“betodo”的用法

1、“be to do” 的用法一般說來，“be to do” 這個結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種語法意義，其一是連系動詞be+動詞不定式做表語，其二是be to是一個獨(dú)立詞匯單位,具有情態(tài)含義,可以把它叫做情態(tài)習(xí)語(modal idiom)。 一、be +動詞不定式, 不定式做表語,表示主語和表語在概念上是等同的。如： The problem is to find a solution. His plan is to clean the room. My wish is to be a doctor. 二、be to +動詞不定式中的be to用作情態(tài)習(xí)語, 這時的be to do表示: “計劃”、“安排”、“義務(wù)

2、”、“應(yīng)該”、“可能”、“命運(yùn)”等。(have to, ought to)。如: He is to have a holiday. (表示將來) The committee is to meet today. (表示計劃、安排) You are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you. 1. 表示 “將”、“計劃”、“安排”。(意思接近于be going to) 如： Their daughter is to get married soon. Who is to question him？ It was

3、the last film at the cinema，which was to close next day. After dinner they were to go to a movie. was/ were to do 表示過去曾經(jīng)計劃要做的事，或者過去應(yīng)當(dāng)做的事，而且從現(xiàn)在的角度來看已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了。如： I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time. I was to play Juliet. The expedition was to start in a weeks time. was/ were

4、 to have done, 表示 “本打算”、“本計劃”或“本應(yīng)當(dāng)” 做的事而沒有做成或沒有發(fā)生。如: I was to have seen him last Wednesday, but he didnt come. We were to have been married last year. 2. 表示 “義務(wù)”、“應(yīng)該” 。(意思接近于should， must， ought to， have to) 如： No one is to leave the building. 誰也不得離開這樓房。 You are not to smoke in this room.=You are not

5、 supposed to smoke in this room. You are to be back by 10 oclock. 你必須十點(diǎn)以前回來。 3. 表示可能性, 相當(dāng)于can, may 如: Such books are to be found in the library. 這樣的書在圖書館里就能找到。 Not a single sound was to be heard. 一點(diǎn)兒聲音也聽不到。 Not a soul was to be seen. 看不到一個人影。 She was nowhere to be found. 哪兒也找不到她。 She was never to se

6、e his wife and family again. 5. 表示 “命運(yùn)”, 將來必然要發(fā)生的事, 譯作 “注定”。如： He came to power, but he was to play dearly for it: soon he was assassinated. The worst is still to come. They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. 6. 用于“ifwere to do”，表示虛擬語氣。如： If it were to rain tomorrow, the spo

7、rts meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨, 運(yùn)動會就會延期。一、時態(tài)、語態(tài)        時態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)： 1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時： (1)表示感知的動詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell； (2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；

8、(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose； (4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)； (5)其他動詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。 如： Id say whenever you are going afte

9、r something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.  (1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式) He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night. (1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)   2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時的形式： (1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打

10、算和意圖；  (2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作；  (3)be to (do)表示安排、計劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如： Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如： Marlin is

11、a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用；  (6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時表示按日歷或時刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如： If you want your film to be properly proces

12、sed, youll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow. (畫線部分一般不用will be)  (7)在時間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如： I dont know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句) Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句) 比較：Ill tell him when you ring agai

13、n.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句) (8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，如： See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式)   3.完成時是時態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時連用的句型和時間狀語：  (1)by/between/up to/till +過去時間、sin

14、ce、by the time/when +表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時。如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年時已發(fā)生的情況)  (2)by +將來時間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的從句，主句用將來完成時。如：

15、By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. (3)by now、since +過去時間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時, 但在it is +具體時間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時候不用完成時。如：

16、The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. It is four years since John left school. (4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如：   &#

17、160;    It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation. (5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen/before句型中，主句常用過去完成時。 (6)其他與完成時連用的時間狀語：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。   4.完成進(jìn)行時指動作在完成時的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如

18、：        The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.   時態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路： (1)先根據(jù)選項的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出

19、正確答案； (2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。   二、不定式   1.不定式做主語 (1)做形式主語的代詞： 不定式做主語, 通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語, 把做主語的不定式短語后置。 如： It took me only five minutes to finish the job. To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time. (2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞： 不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),

20、但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時, 不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best wa

21、ys for a person to stay healthy. Its clever of you to have invented such a device. (3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語： 掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：                 said             &

22、#160;   reported                 thought be                          to do sth.     &

23、#160;           believed known supposed Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.   2.不定式做賓語 (1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞： 掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞： agree, afford, aim,

24、arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如： Even though the chil

25、dren pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 注意: 1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語, 這類動詞有： consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如： While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as

26、he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語, 介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如: The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory. Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowled

27、ge upon which to base our thinking. (2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞： 下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)： advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit,

28、persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。 注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。 如： Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.   3.不定式做定語 (1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或ne

29、xt, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時，該名詞用不定式做定語。如： the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個登上月球的女性 (2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.  (3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名

30、詞一般用不定式做定語。如： ambition to do “干的雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干” curiosity to do  “對的好奇心”be curious to do“對好奇” ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做” According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.  (4)表示方式、原因、時間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括： way, method,