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1、Unit11.Transit Trade: (過境貿(mào)易)Entrepot Trade 轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易2.Value of foreign trade (額) is an important index to show by means of currency of a country the total value of trade Quantum of foreign trade (量) reflects by means of constant price the development of foreign trade without consideration of inflation.量=
2、value/price3.Imbalance of Trade Trade surplus (Favorable Balance of trade): export values exceeds import value. 順差 出口多 Trade deficit (unfavorable Balance of Trade): import value exceeds export value.進(jìn)口多4. Domestic laws:Foreign Trade Law of the PRC (2004);The Contract Law (1999)5. International trade
3、 practice :Not mandatory非強(qiáng)制的 (Since it is not law):INCOTERMS 2010; UCP 600;URC 522.6. International treaty:雙邊或多邊書面協(xié)議 國際法(國際條例或協(xié)定)優(yōu)于國內(nèi)法。 The United Nations Conventions for the International Sales of Goods (CISG)Unit2一,Methods Describing Quality of Goods表示商品品質(zhì)的方法1.Sale by actual quality (以實(shí)物表示商品品質(zhì)) (1
4、)Sale as seen (看貨買賣)適用:special types of goods such as jewelry, paintings, arts and crafts. It is used in auction/exhibition sale.(2)Sales by Sample(憑樣品買賣) It is suitable for commodities that are difficult to standardize and normalize, such as arts and crafts. Sales by Sellers / Buyers S Sample Selle
5、r:Duplicate Sample 復(fù)樣(Keep Sample留存樣);Original Sample原樣, Type Sample 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣. buyer:Counter Sample 對(duì)等樣品 (Return Sample 回樣 ):對(duì)等樣品(COUNTER-SAMPLE) 對(duì)等樣品是指賣方根據(jù)買方提供的樣品, 加工復(fù)制出一個(gè)類似的樣品提供給買方確認(rèn), 經(jīng)確認(rèn)后的樣品, 就是對(duì)等樣品, 有時(shí)也稱“回樣” , 業(yè)務(wù)上有時(shí)還稱為“確認(rèn)樣”。要求(1)樣品是交貨的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),唯一的依據(jù)(2)所交的貨物要與樣品完全一致 注意的問題 (1)樣品的品質(zhì)上不宜過高,也不宜過低(2)要留有復(fù)樣 (Duplic
6、ate Sample) (3)使用封樣(4)買方來樣要寄對(duì)等樣品(5)品質(zhì)與樣品大致相同 ,合同要作說明(6)參考樣品2. Sales by Description(以說明表示商品品質(zhì)) Sales by Specifications規(guī)格,Grade等級(jí)Standard標(biāo)準(zhǔn),Brand or Trade Mark憑牌名或商標(biāo)買賣, Name of Origin or by Geographical Indication 凡是采用文字說明、圖片、照片、圖紙等來表示商品品質(zhì)的Fair Average Quality (F.A.Q.) 良好平均品質(zhì),俗稱大路貨:買賣農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品Good Merchant
7、able Quality (G.M.Q)良好可商銷品質(zhì):木材、水產(chǎn)品2 品質(zhì)條款Quality clauseQuality Tolerance (品質(zhì)公差)工業(yè)品交易 industrial productsQuality Latitude (品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度):針對(duì)初級(jí)產(chǎn)品.trading primary products<公約>52條2款: 如果賣方交付的貨物數(shù)量大于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量, 買方可以收取也可以拒絕收取多交部分的貨物。如果買方收取多交部分貨物的全部或一部分,他必須按合同價(jià)格付款。3 Calculation of Quantity1. Measurement Unit 計(jì)量單位
8、1)Gross Weight (毛重) 毛重指商品本身重量 + 包裝重量,即加上皮重(Tare)的重量。 大宗低值產(chǎn)品。 如:小麥、 雜糧、飼料等2) net weight (凈重)the weight of commodity itself N.W. = G.W. - tare gross for net (以毛作凈) - 把毛重作為凈重來計(jì)量Four ways to calculate tare:By actual tare (實(shí)際皮重)By average tare (平均皮重- 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)皮重 )By customary tare(習(xí)慣皮重)Computed tare(約定皮重)3) by
9、conditioned weight(公量):draw out moisture水分 by scientific method, and add standard moisture.適用的商品:經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值高而水分又不穩(wěn)定的商品。如:生絲、羊毛等。high economic value and with unsteady moisture content such as wool, cotton棉 and raw silk. 公量 = 凈重(含水) x (1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率)/(1+實(shí)際回潮率) =干量+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量=實(shí)際重量×(1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率)/(1+實(shí)際回潮率)公量 = 干凈量 ×
10、;( 1 + 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率 ) - 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率:雙方約定的貨物中的水分/干量 - 實(shí)際回潮率:實(shí)際的貨物中的水分/干量干凈量- 抽水后的凈重(干量)4) by theoretical weight (理論重量):applicable to commodities with regular specifications and regular size, such as steel plate.5) by legal weight (法定重量):used mainly for tax calculation 2. The metrology 度量衡。公制、英制、美制及國際單位制聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合
11、同公約規(guī)定:多交貨:可拒收多交部分,也可以收取多交部分的部分或全部,但收取的部分應(yīng)按照合同價(jià)格付款; 少交貨:合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)補(bǔ)齊,但不得對(duì)買方造成損失,否則,可依法要求賠償。3. 1)明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度 More or less clause 溢短裝條款在礦砂、化肥、糧食等大宗散裝貨物的交易中,由于受商品特性、貨源變化、船艙容量、裝載技術(shù)等因素的影響,通常在合同中規(guī)定交貨數(shù)量允許有一定范圍的機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。2) 未明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度,但在交易數(shù)量前加“約”字。至于溢短裝部分的作價(jià)辦法,如果合同中沒作相反的規(guī)定,一般按合同價(jià)格計(jì)算。 首先應(yīng)查明短重是屬于正常途耗還是我方違約沒有交足合同規(guī)定數(shù)量,如屬
12、我方違約,則應(yīng)分清是屬于根本性違約還是非根本性違約一。如不屬根本性違約,匈方無權(quán)退貨和拒付貨款,只能要求減價(jià)或賠償損失;如屬根本性違約,匈方可退貨,但應(yīng)妥善保管貨物,對(duì)鮮活商品可代為轉(zhuǎn)售,盡量減輕損失。聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約(以下簡稱公約)第 86條第一款明確規(guī)定:“如果買方已收到貨物,但打算行使合同或本公約任何權(quán)利,把貨物退回,他必須按情況采取合理措施,以保全貨物,他有權(quán)保有這些貨物,直至賣方把他所付的合理費(fèi)用償還給他為止”。而匈方未盡到妥善保管和減輕損失的義務(wù),須對(duì)此承擔(dān)責(zé)任。因此,我公司可與匈牙利商人就商品的損失及支出的費(fèi)用進(jìn)行交涉盡可能挽回?fù)p失。三一)運(yùn)輸包裝Transport P
13、ackingUnit packing (單件運(yùn)輸包裝)Cases, Cartons, Drums/Barrels, Bags, Bundles or Bales, Crates. Combined Packing (集合包裝)Flexible container, pallet, Containers.2) 銷售包裝Sales (or inner) packingCompositions (構(gòu)成) - Designs and colors (裝潢畫面) - Word description (文字說明) - Bar code (條形碼)/Product Codea. Kinds of Pack
14、aging Hanging type /Piling type /Portable type Spraying type /Complete-set type /Gift packaging type 4 包裝標(biāo)志(1) 運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志(shipping mark)又叫“嘜頭”一般由賣方提供 1、作用:(1)便于識(shí)別貨物,(2)防止錯(cuò)發(fā)、錯(cuò)運(yùn) 2、內(nèi)容:規(guī)定為四行、每行不超過17個(gè)英文字碼收貨人代號(hào) Name of consignee -參考號(hào) Reference Number -目的地 Destination -件號(hào)package number or serial number(2) 指示性標(biāo)志I
15、ndicative Mark ;警告性標(biāo)志W(wǎng)arning mark (3) Weight/Volume Marks重量標(biāo)志 Marks of Origin 5 中性包裝和定牌(一)中性包裝(Neutral Packing) 1、是指在商品上和內(nèi)外包裝上不注明生產(chǎn)國別、地名、廠名,也不注明原有商標(biāo)、牌名的包裝。 2、中性包裝的種類: (1) 無牌中性包裝:無國別、無商標(biāo)(2)定牌中性包裝:不注明生產(chǎn)國別,但注明買方指定的商標(biāo)或牌號(hào)。 neutral
16、packing with designated brand (沒產(chǎn)地,有品牌) neutral packing without designated brand(沒產(chǎn)地沒品牌)- 半成品 3、目的:打破貿(mào)易壁壘、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易 (二)定牌 Manufacturing Brand-name Goods 是指在商品或包裝上賣方采用買方指定的商標(biāo)或牌號(hào)。 Unit3國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語1 Trade Terms( price terms/delivery terms):貿(mào)易術(shù)語是指用三個(gè)英文字母組成,表明
17、買賣雙方各自承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及商品的價(jià)格構(gòu)成的專門術(shù)語。2 International Convention of Trade Termsthree influential international trade practices. 國際貿(mào)易慣例() Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 (1932年華沙-牛津規(guī)則) International Law Association laid down in 1928, 22 articles. Uniform rules for CIF contract, 國際法協(xié)會(huì)制定,主要解釋CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語() Revised Americ
18、an Foreign Trade Definitions 美國對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義修訂本美國9大商業(yè)團(tuán)體制定,主要解釋6種貿(mào)易術(shù)語。EX,FOB,FAS,C&F,CIF,Ex Dock In 1919, nine American commercial groups drew up The U.S Export quotations and Abbreviations. Then revised in 1940 and renamed it Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 and adopted by Amer
19、ican Chamber of Commerce and the American Foreign Trade Association, etc. in 1941. Six trade terms (Ex point of origin產(chǎn)地交貨, FOB, FAS, C&F, CIF, Ex dock 目的港碼頭交貨) To be used in US, Canada and some Latin American Countries.() INCOTERMS 2000 & 2010國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則 by ICC (International Chamber of Comm
20、erce) Incoterms 1936 Revised in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 1999, 2010 to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices. Incoterms®2010 Completed in 2010 Effective on Jan. 1st, 2011 1. Categories of INCOTERMS 2000共有E,F,C,D四組貿(mào)易術(shù)語Group E:Departure term EXW (Ex Works; Ex Min
21、e; Ex Warehouse ):工廠交貨Group F:Shipment terms - Main carriage unpaidFCA (Free Carrier) 貨交承運(yùn)人FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 船邊交貨FOB (Free On Board) 船上交貨Group C:Shipment terms - Main carriage paid CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight) 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)再加保費(fèi) CPT (Carriage Paid To) 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至CIP (Carriage
22、 and Insurance Paid To) 運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至Group D:Arrival Terms DAF (Delivered At Frontier)DES (Delivered Ex Ship)DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完稅后交貨2. Categories of INCOTERMS 2010(1) Trade terms are classified into two categories by modes of transport. Rules for
23、 any mode or modes of transport EXW (Ex works) 工廠交貨 FCA (Free Carrier) 貨交承運(yùn)人 CPT (Carriage Paid To) 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至 CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To ) 運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至 DAT(Delivered At Terminal)運(yùn)輸終端交貨 DAP( Delivered At Place) 目的地交貨 DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完稅后交貨 Rules for sea and inland waterway transport FAS
24、 (Free Alongside Ship) 船邊交貨 FOB (Free on Board) 船上交貨 CFR (Cost and Freight) 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi) CIF (Cost,Insurance and Freight) 成本、 保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)(2) Contents of Incoterms®2010這主要是考慮到美國“9.11”事件后對(duì)安全措施的加強(qiáng)。為與此配合,進(jìn)出口商在某些情形下必須提前提供有關(guān)貨物接受安全掃描和檢驗(yàn)的相關(guān)信息。第二節(jié) 國際貿(mào)易中主要的貿(mào)易術(shù)語Six Main International Trade Terms in INCOTERMS 2010按CIF
25、、FOB、CFR條件達(dá)成的交易屬于象征性(Symbolic delivery)交貨,即屬于單據(jù)買賣,賣方只要提交了符合合同規(guī)定的單據(jù),即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中遭遇風(fēng)險(xiǎn),買方也不能因此而拒收貨物;反之,即便貨物完好無缺的到達(dá)買方,但單據(jù)有問題,買方照樣可以拒付貨款。 (五)貨物所有權(quán)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移問題 實(shí)際性交貨的術(shù)語風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和所有權(quán)同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移 象征性交貨的術(shù)語風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移在先、所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移在后() FOB(named port of shipment) FREE ON BOARD 裝運(yùn)港船上交貨(指定裝運(yùn)港)Named port
26、 of shipment. eg: FOB SHANGHAIThis term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的界線是貨物越過船舷。when the goods are on board the vessel、 賣方義務(wù): ()裝貨并通知買方 ()在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí),辦理出口手續(xù) ()負(fù)擔(dān)貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船舷以前的一切費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ()負(fù)責(zé)提供交貨憑證、運(yùn)輸單證或相等的電子單證 、 買方義務(wù): (1) 負(fù)責(zé)按合同規(guī)定支付價(jià)款 (2) 在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí),辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù) (3) 負(fù)擔(dān)貨物在裝運(yùn)a港越過船舷以后的
27、一切費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (4) 收取合同規(guī)定的貨物,接受有關(guān)單據(jù) (5)負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙,支付運(yùn)費(fèi),并將有關(guān)事項(xiàng)通知賣方 (6) 負(fù)責(zé)辦理保險(xiǎn),支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)注意事項(xiàng)1、對(duì)“船舷為界”的理解 僅是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分,不表示買賣雙方責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的劃分。2、關(guān)于“船貨銜接” 船只提前或推遲-買方負(fù)責(zé) 貨提前或推遲-賣方負(fù)責(zé) 3、裝船費(fèi)用(loading charges)的負(fù)擔(dān) 由于裝船方式的變化,因而費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)也有所變化,從而產(chǎn)生了FOB術(shù)語的變形。費(fèi)用的劃分界限問題 。 海運(yùn)中的一些主要費(fèi)用: 平艙費(fèi)(TRIMMING)理艙費(fèi)(STOWAGE) Usually, The buyers responsibility: 租船
28、訂艙并通知賣方船名及The sellers responsibility: 按時(shí)裝貨到指定船上FOB的變形: 1 FOB班輪條件 (FOB liner terms)裝船費(fèi)用由買方負(fù)擔(dān) 2 FOB吊鉤下交貨FOB under tackle FOB吊鉤下交貨3 船上交貨并理艙 (FOB stowed (FOBS)) 賣方負(fù)擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用4 船上交貨并平艙(FOB trimmed (FOBT)) 賣方負(fù)擔(dān)包括平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用特別注意:貿(mào)易術(shù)語的變形只變費(fèi)用,不變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2 Difference from USA De
29、finition 美國的“FOB術(shù)語”FOB VESSEL 與INCOTERMS 2000的FOB相近; FOB VESSEL的賣方只有在買方提出請(qǐng)求,并由買方承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的情況下,才有義務(wù)協(xié)助買方取得出口證件,且出口稅以及其他稅捐和費(fèi)用也需由買方負(fù)擔(dān); At the buyers request, the seller clear the goods for export with the duties for acc
30、ount of the buyer. (USA) FOB VESSEL 貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移地是船艙 FOB is suitable for any modes of transport (USA)() CIF(named port of destination)(指定目的港)Cost=FOB CIF=FOB+I+F 貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船舷即完成交貨。賣方必須支付貨物運(yùn)至指定目的港的運(yùn)費(fèi)和必要的費(fèi)用,但交貨后貨物滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及由于各種事件造成的任何額外費(fèi)用則由買方承擔(dān)。賣方負(fù)責(zé)租船和辦理貨物在運(yùn)輸途中的海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn),支付運(yùn)輸費(fèi)和
31、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。 The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. (same as FOB) (1) CIF 是裝運(yùn)合同(2) Symbolic Delivery 象征性交貨,交單= 交貨(3) CIF is not suitable for the goods transported by container. (二)CIF術(shù)語買賣雙方的責(zé)任劃分 1、賣方義務(wù) FOB義務(wù)+辦理運(yùn)輸和支付運(yùn)費(fèi)+辦
32、理保險(xiǎn)和支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) 2、買方義務(wù) 近似于FOB義務(wù),但不需要 辦理運(yùn)輸和支付運(yùn)費(fèi)+辦理保險(xiǎn)和支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) (三)有關(guān)保險(xiǎn)問題 1、代保性質(zhì),按所保條款的最低險(xiǎn)別投保。雙方商量(為買方的利益辦保險(xiǎn)) - 否則,最低險(xiǎn)別+最低保險(xiǎn)金額(Incoterms®2010) 2、最低按發(fā)票金額的110%確定保險(xiǎn)金額 3、采用合同貨幣投保(四)租船訂艙問題
33、; 對(duì)船舶的要求 裝船通知問題 (五)卸貨費(fèi)用的劃分問題 1、FOB卸貨費(fèi)買方負(fù)擔(dān)、CIF裝貨費(fèi)賣方負(fù)擔(dān) 2、CIF的變形主要有: ()CIF班輪條件 (CIF Liner terms):指卸貨費(fèi)用按班輪條件辦理,即由支付運(yùn)費(fèi)的一方(賣方)負(fù)擔(dān)。 () CIF卸到岸上 (CIF land
34、ed):指貨物到達(dá)目的港后,包括駁船費(fèi)和碼頭費(fèi)在內(nèi)的卸貨費(fèi)由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)。 () CIF釣鉤下交貨(CIF ex tackle): 指賣方負(fù)擔(dān)貨物從艙底吊至船邊卸離釣鉤為止的費(fèi)用,之后由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。() CIF艙底交貨(CIF ex ships hold): 指買方負(fù)擔(dān)將貨物從目的港船艙艙底起吊卸至碼頭的費(fèi)用。買方的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用承擔(dān)逐步增加() CFR(named port of destination) 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定的目的港)Cost=FOB CFR=FOB+FOn b
35、oard the vessel, risks are transferred1. Points for attention in using CFR term 1) Shipping Advice to the buyerso that the buyer is able to arrange insurance in time. Some law stipulates that if the seller fails to notice the buyer about shipment of goods, the risk remains unchanged on the seller.()
36、 FCA(Free d place)貨交承運(yùn)人是指賣方只要將貨物在指定的地點(diǎn)交給買方指定的承運(yùn)人,并辦理了出口清關(guān)手續(xù),即完成了交貨。The risks of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at that time.This term may be used for any mode of transport, particularly for multi-modal transport. The place of delivery determi
37、nes obligations of the seller (the loading and unloading) a. 賣方所在地 b. 其它地方,當(dāng)貨物在賣方的運(yùn)輸工具上可供卸載,并可由承運(yùn)人處置時(shí) Transfer of risks (Normal & Advanced ) More complicated shipment arrangement by the buyer (Compared with FOB)() CPT(Carriage Paid to Named Place of Destination)運(yùn)費(fèi)付至(指定目的地)the buyer bears all ris
38、ks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.指賣方向指定的承運(yùn)人交貨,并支付運(yùn)費(fèi)、辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。又被稱為“復(fù)合運(yùn)輸CFR條件”() CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid to named place of Destination)The buyer should note that under CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. VII Comparis
39、on between Group FOB (CFR, CIF) and Group FCA (CPT, CIP) 1.適合的運(yùn)輸方式不同。 2.交貨地點(diǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移地點(diǎn)不同。 (FCA 組各種運(yùn)輸方式的運(yùn)輸站或收貨點(diǎn)) 3.裝卸費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)不同。(FCA組如果程租船,裝船和卸貨包在運(yùn)費(fèi)中) 4.賣方提交的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)的種類、性質(zhì)及出單時(shí)間不同。相同點(diǎn):1. Shipment Contract instead of Arrival2. Symbolic delivery instead of physical Other 5 Trade Terms The following rules have bee
40、n abolished:DAF、DES、 DEQ、DDU The DDP rule is unchanged and is joined by the new D rules (DAT and DAP).() EXWNamed Place工廠交貨Ex Works(指定地點(diǎn))Ø 它在性質(zhì)上等同于國內(nèi)貿(mào)易;從賣方的義務(wù)看它是賣方責(zé)任最小的一種術(shù)語 ;適合多種運(yùn)輸方式 Problems relevant to EXW (1) Shipment of Goods (Seller-No load ;buyer-send-vehicle-load) (2) Delivery and Receip
41、t of Goods (Transfer of Risk and cost, 實(shí)際交貨) (3) Delivery of Documents (Seller-No; Buyer-Yes, 收貨證明。) (4) Export Clearance Procedures (Buyer-Yes) (5) Pre-shipment Inspection (2010 Buyer bears無論進(jìn)出口國哪方要求)() FASFree alongside ship (name port of shipment) 船邊交貨(指定裝運(yùn)港) “Free Alongside Ship” means that the
42、seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment (on the quay碼頭 or in lighters駁船 ). (1) Not suitable for shipment by container (2) Difference between US and Incoterms: - FAS (Free Along Side 運(yùn)輸工具旁交貨)(US); FAS vessel FAS(incoterms) - Export Clearance Proced
43、ure (Buyer performs in US)(3) Arrival of Boat & Readiness of Goods(transfer of risk and cost; normal or advanced 同)(IV) DAP (目的地交貨)“Delivered at Place”the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named pl
44、ace of destination. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place. Differences between DAT and DAP:DAT discharging and discharging expense by seller;DAP by buyer; but discharging expense already paid by the seller is not refundable.(V) DDP. named place of destination D
45、elivered Duty paid 完稅后交貨(指定目的地) 送貨上門 1、賣方責(zé)任最大的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù),支付相關(guān)稅費(fèi)) 2、買方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等同于國內(nèi)貿(mào)易 3、適合各種運(yùn)輸方式IV Pricing and Quotation of Exports (cost + fluctuation + exchange rate)Two factors should be taken into consideration in pricing. One is the profitability of the transaction, and the other is the market share
46、 of the products. () total export cost 出口總成本 = 采購成本出口退稅額 + 國內(nèi)費(fèi)用 =實(shí)際成本+國內(nèi)費(fèi)用實(shí)際成本=采購成本- 出口退稅額出口退稅額 = 出口商品含稅購進(jìn)價(jià)/(1+增值稅稅率) x 出口退稅率(1) total export cost (after export rebates)= purchasing price of export (including value added tax) + standard expenseexport rebates(出口退稅額)(2 ) standard expense = purchasing
47、price of export ×standard rate(5%10%)(3) purchasing price of export (VAT) export rebates = - (1+ value added tax rate) × rate of export rebates expense * 國內(nèi)費(fèi)用: 1.逐項(xiàng)累加:包括包裝費(fèi)、倉儲(chǔ)費(fèi)、國內(nèi)運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、商檢費(fèi)、報(bào)關(guān)費(fèi)、港雜費(fèi)、貸款利息、銀行費(fèi)用及其他業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)用,如認(rèn)證費(fèi)、捐稅、經(jīng)營管理費(fèi)等。(發(fā)生在國內(nèi)的費(fèi)用) 2.采用定額費(fèi)用率:是計(jì)算國內(nèi)費(fèi)用的一種方法。出口商對(duì)貨物裝運(yùn)前發(fā)生的費(fèi)用按公司年度支出規(guī)定一個(gè)百分比,
48、一般為公司采購成本的3%-10%左右。 *國外費(fèi)用:不同的貿(mào)易術(shù)語下,國外費(fèi)用的構(gòu)成不同。例如:出口運(yùn)費(fèi)、海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)等?!纠}3-2】 某產(chǎn)品每單位的采購成本是50元人民幣,其中包括17%的增值稅,若該產(chǎn)品出口有13%的出口退稅,那么該產(chǎn)品每單位的實(shí)際成本是多少?出口退稅額=實(shí)際成本=50-(50/1.17)*0.13FOB價(jià)計(jì)算 (常用貿(mào)易術(shù)語的出口報(bào)價(jià)) FOB價(jià)格實(shí)際成本國內(nèi)費(fèi)用利潤實(shí)際成本 = 采購成本或生產(chǎn)成本 出口退稅額因?yàn)橐隹?,所有必需加上國?nèi)的費(fèi)用出口總成本= 實(shí)際成本 + 國內(nèi)費(fèi)用 利潤 = 成交價(jià)格 x 利潤率【例題3-3】濟(jì)南一液壓工具公司擬出口一個(gè)20集裝箱的液壓千斤
49、頂至科威特。貨物包裝方式為2臺(tái)裝1個(gè)木箱,共裝291箱,每臺(tái)購貨成本為120元,包含17的增值稅。出口退稅率為9。一個(gè)20貨柜國內(nèi)運(yùn)雜費(fèi)共計(jì)600元;倉儲(chǔ)費(fèi)為每天10元,預(yù)計(jì)存儲(chǔ)30天;出口商檢費(fèi)200元;報(bào)關(guān)費(fèi)150元;港區(qū)港雜費(fèi)800元;其它業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)用2000元。如果該公司的預(yù)期利潤率為10,請(qǐng)報(bào)出FOB青島的出口單價(jià)(人民幣與美元的匯率為1 : 6.25 )。先計(jì)算實(shí)際成本實(shí)際成本 = 購貨成本出口退稅= 120 - 120÷(1+17%)×9% = 110.78元人民幣/臺(tái) 計(jì)算出口貨物的數(shù)量 291箱×2 = 582(臺(tái)) 計(jì)算國內(nèi)費(fèi)用每件貨物的國內(nèi)費(fèi)用=
50、( 國內(nèi)運(yùn)雜費(fèi)+倉儲(chǔ)費(fèi)+出口檢驗(yàn)費(fèi)+報(bào)關(guān)費(fèi)+港雜費(fèi)+其他業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi))÷貨物數(shù)量 = (600+10×30+200+150+800+2000) ÷582 = 6.96元人民幣/臺(tái) 計(jì)算FOB報(bào)價(jià)FOB報(bào)價(jià)實(shí)際成本國內(nèi)費(fèi)用+利潤(FOB價(jià) x利潤率)=(110.78 +6.96)/(1-10%)= 130.82 人民幣元/臺(tái)換算成美元: 130.82/6.25 = 20.93美元/臺(tái)因此,F(xiàn)OB青島的出口報(bào)價(jià)為20.93美元/臺(tái)。() Commission & Discount Commission refers to the payment made to a
51、broker for services rendered, such as in the sale or purchase of commodity.Discount refers to a certain percent of price reduction, a special favor given by the exporter to the importer. US$100 per doz. CIF New York including 3% commissionUS$100 per doz. CIFC3% New YorkUS$200 Per doz. CIF New York l
52、ess 2% discount3. Calculation of Commission & DiscountCommission= Commission-included price× Commission rateNet price= Commission-included priceCommissionCommission-included price=凈價(jià)/1-傭金率 Net price= - 1Commission rateIf: FOB net price is US$1000, to calculate FOBC5%.FOBC5% USD1000= - = USD
53、1052.63 15%V. Setting of Price Clause in a Sales ContractPrice clause in a sales contract comprises the currency of price, unit price, unit of measurement and trade term (followed by loading or unloading port). Eg.: USD 300 per metric ton CIF New York(currency ;unit price ;unit of measurement ;trade
54、 term)The currency used in a transaction can either be the currency of the importing country, or the currency of the exporting country, or the currency of a third country. Chapter Four: Delivery of Goods1.delivery交貨denotes the transport and arrival of the purchased goods at a designated destination;
55、 while shipment裝運(yùn) generally means the loading of the goods on board a carrier. Delivery=shipment+transportation裝運(yùn)以交貨為基礎(chǔ)“Shipment within 45 days after receipt of L/C”“on or about” :during the period from five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included. Eg: If the L/C st
56、ipulates that shipment date is on or about May 15, 2006, then the goods can be shipped between May 10 and May 20.“to”, “until”, “till”, “from” : include the date mentioned.“after”: exclude the date mentioned. “first half”, “second half” :the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such mont
57、h, all dates inclusive.“beginning”, “middle”, or “end” :the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th, and the 21st to the last day() Port/Place of Shipment & Port/Place of Destination FOB, CIF, C&F or FCA, CIP, CPT, the delivery of the goods is deemed as accomplished only when the goods are loaded on board the vessel sailing for the destination at the port of shipment or delivered to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place and the signed bill of lading is obtained and presented.象征性交貨,交單=交貨 (delivery = shipm
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