高中生物 第7章 第2節(jié) 現(xiàn)代生物進(jìn)化理論的主要內(nèi)容課件 新人教版必修2 (77)

1、 在英語(yǔ)句子里，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須和主語(yǔ)保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。主謂一致大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致。語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1.以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Her mother is working on the farm. 她媽媽在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。 To study French well is not easy. 學(xué)好法語(yǔ)不容易。 What he said is very important

2、for us all. 他說(shuō)的話對(duì)我們很重要。 The children were in the classroom two hours ago. 兩小時(shí)前孩子們都在教室里。 Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.在陽(yáng)光下讀書(shū)對(duì)眼睛不好。注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： What I bought were three Chinese books. 我買(mǎi)的是三本中文書(shū)。 What I say and do are helpful

3、 to you.我所說(shuō)的，所做的都對(duì)你有幫助。2.由連接詞and或bothand連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如： Lucy and Lily are twins. 露西和莉莉是雙胞胎。 The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. 那個(gè)男孩和那個(gè)女孩聽(tīng)到消息后很驚訝。 Both she and he are middle school students.他和她是中學(xué)生。 注意：（1）若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如： The writer and a

4、rtist has come. 那個(gè)兼有作家和藝術(shù)家雙重身份的人來(lái)了。（2）由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every, more than a（an）， many a（an）修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： Every student and every teacher is in the classroom. 每個(gè)學(xué)生和每個(gè)老師都在教室里。 No boy and no girl likes it.沒(méi)有一個(gè)男孩一個(gè)女孩喜歡它。 3.主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，即使后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，ra

5、ther than，more than，no less than，besides, including等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Mr. Black，together with his wife and children，has come to China. 布萊克先生和他的妻子、孩子們一起來(lái)到了中國(guó)。 Nobody but Tom and John was on the playground. 操場(chǎng)上除了湯姆和約翰沒(méi)有別人。 She，like you and Jenny，is very tall. 她像你和珍妮一樣，非常高。4.either， n

6、either， each， every 或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some， any， no， every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。例如： Each of us has a new book. 我們每個(gè)人都有一本新書(shū)。 Everything around us is matter.我們身邊的一切都是物質(zhì)。注意：（1）在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. 這兩本書(shū)沒(méi)有一本有意思。（2）若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

7、就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。例如： None of us has（have）been to America.我們中沒(méi)有一個(gè)人去過(guò)美國(guó)。5.在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that，who，which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如： He is one of my friends who are working hard. 他是我那些工作努力的朋友中的一個(gè)。 He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.他是我的朋友中唯一一個(gè)工作努力的。6.如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單

8、數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family，class，crowd, committee， population，audience等。例如： Class Four is on the third floor. 四班在三樓。 Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.四班的人在選誰(shuí)當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)的事情上無(wú)法達(dá)成一致。注意：people，police，cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The police are looking for the lost child.警察正在尋找那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。7.由“a lot of，l

9、ots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。例如： There are a lot of people in the classroom. 教室里有很多人。 The rest of the lecture is wonderful. 演講的余下部分很精彩。 50% of the students in our class are girls.我們班百分之五十的人是女生。注意：a number of（許多），作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；

10、the number of（的數(shù)量），主語(yǔ)是number，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。8.在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。例如： There comes the bus. 公交來(lái)了。 On the wall are many pictures. 墻上有很多的畫(huà)。 Such is the result. 結(jié)果就是這樣。 Such are the facts. 事實(shí)就是這樣。 邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義一致（因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。1.what，who，which，any，more，all等代詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用單數(shù)形式，也可用復(fù)數(shù)形

11、式，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。例如：Which is your bag？ 哪一個(gè)是你的包 Which are your bags？ 哪些是你的包？ All is going well. 一切順利。 All have gone to Beijing.所有人都去北京了。邏輯意義一致原則2.表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體。例如： Thirty minutes is enough for the work.完成這項(xiàng)工作，三十分鐘足矣。3.若主語(yǔ)是書(shū)名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如： T

12、he Arabian Nights is an interesting story-book.一千零一夜是一本有趣的故事書(shū)。4.表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)one and a half后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： One and a half apples is （are） left on the table.桌上留有一個(gè)半蘋(píng)果。 5.算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。例如： Twelve plus eight is twenty. 十二加八等于二十。 Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.五十六除以八等于七。

13、 6.一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如mathematics，politics，physics 以及以s結(jié)尾的news，works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： The paper works was built in 1990.這家紙廠成立于1990年。 I think physics isnt easy to study.我認(rèn)為物理不是很容易學(xué)。7.trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a（the）pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： My gla

14、sses are broken. 我的眼鏡壞了。 The pair of shoes under the bed is his.床下那雙鞋是他的。8.“定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”表示某一類人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer.富人更富，窮人更窮。就近一致原則在英語(yǔ)句子中，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 1.當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由eitheror，neithernor，whetheror， not onlybut also連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。例如： Either the teacher or th

15、e students are our friends. 那個(gè)老師或者那些學(xué)生是我們的好朋友。 Neither they nor he is wholly right. 不論是他們還是他都不全對(duì)。2.there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。例如： There are two chairs and a desk in the room.房間里有兩把椅子和一張桌子。注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。. 單句填空1.More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programmes _（be

16、） in England.【解析】 “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。programmes為復(fù)數(shù)，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。【答案】 1. are2.“All _(be) present and all _(be) going on well”， our monitor said.【解析】句意：班長(zhǎng)說(shuō)：“所有人都在場(chǎng)，一切順利?！盿ll作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，指人用復(fù)數(shù)，指物用單數(shù)?！敬鸢浮?2.are;is3.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor _ (be) asked to make a speech a

17、t the meeting.【解析】句意：昨天，我們的團(tuán)委書(shū)記，也是我們的班長(zhǎng)，被要求在會(huì)議上發(fā)言。and連接的兩個(gè)詞共一個(gè)冠詞，表示同一個(gè)人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?3.was4.Mary as well as her sisters _ (study) Chinese in China now.【解析】 Mary為單數(shù)意義詞，盡管其后連接由as well as引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)仍然要由Mary這個(gè)詞決定?！敬鸢浮?4.is studying5.It is known to all that the rich _ (be) not always happy.【解析】句意：眾所周

18、知，富人并不總是快樂(lè)的。定冠詞the+形容詞表示某一類人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)?！敬鸢浮?5.are6.The police _ (search) for the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.【解析】句意：警察正在到處尋找兇手，這時(shí)，他突然出現(xiàn)在劇院。police作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?6.were searching7.Air pollution, together with littering, _(cause) many problems in our large industrial

19、cities today.【解析】句意：如今，空氣污染與亂丟垃圾,在我們大工業(yè)城市引起了許多問(wèn)題。由together with 連接的兩部分，其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其前的部分保持一致，其后的部分只是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?！敬鸢浮?7.causes8.The Olympic Games _ (be) a major international event of summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes compete in a wide variety of events. 【解析】句意：奧運(yùn)會(huì)是一個(gè)夏季和冬季的重要國(guó)際體育賽事，期間數(shù)千

20、名運(yùn)動(dòng)員在很多賽事中競(jìng)技。the Olympic Games作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?8.are9.All possible means _ (try), but it seems that they have a long way to go.【解析】名詞means (方法) 的單復(fù)數(shù)同形，用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)要視具體含義而定。 此處means與all 連用，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，意為“所有方法”?！敬鸢浮?9.have been tried10.What a pity! All his property, the books, the pictures and the hou

21、se, _(be) consumed by the big fire.【解析】句意：真遺憾!他所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)書(shū)籍、照片和房子,都被大火吞噬了。句中的主語(yǔ)是his property, 其后的the books, the pictures and the house,是它的同位語(yǔ)。主謂一致，是指謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)保持一致?！敬鸢浮?10.was11.Neither of the novels which _ (be) popular with us _ (translate) into Chinese so far.【解析】句意：到目前為止，受我們歡迎的兩本小說(shuō)都未被翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾

22、的先行詞是novels，novels為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。而主句的主語(yǔ)為neither引導(dǎo)的名詞短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?11.are；has been translated12.A growing number of people _ (begin) to believe that learning new skills and knowledge _ (contribute) to more promotion opportunities.【解析】句意：越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始相信學(xué)習(xí)新的技能和知識(shí)能幫他們獲得更多的提升機(jī)會(huì)。a number of 表示許多，

23、連接名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?12.are beginning；contributes13.What he has said _ (leave) much for us to think about.【解析】 left what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?13.leaves/has14.There _ (be) a small quantity of water left in the bottle.【解析】 there be句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。water為不可數(shù)名詞，所以此處be動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形

24、式?！敬鸢浮?14.is15.The variety of goods on sale in that shop _ (be) surprising.【解析】 the variety of 意為“的種類/多樣性”，其后接名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?15.is16.Machines of this kind _ (help) us a lot in our daily life.【解析】 machines of this kind 中心詞為machines，machines是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?16.Help17.Tom as well as two of h

25、is friends _ (invite) to the party yesterday.【解析】 Tom為單數(shù)意義詞，盡管其后連接由as well as引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)仍然要由Tom這個(gè)詞決定?！敬鸢浮?17.was invited18.The film Gone with the Wind _ (shoot) in Atlanta, the US, because the novel was set in the American Civil War.【解析】句意：電影亂世佳人是在美國(guó)亞特蘭大拍攝的,因?yàn)檫@部小說(shuō)是以美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)為背景。本句的主語(yǔ)是the film, 是單數(shù)，Gone

26、with the Wind是其同位語(yǔ)?！敬鸢浮?18.was shot19.Over the Yangtze River _ (build) ten grand bridges in Wuhan so far, and another one is said to be finished next year.【解析】句意：到目前為止, 在武漢段已建成十座長(zhǎng)江大橋,另一座新橋據(jù)說(shuō)將在明年完成。本句是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語(yǔ)是ten grand bridges, 因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，又因so far 意為“到目前為止”，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?！敬鸢浮?19. have been built20.

27、Mr.Smith is one of the foreign teachers who _ (be) working in our school.【解析】定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要由先行詞決定，此處先行詞為teachers，所以從句中用表復(fù)數(shù)意義的be動(dòng)詞are?！敬鸢浮?20.are. 單句改錯(cuò)1.There are 60 students in Toms class and thirty percent is from Wuhan.【解析】 thirty percent后省略了of the students?！敬鸢浮?1.isare2.John together with his work

28、mates are playing football over there.【解析】此句真正的主語(yǔ)是John?！敬鸢浮?.areis3.A large number of students are gathering at the school gate, and the number of them are reaching 100.【解析】 the number of them的中心詞為number，是單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?.第二個(gè)are is 4.The writer and translator are delivering a speech in front of a large nu

29、mber of audience in our school.【解析】 The writer and translator是一個(gè)人?！敬鸢浮?.areis5.In fact, not only Mary and I but also Jane are tired of having an exam after another.【解析】就近原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和Jane保持一致?！敬鸢浮?.areis6.“If anybody want to buy the book, please put down his name,” said the teacher to the monitor.【解析】

30、anybody為單數(shù)?！敬鸢浮?. wantwants7.Nothing but one desk and six chairs are in the room. 【解析】主語(yǔ)為Nothing?！敬鸢浮?.areis8.Between the two roads stand a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.【解析】句意：兩條路間矗立著一座被稱為“摩天塔”的電視塔。此句為倒裝句，真正的主語(yǔ)為a TV tower?！敬鸢浮?.standstands9.The hungry children care so little about their meals

31、that anything will do so long as the food fill their stomachs. 【解析】句意：那些饑餓的孩子不在意他們的飲食,只要能填滿他們的肚子，什么食物都行。從句中的主語(yǔ)food是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)?！敬鸢浮?.fill fills10.Where to get the materials and how to get them has not been discussed at the meeting.【解析】此句的主語(yǔ)為Where to get the materials and how to get them，這是兩件事。【答案】

32、10.hashave11.Neither you nor your brother have passed the test.【解析】就近原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和your brother 保持一致?！敬鸢浮?1.havehas12.Every student and every teacher are going to attend the meeting.【解析】由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no、each、every修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式?！敬鸢浮?2.areis13.Three fourths of the bread were eaten by Bob, and the rest was left on the table.【解析】 “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。bread是不可數(shù)名詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。【答案】13.werewas14.My glasses is broken and I need to buy a new pair.【解析】 glasses（眼鏡）是復(fù)數(shù)