USSR in 1978 after the crew made gross navigational errors attempting to fly the assigned polar route. 1978年，大韓航空902號(hào)班機(jī)在試圖飛預(yù)設(shè)的北極航線造成嚴(yán)重的飛行錯(cuò)誤后被蘇聯(lián)擊落。 Routine transpolar flight deep into the Arctic became possible only after the end of

7、the Cold War, when the United States and Russia became less concerned about the possibility of a trans-polar attack. 只有在冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，穿越北極的航空路線深入到北極才成為可能，當(dāng)美國和俄羅斯減少對(duì)橫穿北極的攻擊顧慮時(shí)。Aircraft such as the Boeing 747-400 and the Airbus A340, with ranges of around 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km), were also required t

8、o handle the distances between suitable airports. 就是像波音747-400和空中客車A340，續(xù)航距離大約7000海里（13000公里）這樣的飛機(jī)也需要在合適的機(jī)場間控制好距離。 The main obstacle to flights across Russia was the inadequate Russian air traffic control system and a lack of English communication. To solve these issues RACGAT (Russian-American Coor

9、dinating Group for Air Traffic) was formed in 1993. 對(duì)穿過俄羅斯的航班來說最大的障礙就是不完善的俄羅斯空中交通控制系統(tǒng)和英語交流的欠缺。為了解決這些問題， 1993年成立空中交通管制 俄/美協(xié)調(diào)組 。By summer 1998 the Russian government gave permission to open four cross-polar routes, named Polar 1, 2, 3 and 4. Cathay Pacific flew the first polar flight into Siberia in J

10、uly 1998. 到1998年夏天，俄政府給出了打開四條飛越北極航路的許可，并命名北極航線1,2,3,4號(hào)。國泰航空有限公司1998年7月在飛往西伯利亞時(shí)飛出了第一個(gè)北極的航班。 1998年7月6日清晨，國泰航班CX889由美國紐約肯尼迪國際機(jī)場起飛，不停站飛越北極上空直達(dá)香港赤鱲角的香港國際機(jī)場，其飛經(jīng)航線是polar route 2.Polar routes are now in common use by airlines connecting Asian cities such as Bangkok, Beijing, Colombo, Dubai, Hong Kong, New D

11、elhi, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo to North American destinations such as New York, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, and Washington. 極地航線現(xiàn)在廣泛應(yīng)用于連接亞洲城市如曼谷（泰國首都），北京，科倫坡（斯里蘭卡首都），迪拜，香港，新德里（印度城市），首爾，新加坡和東京等與美國北部的目的地，例如紐約，芝加哥，底特律，休斯頓，洛杉磯，舊金山，多倫多和華盛頓等。 Antarctica the southern

12、hemisphere, most intercity pairs do not result in a great circle route over Antarctica. Although direct flights between South Africa and New Zealand would overfly Antarctica, there never have been direct flights between those countries. 南極洲南極洲 在南半球，大部分城市間的合作還不能形成南極洲上空的大圓航線。盡管南非和新西蘭之間有直飛班機(jī)，到目前很多那些國家還

13、未有直飛航班。 Operational considerationsThe FAAs policy letter Guidance for Polar Operations (March 5, 2001) outlines a number of special requirements for polar flight,極地飛行的特別要求極地飛行的特別要求聯(lián)邦航空局2001年3月5號(hào)的政策文件“極性操作指導(dǎo)”列出題綱，包含許多極地航班的特殊要求，This includes two cold-weather suits, special communication capability, de

14、signation of arctic diversion airports and firm recovery plans for stranded passengers, and anti fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements 它包括兩套寒冷天氣專用裝備（例如煤油爐、寒衣、毛毯、高熱量的干糧等），很高的交流能力，北極轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)場的指定，還有增強(qiáng)救援陷于困境乘客的計(jì)劃，抗燃油結(jié)冰戰(zhàn)略以及監(jiān)控要求。 Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between -40 and -50 C. These temper

15、atures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach its freezing point. 航空渦輪發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃料結(jié)冰溫度范圍在-40至-50C. 這些溫度在全世界的巡航高度怎么

16、努力都會(huì)頻繁的遇到，因?yàn)槿加蛷妮^低的海拔就保持高溫了。但是極地航班的嚴(yán)寒和擴(kuò)大的持續(xù)可能引起燃油溫度達(dá)到它的冰點(diǎn)。 Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel temperatures reach these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in some cases due to the low stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion properties t

17、he air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes. 現(xiàn)代長距離大型客機(jī)都配備當(dāng)燃油溫度達(dá)到這個(gè)范圍就警告航班機(jī)組的裝置。航班機(jī)組必須改變高度，盡管在一些情況下由于極地區(qū)域的低同溫層和它的倒置性能，在較高高度的空氣實(shí)際上可能多少會(huì)溫暖些。 Questions1. When did routine transpolar flight deep into the Arctic become possible ?2. How did RACGAT come into being ?3. What are the special requirements for polar flight ?Answers1. Only when after the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia became less concerned about the possibility of a trans-polar attack.2. To solve issues such as the inadequate Russian air traffic control system and a lack of Englis