大學(xué)英語四級語法講義

1、大學(xué)英語四級語法講義:時(shí)態(tài) :所謂的"時(shí)態(tài)"，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見下表:過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do進(jìn)行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虛擬語氣完成進(jìn)行had bee n doinghave/has bee ndoing/1 .主動(dòng)形式過去現(xiàn)在;將來過去將來一般was/were give nam/is/

2、are give nwill/shall be give nshould/would be give n進(jìn)行was/were being give nam/is/are being give n/完成had bee n give nhave/has bee n give nwill/shall have bee n give nshould/would have bee n give n完成進(jìn)行/2 被動(dòng)形式? CET-4常考的三種時(shí)態(tài)：過去完成時(shí)；將來完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在 ? 時(shí)間狀語從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/過去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示所有的過去現(xiàn)在和將來 現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成 一

3、.非謂語動(dòng)詞10-.不定式：J不定式的?？夹问剑?）一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to CatCh UP With the others.被動(dòng)形式：He Preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.表示與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生not to have Seen me.語法功能：2）完成形式：He Prete nded被動(dòng)形式： The book is Said to have bee n tra nslated into many Ia nguages. 語法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前二）不定式常

4、考的考點(diǎn)：1 ）不定式做定語-將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語-目的3 ）不定式充當(dāng)名詞功能-To See is to believe.三）不定式的省略1）感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+ doing表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性I SaW him work in the garde n yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了 "這個(gè)事實(shí)）I SaW himWork ingin the garde n

5、yesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個(gè)動(dòng)作）? 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容詞而不是副詞： The Cake tastes good ; It feels comfortable .2）使役動(dòng)詞have bid make let等詞后不定式要省略但同1） 一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原toI ' d like to have John do it.I have my PaCkage weighed.PaUl d oesn ' t have to be made to learn.3）help help Sb do help Sb to do he

6、lp do help to do四）有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：Want ，WiSh ， hope ， man age ， PrOmiSe ， refuse ， Prete nd ， pla n ， offer ， decide ， agree ， expect allow Sb to do, CaUSe Sb to do , Permit Sb to do, en able Sb to doforce Sb to do. be more likely to do love to do Warn Sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to

7、do . Start to do五）有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing 形式accustom （on eself） to; be accustomed to; face UP to; in additi on to; look forward to; ObjeCt to;be reduced to; resig n on eself to; be resig ned to; resort to; Sink to; be USed to; be alter nativeto; be close/close ness to; be dedicati on/dedicated to; be opposit

8、i on /opposed to; be SimiIarity/similar to.三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，Want不太常用。He n eeds （a lot of） en COUrag ing.二.動(dòng)名詞：具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞1）是名詞 Seeing is believing2）具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語StarVing troops is necessary.一）動(dòng)名詞的形式：一般形式：I don't like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having take n your advice.被動(dòng)形式：ThiS qu

9、esti on is far from being Settled.二）動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1）動(dòng)名詞做主語謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中，做為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞3）動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞，通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給岀邏輯主語I would appreciateback this after noonA . you to call B . you call C . you calling D . you're calling（ Key : C your calling 也對）I regret not having take n your advice.4）有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞

10、admit; appreciate; avoid; CeIebrate; con sider; con template; defer; delay; deny; detest;discQntinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish;forgive; Can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; itn ecessitates; Pa

11、rd on; postp one; practice; PreVe nt; recall; report; rese nt; resist; risk; suggest; Un dersta nd.另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：it's no good; it's no /little/hardly any/ use; it's no t/hardly/sCarCeIy use; it's worthwhile; SPe nd mon ey/time; there's no; there's no point in; there'

12、s no thi ng worse tha n; what's the use/po in t.后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容 指未來/過去未來的動(dòng)作）the IetterS （我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作）5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean I remembered to postthe letters.（I remembered posting/having posting的用法類似。you that我很遺憾地通知你forgot 與 remember I regret to in formI re

13、gretted having left try to 努力 You really must try -ng 試驗(yàn) Try PraCtiCingthe firm after twenty years.try to overcome your Shyn ess. five hours a day.為了"二十年前的離開"而遺憾I meanto go, but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父親不讓我去To raise Wage means inCreaSingPUrChaSing power.意味著贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購買力。P

14、refer 的用法：我寧愿在這里等。I Preferto Wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）I PreferWaiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）I Prefer SWimming to cycling.（這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。）3分詞：主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：（與謂語動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生）（發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前）發(fā)生謂語動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)正在被做）1) 一般式: Do you See the man talking to the dean(主任) ?2) 完成形式：Not having made adequate PrePara

15、tions, they failed.3) 完成被動(dòng)形式：HaVing been adaPted, the SCriPt SeemS PerfeCt.(過去分詞1) 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：Fight no battle UnPreParedJ2) 過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(這三種非謂語動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語。他們 之間的一致關(guān)系 主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語之 間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。二：虛擬三：虛擬語

16、氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/ca n'tshould/should n'tmight/may （not）另外兩個(gè)"類情態(tài)詞的形式："n eed/need n't; have to/do n't have to? 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由shouldwould+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過去將來時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。 這時(shí)"虛擬語氣"的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)"本來應(yīng)該 "（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有 ）（本來可以，本來能）（一般）（進(jìn)行）（完成）（完成的

17、否定）（完成進(jìn)行）（完成）should 常常被省略掉I should go! (but I'm still here!)I should be work ing now!I should have PraCtiCed more (tha n I did)!我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)！(言下之意，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。)I should n't dream away my time too much!(actually I did dream away my time too much!) It should n't have bee n leak ing for SUCh a long

18、 time!I may/might/could have fini shed!一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語氣，而處于從句之中，o suggest, advise, propose, recomme nd, pla n;o dema nd, order, direct, arra nge, comma nd, decide;o require, request;othi nk, expect, believe, in sist, suspect.should+由于他們的含義中包含"建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該"這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語氣

19、。這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句It's SUggeSted thatMy SUggeSti on is thatThe only SUggeSti on that.The only SUggeSti on I Can give you now is that一些形容詞引起的表語從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況importa nt; n ecessary; esse ntialIt's Ynatural ; Strange; inCredibIe卜 thatJ a pity; a shame; no wonderJ? 由

20、lest, for fear that, in CaSe引起的從句中多使用should?表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用過去時(shí):I WiShII Were not here!（一般現(xiàn)在一般過去）SUPPOSe We Were not here.He loved meas if I Were his own son.（一般現(xiàn)在一般過去)Hope IWere n'talways losi ngthi ngs!（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行過去進(jìn)行)If on ly/IfI had n't bee nthere!（現(xiàn)在完成過去完成)What ifI had n't been Waitingr

21、ight here!（現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行過去完成進(jìn)行）?？季湫?It's (high) time (that);would rather (that)這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時(shí)。2. 與過去相反：過去完成時(shí);HoW n ice it is if Ihad PaStthe test!HoW n ice it is if Ihad slepta little more this morni ng!3. 與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生，所以只能推測。Ifit rains tomorrow, we'll have to Stay one day more.不

22、過，由于可以用 be to表示將來；所以，虛擬語氣中經(jīng)常岀現(xiàn) Were to ；也是CET-4的常考語法點(diǎn)。 ?虛擬條件句o if部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；o主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Id ,少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may 。o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。?注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成 were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。?隱含的非真實(shí)條件What would you do With 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy

23、 WithOUt you?除了條件狀語從句之外，原因狀語從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might; Can/could;否定的時(shí)候，多用should n't;owhoever, WhateVer, no matter What引起的從句中，多用may+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理 解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語境和句 子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來考查學(xué)生對情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解

24、和掌握。對于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它 們的基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語境來分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來高 考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +done ”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對過去動(dòng)作的推測，高考試題中常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或過去的時(shí)間狀 語給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用“對立統(tǒng)一”來概括。1 當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可 用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：must have doneCan ' t如：表示對過去動(dòng)作的肯定推測，常譯

25、作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為Z couldn ' t have done疑問式為 Can /Could.have done ?could / might have done :表示對過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測，常譯作“可能做了1) My SiSter met him at the Grand Theater yesterday after noon, so heABCD本題選Ayour IeCtUre . couldn ' t have attended needn ' t have attended mustn ' t have attend

26、ed shouldn ' t have attended2) JaCkyet, OtherWiSe he would have teleph oned meA. mustn ' t have arrivedB. shouldn ' t have arrivedC . Can ' t have arrivedD . n eed not have arrived(C)2.當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助"but, however,in Stead等詞來表示過去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對立”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見

27、的 有：should have do neZ ought to have done :表示過去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒有做。should n ot have do neZ ought n ot to have do ne:表示過去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了need have done:表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒有做。need n ot have done:表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：3) I WaS really an xious about you(NMET2001)A . mustn ' t leave B . shouldnC . couldn &

28、#39; t have left D . needn“本不應(yīng)該離家岀走卻走了"，故本題選4) I told Sally how to get here, but PerhaPS I (NMET ' 94)Youhome WithOUt a wordt have left't leaveB。for her .A . had to Write it outB . must have Written it outC. should have Writte n it outD . ought to Write it out由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關(guān)系，分析題意可

29、知本題應(yīng)選C二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考查考生對那些最常 見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情 態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做岀正確的選擇。5) IS Joh n COming by train?He should, but henot . He likes driving his Car .A . must B . Can C . need D . maymustn ' t表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”；CannOt 表示“不可能”； need not 表示“不必要”； may not表示“

30、可能不”。分析語境可知本題應(yīng)選D。6) I hear you ' Ve got a Set of VaIUabIe AUStraIian coins.I have a look ?Yes, Certa inlyA . Do B . May C . Shall D . Should分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語氣比較委婉shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中，表示征求對方意見和指示，如果此空用shall ,則意為“要(我)看一下嗎？ ”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選 Bo7) Mr BUSh is on time for everyth ing. Ho

31、wit be that he WaS late for the ope ningCere mony ?A . Can B . should C . may D . mustmust be表示肯定的猜測，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。8) Are you COming to Jeff ' S Party ?I ' m not SUre . Igo to the conCert inStead.A . must B . would C . should D . might由題意和下句中的“1' m not SUre ”可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測，might可

32、以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選D o又如:I should have bee n there, but Inot find the time .A . would B . could C . might D . should分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過去的某種能力；C項(xiàng)只表示語氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選Bo9) Joh nny, youplay With the knife, youhurt yourself .A . won ' t; Can ' t B . mustn ' t; mayC . shouldn ' t; must D .

33、Can ' t; shouldn' tmustn ' t表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選Bo10) Will you Stay for lun Ch?Sorry,. My brother is COming to See me.A . I mustn ' t B . I Can ' t C . I needn ' t D . I won ' t分析題意可知因?yàn)椤拔业艿芤獊砜次摇?，所以“不能留下”，因此對別人的邀請或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A項(xiàng)表示“禁止”；C項(xiàng)表示“不必要”；而 D項(xiàng)表示“不會(huì)”，均不符合題

34、意。故本題選B。又如:CoUId I borrow your dictio nary?Yes, of COUrSe you.A . might B . will C . Can D . should (C)11) When Can I come for the photos? I n eed them tomorrow after noonTheybe ready by 1200 .A . Can B . should C . might D . need該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如：12) The fire SPread through the ho

35、tel Very quickly but every oneget out .(A . had to B . would C . could D . WaS able to該題考查了 could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用 WaS Z Were able to do,故本題選 D。13） Shall I tell John about it?No, you. I ' Ve told him already .A . needn ' t B . wouldn ' t C . mustn ' t D

36、. shouldn ' t情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對方意見或請求指示。答句暗示“沒有必要了”，故本題選A三、一致關(guān)系一）主謂一致1 .主謂一致（與插入語無關(guān)）1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語從句或者省略的定語從句分隔。2定語從句中的主謂一致：3隨前一致：n. + together Withn2as well asin cludi ngalong WithWith / ofaccompa nied With / by4就近原則：n1 or n2+v （就近原則）either n1 or n25 可數(shù) n1 and 可數(shù) n2+v（pl）不可數(shù)n1 and 不可數(shù)n2+v（p

37、l）例外： War and PeaCe is War and PeaCe 是一個(gè)整體但是如果主語表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。The iron and steel in dustryis Very importa nt to our cou ntry.The head master and mathematicalteacher is COming .The head master and the mathematical teacherare COming類似的還有： law and order bread andb

38、utter black and WhiteTo love and to be loved isA IaWyer and a teacherare A IaWyer and teacher is6 隨后原則：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.（與 B 一致）7 百分比結(jié)構(gòu) :most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persentof+n 1+v. （由 n1 決定）8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致：a） There be +n由名詞決定動(dòng)詞b） Among , between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：Among / B

39、etWeen +系動(dòng)詞+n.（由名詞決定動(dòng)詞）9The+adj的主謂一致：a）當(dāng)表示一類人”，b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)The good is always attractive.10 To do/doi ng主從 +vs*More tha n one+nmany a +n.a day or two二）、倒裝1全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：UP Went the Plane = the Plane Went up.1）here, there, now, the n, thus等副詞置于句首 ,謂語動(dòng)詞常用 be, come,

40、 go, lie, ru n。2）表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞（back, down, off, UP）或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首，謂語表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。注意：1）上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。Here he comes.AWay they went. 2）謂語動(dòng)詞是 be 的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。Here it is. Here you are.3）形容詞短語/分詞短語位于句首，引起倒裝*typical of CharaCteriStiC of*coi ncidi ng With + n4）表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語位于句首，謂語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝In（表語）+系動(dòng)詞+主，

41、主同。*在倒裝句型答案中不能岀現(xiàn)there* ?？冀樵~要倒裝：amongbetweenin atbeneath?？嫉南祫?dòng)詞：be lie exist remai n rest部分倒裝1 . 否定 adv 位于句首，弓 I起倒裝：not only, notun til, hardly, scarcely,seldom, rarely, nosooner than1 ） notun til + 時(shí)間+ 主謂倒裝，notun til + 句子+主謂倒裝2） only+ 狀語位于句首o(hù)nly +ad. eg: rece ntlyprep. 短短語 eg: in recently years從句 eg:

42、 Whe n CIaUSeonly 個(gè)詞本身不倒裝3 ）在比較級結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需 添加助動(dòng)詞do, does 或did ,并將其置于主語之前。?1） Neither, nor, so表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語動(dòng)詞的其他部分就4）as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前（形容詞，副詞，分詞，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。as讓步雖然，盡管詞序倒裝。語氣比 though 強(qiáng)。SUCCeSSfUI as he is, he is n ot

43、proud.他雖成功，卻不驕傲。Wome nas She is, she's every brave.Try hard as he will, he n ever SeemS able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：A）句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。B）句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語和狀語，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語之前。5）其他部分倒裝a）sothat句型中的so; SUChthat句型中的SUCh 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。So frighte ned WaS he that he did not dare to move an in

44、ch.b）在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.C）在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動(dòng)詞有were, had, should 等詞，可將if省略，把 were, had,should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。Were I you, I would try it agai n.從句可分為：? 名詞性從句主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句? 形容詞性從句 定語從句? 副詞性從句 狀語從句? ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞 ： that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。? 常見的同位語從句現(xiàn)行詞(that 之前的抽象名詞)：

45、 fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence,opinion, problem, thought, Un dersta nding? 常用的引導(dǎo)詞o 時(shí)間狀語從句： while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; eversince; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barelywhen; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地點(diǎn)狀語從句： where; wherevero 原因狀語從句： because; since; as; seeing that; consideri