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1、第6課時(shí)對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)1對(duì)數(shù)的概念如果axN(a0且a1),那么數(shù)x叫做以a為底N的對(duì)數(shù),記作xlogaN,其中a叫做對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù),N叫做真數(shù)2對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì)與運(yùn)算法則(1)對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算法則:如果a0且a1,M0,N0,那么loga(MN)logaMlogaN;logalogaMlogaN;logaMnnlogaM(nR);logMnlogaM.(2)對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì):alogaNN;logaaNN(a0且a1)(3)對(duì)數(shù)的重要公式:換底公式:logbN(a,b均大于零且不等于1);logab,推廣logab·logbc·logcdlogad.3對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象與性質(zhì)a10a1圖象性質(zhì)(1

2、)定義域:(0,)(2)值域:R(3)過(guò)定點(diǎn)(1,0),即x1時(shí),y0(4)當(dāng)x1時(shí),y0當(dāng)0x1時(shí),y0(5)當(dāng)x1時(shí),y0當(dāng)0x1時(shí),y0(6)在(0,)上是增函數(shù)(7)在(0,)上是減函數(shù) 4.反函數(shù)指數(shù)函數(shù)yax與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax互為反函數(shù),它們的圖象關(guān)于直線yx對(duì)稱5判斷下列結(jié)論的正誤(正確的打“”,錯(cuò)誤的打“×”)(1)(2)38可化為log(2)(8)3.(×)(2)若MN0,則loga(MN)logaMlogaN.(×)(3)logax·logayloga(xy)(×)(4)函數(shù)ylog2x及ylog3x都是對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)(

3、15;)(5)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax(a0,且a1)在(0,)上是增函數(shù)(×)(6)函數(shù)yln與yln(1x)ln(1x)的定義域相同()(7)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax(a0且a1)的圖象過(guò)定點(diǎn)(1,0)()(8)log2x22log2x.(×)(9)當(dāng)x1時(shí),logax0.(×)(10)當(dāng)x1時(shí),若logaxlogbx,則ab.(×)考點(diǎn)一對(duì)數(shù)式的運(yùn)算命題點(diǎn)1.指數(shù)式與對(duì)數(shù)式的互化2.計(jì)算對(duì)數(shù)值例1(1)若xlog43,則(2x2x)2等于()A.B.C. D.解析:由xlog43,得4x3,即2x,2x,所以(2x2x)22.答案:D(2)(2017

4、83;山東日照質(zhì)檢)2lg 2lg 的值為()A1 B2C3 D4解析:2lg 2lglg 4lg 25lg 1002.答案:B方法引航(1)首先利用冪的運(yùn)算把底數(shù)或真數(shù)進(jìn)行變形,化成分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪的形式,使冪的底數(shù)最簡(jiǎn),然后正用對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算性質(zhì)化簡(jiǎn)合并.(2)將對(duì)數(shù)式化為同底數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、倍數(shù)運(yùn)算,然后逆用對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì),轉(zhuǎn)化為同底對(duì)數(shù)真數(shù)的積、商、冪的運(yùn)算.1已知4a2,lg xa,則x_.解析:4a2,alog42log44.又lg xa,lg x,x.答案:2已知函數(shù)f(x)則f(f(1)f的值是()A5 B3C1 D.解析:選A.因?yàn)閒(1)log210,所以f(f(1)f(0)2.因?yàn)閘

5、og30,所以f(log3)3log313log321213.所以f(f(1)f(log3)235.考點(diǎn)二對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象及應(yīng)用命題點(diǎn)1.對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象變換與識(shí)別2.應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象求參數(shù)3.應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)圖象解不等式例2(1)函數(shù)y2log4(1x)的圖象大致是()解析:函數(shù)y2log4(1x)的定義域?yàn)?,1),排除A、B;又函數(shù)y2log4(1x)在定義域內(nèi)單調(diào)遞減,排除D.選C.答案:C(2)已知0m12m2,a0,且a1,若logam1m11,logam2m21,則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是()A2a3B0a1C1a2 D3a4解析:依題意,知方程式logaxx1有兩個(gè)不等實(shí)根m1,m2,在同

6、一直角坐標(biāo)系下,作出函數(shù)ylogax與yx1的圖象,顯然a1,由圖可知m11,要使m22,需滿足loga221,即a2.綜上知:實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是1a2,選C.答案:C(3)已知函數(shù)f(x)為奇函數(shù),當(dāng)x0時(shí),f(x)log2x,則滿足不等式f(x)0的x的取值范圍是_解析:由題意知yf(x)的圖象如圖所示:所以滿足f(x)0的x的取值范圍是(1,0)(1,)答案:(1,0)(1,)方法引航(1)對(duì)一些可通過(guò)平移、對(duì)稱變換作出其圖象的對(duì)數(shù)型函數(shù),在求解其單調(diào)性(單調(diào)區(qū)間)、值域(最值)、零點(diǎn)時(shí),常利用數(shù)形結(jié)合思想. (2)一些對(duì)數(shù)型方程、不等式問(wèn)題常轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的函數(shù)圖象問(wèn)題,利用數(shù)形結(jié)合法求解

7、.1函數(shù)ylg|x1|的圖象是()解析:選A.因?yàn)閥lg|x1|當(dāng)x1時(shí),函數(shù)無(wú)意義,故排除B、D.又當(dāng)x2或0時(shí),y0,所以A項(xiàng)符合題意2當(dāng)0x時(shí),4xloga x,則a的取值范圍是()A. B.C(1,) D(,2)解析:選B.法一:構(gòu)造函數(shù)f(x)4x和g(x)logax,當(dāng)a1時(shí)不滿足條件,當(dāng)0a1時(shí),畫(huà)出兩個(gè)函數(shù)在上的圖象,可知,fg,即2loga,則a,所以a的取值范圍為.法二:0x,14x2,logax4x1,0a1,排除選項(xiàng)C,D;取a,x,則有,顯然4xlogax不成立,排除選項(xiàng)A.3如圖,函數(shù)f(x)的圖象為折線ACB,則不等式f(x)log2(x1)的解集是()Ax|1x

8、0Bx|1x1Cx|1x1Dx|1x2解析:選C.在平面直角坐標(biāo)系中作出函數(shù)ylog2(x1)的圖象如圖所示所以f(x)log2(x1)的解集是x|1x1,所以選C.考點(diǎn)三對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)及應(yīng)用命題點(diǎn)1.對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的定義域2.利用單調(diào)性比較對(duì)數(shù)值的大小3.與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)復(fù)合的函數(shù)的性質(zhì)例3(1)函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)?)A(0,2)B(0,2C(2,) D2,)解析:要使函數(shù)f(x)有意義,需使,解得x2,即函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)?2,)答案:C(2)(2017·天津一模)已知alog25,blog5(log25),c0.52,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為()Aabc BbcaCcba Dbac解

9、析:alog252,blog5(log25)(0,1),c0.52(1,2),可得bca.故選B.答案:B(3)已知函數(shù)f(x)loga(x1)loga(1x),a0且a1.求f(x)的定義域;判斷f(x)的奇偶性并予以證明;當(dāng)a1時(shí),求使f(x)0的x的解集解:(1)要使函數(shù)f(x)有意義,則解得1x1.故所求函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)?1,1)(2)由(1)知f(x)的定義域?yàn)?1,1),且f(x)loga(x1)loga(1x)loga(x1)loga(1x)f(x),故f(x)為奇函數(shù)(3)因?yàn)楫?dāng)a1時(shí),f(x)在定義域(1,1)內(nèi)是增函數(shù),所以f(x)01,解得0x1.所以使f(x)0的

10、x的解集是(0,1)方法引航(1)對(duì)于多個(gè)對(duì)數(shù)值大小比較,首先利用對(duì)數(shù)性質(zhì)分開(kāi)正、負(fù)數(shù)(與0比較)再分開(kāi)(0,1)與(1,)(與1比較)(2)解決簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)數(shù)不等式,應(yīng)先利用對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)化為同底數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)值,再利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性轉(zhuǎn)化為一般不等式求解.(3)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性和底數(shù)a的值有關(guān),在研究對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性時(shí),要按0a1和a1進(jìn)行分類討論.1在本例(3)中,將函數(shù)變?yōu)閒(x)loga(x1)loga(1x),a0且a1.判斷函數(shù)的單調(diào)性解:f(x)的定義域?yàn)榧磝(1,1)f(x)loga(1x2),設(shè)g(x)1x2當(dāng)a1時(shí),x(1,0),g(x)為增函數(shù),f(x)loga(1x2)為增函數(shù)

11、,x(0,1),g(x)為減函數(shù),f(x)loga(1x2)為減函數(shù)當(dāng)0a1時(shí),x(1,0),g(x)為增函數(shù),f(x)loga(1x2)為減函數(shù),x(0,1),g(x)為減,f(x)loga(1x2)為增函數(shù)2在本例(3)中,當(dāng)0a1時(shí),求解f(x)0的解集解:f(x)0,loga(1x)loga(1x),1x0.f(x)的解集為(1,0)易錯(cuò)警示忽視對(duì)數(shù)底數(shù)的分類討論典例已知函數(shù)ylogax(2x4)的最大值比最小值大1,則a的值為_(kāi)正解當(dāng)a1時(shí),ylogax(2x4)為增函數(shù),ymaxloga4,yminloga2.loga4loga21,即loga21,a2.當(dāng)0a1時(shí),ylogax(

12、2x4)為減函數(shù),ymaxloga2,yminloga4.loga2loga41,即loga21,a.答案2或易誤對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的底數(shù)含有參數(shù)a,易忽視討論a與1的大小關(guān)系而直接按a1解題,只得一解2.警示當(dāng)應(yīng)用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)ylogax的單調(diào)性,而底數(shù)a不確定時(shí),要分a1或0a1進(jìn)行討論高考真題體驗(yàn)1(高考全國(guó)乙卷)若ab0,0c1,則()AlogaclogbcBlogcalogcbCacbc Dcacb解析:選B.0c1,當(dāng)ab1時(shí),logaclogbc,A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;0c1,ylogcx在(0,)上單調(diào)遞減,又ab0,logcalogcb,B項(xiàng)正確;0c1,函數(shù)yxc在(0,)上單調(diào)遞增,又ab0,ac

13、bc,C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;0c1,ycx在(0,)上單調(diào)遞減,又ab0,cacb,D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤故選B.2(高考全國(guó)乙卷)若ab1,0c1,則()Aacbc BabcbacCalogbcblogac Dlogaclogbc解析:選C.對(duì)于選項(xiàng)A,考慮冪函數(shù)yxc,因?yàn)閏0,所以yxc為增函數(shù),又ab1,所以acbc,A錯(cuò)對(duì)于選項(xiàng)B,abcbacc,又yx是減函數(shù),所以B錯(cuò)對(duì)于選項(xiàng)D,由對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)可知D錯(cuò),故選C.3(高考課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷)已知函數(shù)f(x)且f(a)3,則f(6a)()A BC D解析:選A.當(dāng)a1時(shí),2a123,無(wú)解;當(dāng)a1時(shí),log2(a1)3,得a7,所以f(6a)f(1)222,故選A.4

14、(高考全國(guó)卷)設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)ln(1|x|),則使得f(x)f(2x1)成立的x的取值范圍是()A.B.(1,)C.D.解析:選A.函數(shù)f(x)ln(1|x|),f(x)f(x),故f(x)為偶函數(shù),又當(dāng)x(0,)時(shí),f(x)ln(1x),f(x)是單調(diào)遞增的,故f(x)f(2x1)f(|x|)f(|2x1|),|x|2x1|,解得x1,故選A.5(高考課標(biāo)卷)設(shè)alog32,blog52,clog23,則()Aacb BbcaCcba Dcab解析:選D.23,12,32,log3log32log33,log51log52log5,log23log22,a1,0b,c1,cab.故選D.6(

15、高考浙江卷)已知a,b0且a1,b1.若logab1,則()A(a1)(b1)0 B(a1)(ab)0C(b1)(ba)0 D(b1)(ba)0解析:選D.法一:logab1logaa,當(dāng)a1時(shí),ba1;當(dāng)0a1時(shí),0ba1.只有D正確法二:取a2,b3,排除A、B、C,故選D.課時(shí)規(guī)范訓(xùn)練A組基礎(chǔ)演練1函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)?)A2,0)(0,2B(1,0)(0,2C2,2 D(1,2解析:選B.由,得1x2,且x0.2已知a0,a1,函數(shù)yax與yloga(x)的圖象可能是()解析:選B.函數(shù)yloga(x)的圖象與ylogax的圖象關(guān)于y軸對(duì)稱,又yax的圖象與ylogax圖象關(guān)于yx對(duì)

16、稱,符合條件的只有B.3設(shè)a30.5,b0.53,clog0.53,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為()Abca BbacCcba Dcab解析:選C.因?yàn)閍30.5301,0b0.530.501,clog0.53log0.510,所以c0b1a,故選C.4已知xln ,ylog52,z,則()Axyz BzxyCzyx Dyzx解析:選D.xln ln e,x1.ylog52log5,0y.z,z1.綜上可知,yzx.5設(shè)函數(shù)f(x)若f(a)f(a),則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是()A(1,0)(0,1) B(,1)(1,)C(1,0)(1,) D(,1)(0,1)解析:選C.f(a)f(a) 或或a1或

17、1a0.6若alog43,則2a2a_.解析:原式.答案:7函數(shù)f(x)2xlog2x(x1,2)的值域?yàn)開(kāi)解析:因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)y2x,ylog2x在1,2上都單調(diào)遞增,所以f(x)2xlog2x在1,2上也單調(diào)遞增,所以當(dāng)x1時(shí),函數(shù)f(x)取得最小值2,當(dāng)x2時(shí),函數(shù)f(x)取得最大值5,即函數(shù)值域是2,5答案:2,58已知函數(shù)f(x),則使函數(shù)f(x)的圖象位于直線y1上方的x的取值范圍是_解析:當(dāng)x0時(shí),3x11x10,1x0;當(dāng)x0時(shí),log2x1x2,x2.綜上所述,x的取值范圍為1x0或x2.答案:x|1x0或x29設(shè)f(x)loga(1x)loga(3x)(a0,a1),且f(1)2

18、.(1)求a的值及f(x)的定義域;(2)求f(x)在區(qū)間上的最大值解:(1)f(1)2,loga42(a0,a1),a2.由得x(1,3),函數(shù)f(x)的定義域?yàn)?1,3)(2)f(x)log2(1x)log2(3x)log2(1x)(3x)log2(x1)24,當(dāng)x(1,1時(shí),f(x)是增函數(shù);當(dāng)x(1,3)時(shí),f(x)是減函數(shù),函數(shù)f(x)在上的最大值是f(1)log242.10已知f(x)logax(a0且a1),如果對(duì)于任意的x都有|f(x)|1成立,求a的取值范圍解:由已知f(x)logax,當(dāng)0a1時(shí),|f(2)|logaloga2loga0,當(dāng)a1時(shí),|f(2)|logaloga2loga0,故|f(2)|總成立則y|f(x)|的圖象如圖要使x時(shí)恒有|f(x)|1,只需1,即1loga1,即logaa1logalogaa,當(dāng)a1時(shí),得a1a,即a3;當(dāng)0a1時(shí),得a1a,即0a.綜上所述,a的取值范圍是3,)B組能力突破1若正數(shù)a,b滿足2log2a3log3blog6(ab),則的值為()A36B72C108 D.解析:選C.設(shè)2log2a3log3blog6(ab)k,可得a2k2,b3k3,ab6k,所以108.所以選C.2函數(shù)f(x)loga(ax3)(a0且a1)在1,3上單調(diào)遞增,則

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