新編簡明英語語言學教程精品資料

1、新編簡明英語語言學教程Chapter oneIntroduction一、定義1.語言學 LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通語言學 General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.語言 languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human comm

2、unication.語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。4.識別特征 Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多產性Duality 雙重性Displacement 移位性Cultural transmission 文化傳遞 arbitrariness

3、There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. DualityLanguage is

4、 a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of an

5、y language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.語言能力 CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.語言運用 performancePerformance is th

6、e actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.語言運用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現。7.歷時語言學 Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共時語言學 Sy

7、nchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.語言 langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言語 paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.規(guī)定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ” correct ” behavior, to tell people what the

8、y should say and what should not say.12.描述性 DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知識點1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, itin a certain social environment by human beings. s a social activity carried o語言不是一種孤立的現象， 而是人類在一定的社會環(huán)境下進行的一種社會活動。2.幾種觀點和

9、現象的提出者：瑞士語言學家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和 parole 的區(qū)別 美國語言學家 N.Chomskyin1950 針對 Saussures langue&parole提出 Competence和 performance曾經對語言概念下過定義的語言學家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols

10、.Hall-language is the institution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. 美國語言學家 Charles Hockett提出了語言的識別特征design features3.the word languagepreceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學家不只研究一種特定的語言。4.in order to discover the nature of the