否定句的翻譯

1、另外，if 從句通常表示事實上的否定或者與事實相反的假設(shè)，盡管在翻譯成漢語時仍然保持肯定句的形式，但卻表達(dá)的是否定的含義。If you had come to my place, I would have told you about it.如果你那時到我這兒來，我是會告訴你的。(這句話表示事實上的否定，意為“你沒有到我這兒來，我也沒有告訴你?！盜t seemed as if he were trying to teach us all he knew in one class.看起來他好像想把自己所有的知識在一堂課內(nèi)都教給我們。（事實上，不可能將所有的知識在一堂課內(nèi)教授） If o

2、nly 與過去完成時連用時，表示同過去事實相反的主觀設(shè)想，同樣含有否定的意味，通常翻譯成“要是該多好啊”。 If only you had worked with great care! 你要是更仔細(xì)一些該多好?。?#160;If only you had told me before. 要是你早告訴我就好了。 If only he hadnt driven so fast. 他沒把車子開得這么快就好了。 8. 介詞表示否定 英語中介詞的使用是相當(dāng)活躍的，其中有些介詞同樣表達(dá)否定的意義，如from, off, of, in, without, for,

3、above, beyond, past, out of, against, beside, 等等。 He is against the plan. 他反對這個計劃。 He is out of work. 他失業(yè)了。 Good advice is above/ beyond/ without price. 好的建議是無價的。 This strange idea is beyond belief. 這種奇怪的想法令人難以置信。 I can see nothing without my glasses. 不戴眼鏡我什么都看不見。 She i

4、s still in two minds. 她還沒拿定主意。 I am off duty today. 我今天不值日。 It is far from me to do anything to hurt you. 我決不會做任何傷害你的事情。 He went there on foot instead of by bus. 他步行去那里，沒有坐公共汽車。That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lessons.那個懶惰的孩子沒有預(yù)習(xí)功課就上課去了。9. or/ otherwiseOr除了表示“或者”

5、之外，在同祈使句連用時也相當(dāng)于otherwise， 意為“否則” “要不然”。 Hurry up, or you will lag behind. 快點，不然你要落下了。 Study hard, or you will be bound to fail final examination. 努力學(xué)習(xí)吧，不然期末考試你肯定不及格。 Be careful, or you will get into trouble. 當(dāng)心，不然你會有麻煩的。 10. 詞匯表示否定英語中有些詞匯和詞組也同樣表示否定的含義，翻譯成漢語時通常采用否定句式。 Such a

6、chance was denied to me. 我沒有得到這樣一個機(jī)會。 Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 時間是我們最缺少的，但可嘆之至，偏偏許多人最不善于利用時間。 We have read your article. We expect to meet an older man. 我們拜讀過你的大作，沒想到你竟然這么年輕。 They feel great anxiety about his sickness. 他們對他的病情感到焦慮不安。 The criminal

7、 is still at large. 罪犯還未捉拿歸案。 If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。五、否定轉(zhuǎn)移一般說來，英語中的否定詞總是緊緊出現(xiàn)在被否定的前面，對其后面的部分進(jìn)行否定。但有時否定詞所否定的并不是緊隨其后的部分，而是后面的某個部分，這就是否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。如果對否定的轉(zhuǎn)移缺乏足夠的認(rèn)識，就會造成理解和翻譯上的失誤。否定的轉(zhuǎn)移通常有下列幾種情況： 1.否定介詞短語： I have not come to you for money. 我來不是找你要錢的。（not否定for money） I

8、 told you I didnt say that for amusement. 我說那些并不是為了消遣。 He never traveled by air. 他從來沒有乘飛機(jī)旅行過。（never否定by air） 2. 否定動詞不定式：One does not live to eat， but eats to live. 人活著不是為了吃，而吃卻是為了活著。（not否定不定式to eat） We are not here to interfere, nor are we here to be anyones whipping boy.我們來這兒不是為了干涉別人

9、，但也不是來受訓(xùn)挨罵的。 I have not come to China to forth on what divides us but to build on what binds us. 我來到中國，不是為了擴(kuò)大我們的分歧，而是為了加強(qiáng)我們的聯(lián)系。3.否定從句中的謂語動詞 I dont think you have paid for it yet. 你大概還沒付款。 It doesnt seem that we can get our money back. 好像我們無法把錢收回來。It isnt likely that oil prices will fa

10、ll this year. 很可能今年油價不會下跌。這類動詞還有feel, suppose, expect, imagine, reckon等。4. 帶no， neither 介詞短語有些句子的介詞短語中帶有no， neither之類的否定詞，這些詞形式上是否定介詞短語中的名詞的，但在翻譯成漢語的時候要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語上。At no time can we give up learning. 在任何時候，我們都不能放棄學(xué)習(xí)。In neither case can they agree. 在這兩種情況下，他們都不會同意。5. notso much as結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表面看是否定謂語，而實際上是

11、否定as后面的詞語。在意義上相當(dāng)于“l(fā)essthan”，翻譯成漢語時采用“與其說不如說” The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.與其說海洋把世界分隔開來，不如說把世界連接起來。 6. not more than/ nonemore than 表面上看是否定謂語，但實際上是否定than后面的比較狀語。常譯成“不比更”或“最莫過于”。 He is not more fond of playing chess than you are. 他不比你更喜歡下棋。 In answeri

12、ng questions, none gave him more hints or asked him simpler ones than the economics professor. 在回答問題時，給提示最多的，或問問題最簡單的莫過于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授了。7. not because/ for 結(jié)構(gòu)對前后部分都可能產(chǎn)生否定。She didnt marry you because you were a big shot.有兩種理解：1）because you were a big shot, she did not marry you. (她不嫁給你，因為你是個大人物）2）She married

13、you, but it was not because you were a big shot. （她嫁給你，并非因為你是個大人物）兩種理解意思截然相反。造成這種差別的原因是對否定范圍的不同理解，前者否定的是謂動詞marry，后者則否定從句。總體看，notbecause結(jié)構(gòu)功能可分為五種：A) not 否定語句謂語。在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因時，because可放在主句之前。She didnt buy it, because it was expensive. 她沒有買，因為這東西太貴。Because it was too expensive, she didnt buy it. 因為這東西太貴，所以她沒有買

14、B) not 屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移，否定從句，主句與從句之間不用逗號隔開。只有在“it is not becausethat” 或 “Not becausedo/does/did+主語+謂語動詞”的句型中， not because從句才可以放在主句之前。通常譯為“并不是因為而的”或“并非因為才”I didnt come because I had to stay with her. 我并不因為要和她呆在一起才來的。這句話可改寫為下面三句話：I came not because I had to stay with her.Not because I had to stay with her did I

15、 come.It was not because I had to stay with her that I came.當(dāng)然，在特定情況下還可以理解為下句Because I had to stay with her, I didnt come.因為得同她呆在一起，所以我沒有來。C）當(dāng)not 否定主句時，不屬于否定轉(zhuǎn)移，不能放在because從句之前，否則就不符合邏輯或不能保持原句的句意。在這種情況，because的意義相當(dāng)于although.從句只能放在主句之后，而不能放在主句之前。譯成漢語時，通常譯成“并沒有因為而/就” 或“沒有雖然”He does not think he is supe

16、rior to others because his father is a high-ranking official.他并沒有因為自己的父親是個高官就認(rèn)為自己高人一等?；蛘呖梢园堰@句話改寫成：He does not think he is superior to others although his father is a high-ranking official.雖然他父親是個高官，他并不認(rèn)為自己高人一等。 如果改寫成下面這句話，邏輯上成立 ，但卻改變了原句的意思：He thinks he is superior to others not because his fath

17、er is a high-ranking official.而如果改寫成下面這句話，其意義就不符合邏輯了：Because his father is a high-ranking official, he does not think he is superior to others.D）對于有些句子而言，可根據(jù)上下文語言邏輯關(guān)系、語言習(xí)慣以及常識來綜合判斷其含義，從而消除歧義。He is not absent because he is ill. 他并非因為生病而缺席。The police didnt arrest him because he really committed any cr

18、ime. They said that he was wandering with intent to commit an arrestable offence.警察逮捕他并非是因為他真的犯了什么罪，照警察的說法是因為他四處游逛圖謀不軌。She doesnt like the flat because it hasnt got a proper bathroom.她不喜歡這套公寓房間，因為沒有像樣的浴室。E） 有時候，because的前面附加有just， only，merely， simply等副詞，這些副詞通常 將否定的范圍局限在because引導(dǎo)的從句上。Dont read book si

19、mply because other people are reading them.不要只是因為別人在讀某些書就去讀這些書。 I am not apt to shrink from duty merely because it is painful.我并不是因為怕吃苦而逃避自己的義務(wù)。六、雙重否定雙重否定是英語句子中常見的形式，即用兩個表示否定意義的詞來表達(dá)肯定。這種句型 比較符合英美人的習(xí)慣，因為他們不太喜歡用絕對的肯定或否定，而習(xí)慣于用比較委婉的表達(dá)方式，而漢語的表達(dá)則比較干脆，要么用完全否定，要么用部分否定，而雙重否定則較少。所以英語中的雙重否定在翻譯成漢語時通常譯成肯定句。

20、1. 否定詞+表否定意義的詞There is no student but wishes to learn English. 沒有學(xué)生不想學(xué)英語。 It never rains but it pours. 不下則已，下則傾盆。I wonder if he is not an honest man. 我認(rèn)為他是個誠實的人。I promised that never a day should pass that I did not visit him. 我答應(yīng)每天去看他。 He spoke nothing to no purpose. 他言必中肯，絕不空談。Fight no b

21、attle unprepared. 不打無準(zhǔn)備之戰(zhàn)。The authorities are not completely blameless. 權(quán)威人士并非無可指責(zé)。Not without an ulterior motive did he make that remark.說這話的人是別有用心。2. toonot to 和 not tooto 一般譯成“太肯定會” “必然” “不要不”。He is too wicked not to meet a bad end some day. 他太壞了，總有一天會有惡報。This was too great an honor not to excite

22、 the envy of his rivals. 這種莫大的榮譽(yù)必然會引起對手的嫉妒。A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students. 教師不應(yīng)該驕傲得不向?qū)W生學(xué)習(xí)。 3. cannottoo/over雙重否定的一種特殊句型，意為“怎么都不過分”。You cannot be too careful./ You cannot be overcareful. / You cannot be careful enough. 你越小心越好。 We cannot praise him too much./ We

23、 cannot overpraise him. 我們怎么稱贊他都不過分。 A book many be compared to your neighbor; if it is good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 一本書好比你的鄰居。如果是好書，讀書時間再長也不嫌長；如果是壞書，越早丟開越好。One can scarcely/ hardly pay too high a prize for liberty. 為自由付出的代價再高也值得。The importance of e

24、conomic reform cannot be overemphasized. (It is impossible to over-emphasize ) 經(jīng)濟(jì)改革的重要性怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)都不過分。七、其他否定1. 肯定與否定意思相同A、附加疑問句中，如陳述部分是肯定形式的祈使句，則附加問句部分用肯定或否定形式都可以，意義基本相同，只不過肯定形式在語氣上稍微婉轉(zhuǎn)一些。Take this package to the post office, will (wont) you? 把這個包裹送到郵局好嗎？Pass me the book, will (wont )you? 把那本書遞給我好嗎？注意：如果陳

25、述部分是否定，則附加問句只能采用肯定形式。Dont take the magazine away, will you? 別把那本雜志帶走，好嗎？B. 在一般疑問句中，特別是表示請求、建議的一般問句中，采用肯定或否定形式在意義上沒有多少差別。Will (wont) you have a bottle of cola? 來甁可樂好嗎？Will (wont) you sit down? 請坐下好嗎？C. 在某些賓語從句中，特別是由if， whether引導(dǎo)的間接問句和表示疑問的句子中，有沒有否定詞其意義都是一樣的。I asked him if I could (not) do anything fo

26、r him. 我問他，我是否能為他做點什么。Try and think whether you have (no) friends to help you. 想一想你是不是有什么朋友可以幫助你。D. 在從疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化成感嘆句中，有沒有其中的否定詞意義都是一樣的。How many feet, I wonder, had (not) trodden that path! 不知有多少雙腳走過了那條小路。How often have I (not) watched him! 我老是盯著他看！E. 在下面習(xí)慣用法中，用肯定或否定意義是一樣的。I cant (can) but say. 我不得不說。I ca

27、nt (can) hardly believe it. 我簡直不敢相信。F. 否定形式的修辭疑問句和肯定形式的感嘆句在意義上是相同的。What had Lao Zhang not suffered? 什么苦頭老張沒吃過？What Lao Zhang has suffered! 老張吃了多大的苦??！G 在回答有些問題時，用肯定形式的回答或否定形式的回答往往表示同樣的意義。Would you mind helping me with the work? Certainly not (certainly)不知你是否介意幫我做這項工作？當(dāng)然不。（分析）：這里無論certainly not 還是cert

28、ainly 都表示愿意幫忙，因為前者針對是mind， 而后者是針對help而答的。 2. 虛擬語氣在英語句子中，虛擬證據(jù)的使用是相當(dāng)普遍的，所表達(dá)的意義也是多種多樣的。當(dāng)有些虛擬語氣的肯定句與情態(tài)動詞和完成時態(tài)連用時，經(jīng)常表示與事實相反的情況，因此可以用來表示一種委婉的否定。因為漢語中缺乏這種表達(dá)手段，所以在翻譯時要增加一些副詞或其他詞語，否則就不能表達(dá)出虛擬語氣的真正含義。A） would + have been 結(jié)構(gòu), 譯成漢語時，要加入 “本來”。 I would have written before, but I have been ill. 本來早該給你寫信了，但我生病了

29、。(我沒有早點給你寫信）He would have given you more help, but he has been so busy. 他本來要多給你一些幫助的，只是他太忙了。（沒有給更多幫助）It would have been easy for him to answer the question like that. 他那樣回答這個問題本來是很容易的。（他沒有那樣回答問題） 2. might + have done, 加入“也許會” “可能會”。 It is a pity you werent there. You might have given me a

30、hand. 可惜當(dāng)時你不在，要不然你也許會幫助我的。If I hadnt met her at that time, the whole course of my life might have been different. 如果我在那時沒有遇見她，我的生命旅程可能就會與現(xiàn)在完全兩樣。C） could +have been, 加入“本來能夠” “簡直可以”“恨不得”。 She could have passed the exam if she worked harder.如果她更用心一點，本來是可以及格的。 I was so disappointed that I cou

31、ld have cried. 我當(dāng)時如此失望，恨不得放聲大哭。I could have skinned Stephen in front of the public. 我不恨不得當(dāng)眾剝了斯蒂芬的皮。D） should + have done。這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示應(yīng)盡而未盡的義務(wù)或與主觀愿望相違背的如驚奇、懷疑等情緒和意愿。翻譯的時候要加入“竟然” “居然”。Strange that I should have forgotten its name. 真奇怪，我竟然忘了它的名字。試比較如下三句話，體會其中的不同含義。The peonies are in full bloom in the park. I

32、f you go to see them, I will accompany you. 公園里牡丹盛開，如果你去賞花，我愿意陪你去。The peonies are withering now. If you would go, I would accompany you.牡丹快要謝了，如果你還要去，我也愿意陪你。The peonies have withered. If you should go to see them, I should like to accompany you.牡丹已經(jīng)凋謝了。如果你居然還愿意去看，我也可以奉陪。E） 其他虛擬語氣漢語借助詞匯手段，翻譯時適當(dāng)?shù)丶尤胍恍┰~匯，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)譯文。I wish I had a memory like yours. 可惜我沒有你那么好的記性。If I had the money now, I