外研版高中英語必修三知識點-語法總結(jié)

1、必修三知識點匯總module 1 europe重要短語：because of因為thanks to由于；多虧了due to/owing to由于as a result of由于的結(jié)果 be covered by/withbe known for/as/tomake a out of b用b制成amake a into b/be made ofwork on從事/做工作；忙于havein commonrefer to參考/指的是/涉及/適用于have control over/of對有控制權(quán)beyond control無法控制under control被控制住out of control 失去控

2、制in the control of由控制/管理/負(fù)責(zé)lose control of對失去控制have a population of有多少人口little by little漸漸地in ones thirtiescompare a with/and b比較a和bcompareto把比作.compared with/to與比較起來belong toincrease(reduce) to/byin the long/short term就長/短期而言come to terms=make terms達(dá)成協(xié)議，和好bring sb. to terms使某人接收條件be on good/bad ter

3、ms with sb.與某人交情好/不好be faced with面臨，面對off the coast在(離開海面的)海岸上ever since自從/一直on the one /other hand一方面/另一方面be located in=lie in=be situated in坐落于there+be/exist/lie/stand/appear+主有存在（be）opposite to在對面，與相反just the opposite恰恰相反keep a cool head保持頭腦清醒lose ones head驚慌失措，失去理智head for朝著前進(jìn)get into a difficul

4、t situation陷入困難的狀況get out of a difficult situation擺脫困難的狀況save the situation挽回局勢in terms of根據(jù)/從方面來說/從的觀點face to face along the coast重要句型：1. it is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. one of the +形容詞最高級+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 最。之一2. portugal is to the west of spain. 表示位置: a is/lies in/on/to/off the+方向+of b

5、 a is located/situated in/on/to/off the+方向+of b位置+距離: a is (about)+距離+（to the）+方向+of bin ,on和to表地理方位的區(qū)別（1）    表示a在b的范圍內(nèi)（2）    強(qiáng)調(diào)a和b兩地接壤時，用on.（3）    a在b的范圍之外，兩者之間沒有所屬關(guān)系時用to。如：our school is to the west of the hospital.我們學(xué)校在醫(yī)院的西面。3. on the coast和off the coas

6、ton表示“位于河畔或鐵路，公路及海岸等沿線上”；off表示“稍離陸地，在沿岸的海里”。如：4. 表示倍數(shù)的四種句型： 1）this bridge is 3 times longer than that one.這座橋比那座橋長3倍。 2) this bridge is 4 times as long as that one這座橋是那座橋的4倍長。 3）a is times the size/length/width/height/depth of b this room is 3 times the size of that one.這間房間的大小是那間的3倍。 4) a + v. time

7、s as many/much + n.+ as b the factory has produced 3 times as many cars as it did last year. 這個廠今年的汽車產(chǎn)量是去年的3倍。語法要求：一： 一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞(+by) ”構(gòu)成。被動語態(tài)發(fā)生時態(tài)變化時只變be形式，過去分詞不變。 現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)：am/ is/ are + 過去分詞 過去時被動語態(tài)：was/ were + 過去分詞二：主謂一致：本單元主要強(qiáng)調(diào)第二個原則 語法一致原則。句子的主語是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

8、。注意：(1) something, everybody, nobody , either, neither, each等不定代詞作主語時，謂語需用單數(shù)。(2) 當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, like, including, except, rather than, but, 等時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然要與這些詞語前面的主語保持一致。3）表示時間，重量，長度，價格等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作主語從整體來看時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。4）非謂語動詞，從句或其他短語作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：early to bed and earl

9、y to rise is healthful.5）如果主語是由and連接的兩個單數(shù)名詞，但前面有each, every, no 等詞修飾時，謂語用單數(shù)。例如： every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.6) 謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況：many a ，more than one，every and every/，noand no/eachand eachone and a half，aor two，a/the (and) 指同一人、事物或概念the number ofa great deal of / a large

10、amount of2. 意義一致原則。1)一些集合名詞，如：family, enemy, class, population, army等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要根據(jù)實際含義而定。當(dāng)表示整體意義時，用單數(shù)；當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)個體成員時，用復(fù)數(shù)。如：2） 由there或here引起的主語，而又不止是一個時，采取就近原則。例如： here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.3. 鄰近性原則。neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, or連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時；由there, here引導(dǎo)的句子，并且主

11、語不止一個時，謂語動詞通常與鄰近它的主語保持一致。 module 2重要短語：agree to the plan (suggestion, proposal) 同意（建議，安排） measure sth in/by sth用···來衡量agree with sb.同意某人的觀點或看法，適合 agree on/upon sth達(dá)成協(xié)議一致意見make efforts/ an effort to do sth. 努力做某事 spare no effort不遺余力with/without effort費力地/毫不費力地get(be) close to靠近，接近，即將發(fā)生

12、as a result of由于as a result結(jié)果result in導(dǎo)致result from由引起in/during the last ten yearsreceive a good educationbe willing to do sth.make comparisons作比較be connected withat the top of /at the bottom oflive with與.住/忍受up to直到/到為止/多達(dá)make progress進(jìn)步be similar to與相似encourage sb to do sth take measures to do采取措施

13、be crowded with充滿，滿是in exchange for交換 achieve ones goal on a high/low income高/低收入income tax (個人)所得稅with the development of under development在發(fā)展中figure out算出/解決/理解/弄明白be up to=be fit for勝任，適合于 share sth. with sb.與某人分享share (in)sth.共享life expectancy預(yù)期壽命;平均壽命重要句型：1.be be important to sb.of+抽象名詞=be+該名詞的

14、同根形容詞eg. his advice is of value to us. = valuable this dictionary is of great use. =usefulwhat he said is of importance for you. = important2. till ：直到up to sth be fit for ：勝任li ping is not up to his job.be busy in doing sth ：忙著做be up to sb=be left to sb to decide ：由決定/ 負(fù)責(zé)3. sure1) make sure表示“務(wù)必”，“

15、確信”，“弄明白”，后面常接 of/about sth.或that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 make sure(that) you will arrive there on time. 你務(wù)必準(zhǔn)時到這。 i know theres a train this afternoon, but i must make sure of the time.2）be sure of, be sure that 對···有把握，對···確定，確信can we be sure of his honesty. /can we be sure that he is

16、 honest? im sure of winning the game. 3) be sure to do 說話人推測主語“一定；必然會”或 (常用于祈使句)務(wù)必做某事he is sure to be back soon. 他一定會很快回來。 be sure not to forget it. 千萬別忘了。 注意：be sure of 與be sure to do的區(qū)別： .he is sure of his success. =he is sure that he will succeed. 他確信他會成功。 .he is sure to succeed. 他一定會成功。(說話人的看法)

17、. be sure to write and tell me all your news. 務(wù)必來信把你所有情況都告訴我。另外，常見的與sure相關(guān)的短語還有：be sure of oneself 有自信心，for sure的確；確實地， sure enough果真，果然。 用于口語，此時的“sure.”相當(dāng)于“of course.” 與“certainly.”。 4. from the agreement came the human development report. 表示方位或方式的副詞和介詞短語放在句首用完全倒裝, 即謂語動詞完全置于主語之前。at the foot of the

18、mountain lies a small village. out rushed the children.孩子們沖了出去。 here comes the bus. 車來了。(to the) south of our school stand many shops. 【部分倒裝】only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句，放于句首否定副詞never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等放于句首 so+adj/adv+(倒裝)+ that1. only when he returned did we find out the truth (we found out t

19、he truth only when he returned.)2. never before have i seen such a moving film.(i have never seen such a moving film before)3. so clearly does he speak english that he can always make himself understood.(he speaks english so clearly that)5 s.+ be + adj. + to do easy/ good/ safe/comfortable/ dangerou

20、s/hard/ difficult1).the water is not pure to drink (drink)2).he needs a chair comfortable to sit on.(sit )3).the young man felt the room cold to live in (live) 語法要求：but和however的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別however作副詞用時,表示“然而；但是”,可以位于句首、句中和句末；位于句首時,要用逗號與句子其它部分隔開；位于句中時,其前后都要用逗號；位于句末時其前用逗號分開.however與but 兩者都做“但是,然而”講,而且都引出并列句.

21、從語義上看,but所表示的是非常明顯的對比,轉(zhuǎn)折的意味較however要強(qiáng).從語序上看,but總是位于所引出的分句之首,而however卻可位于句首、句中和句末,同時從標(biāo)點符號上看,but之后一般不得使用逗號,而however則必須用逗號與句子其它部分分開.2. although引導(dǎo)狀語從句 module3重要短語:pick upat sea迷茫on averagenatural disastercatch fire失火/著火pour down傾瀉而下set fire to放火燒manage to do sth.put out熄滅report on報道fall downfrom side to

22、 sidein all總共，合計not at all一點也不，別客氣after all畢竟，終究above all首先，尤其是first of all首先come to an end結(jié)束，完結(jié)turn over移交; 翻轉(zhuǎn)according totake placea total of總數(shù)為in ruins嚴(yán)重受損，破敗不堪fall into ruin已成廢墟bring sb. to ruin毀滅某人end up到達(dá)或來到某處end up with sth.以某事作為結(jié)束end up doing sth.以做某事為結(jié)束bury oneself in sth.埋頭于、專心致志于某事物be bur

23、ied in埋頭于，專心致志于sth.occurs to sb.某事被某人想起it occurs to sb. + that-clause某人突然想到it occurs to sb. to do sth.某人突然想到做某事on the same latitude在同一緯度warn sb. (not)to do sth.警告某人（不）干某事warn sb. of sth.警告某人當(dāng)心某事be experienced in/at在方面有經(jīng)驗重要句型:1.a good idea suddenly struck me. 我忽然想到一個好主意strike sb.+介詞+the +具體部位 打某人的某個部

24、位eg. strike him on the back打某人的背 hit sb in the face打某人的臉pat sb on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀 be struck by被所打動，被迷住【注意區(qū)分】strike, hit, beat, knockstrike “(鐘)敲打，撞擊，襲擊”， 表示有力的打一下。beat 連續(xù)地打，心臟的跳動，在游戲、競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方，也可表示毆打，體罰。hit 瞄準(zhǔn)某物而擊中。也可表示“襲擊”knock 用拳頭或硬的東西“敲、擊、打2.wordsmeaningsoccur 偶然發(fā)生；突然想起 it occurred to s

25、b. that .happen偶然發(fā)生；碰巧 it happened that / sb. happen to do sth.break out (戰(zhàn)爭、火災(zāi)、疾病、爭吵) 突然爆發(fā)take place (有計劃地)發(fā)生; 舉行3.there was the possibility of it is possible that語法要求：1. by the time意為“到時候（為止）”，是一個介詞短語，在句中經(jīng)常起連詞作用，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。它的主要用法如下：1).如果從句中的謂語動詞是一般過去時，那么主句中的謂語動詞通常用過去完成時，表示“截止到從句動作發(fā)生時，主句動作已

26、經(jīng)完成，即過去的過去”。by the timedid, sb. had done sth. by the time he returned home，the rain had stopped.2).如果從句中的謂語動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時/或現(xiàn)在完成時（表示將來），那么主句中的謂語動詞常為將來完成時，表示“截止到將來某一時間為止，主句動作將已經(jīng)完成”。by the timedo/does, sb. will have done sth.by the time you get back，i shall have finished the work. 3).如果主句動作不強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)完成，只是說明某個時候的狀

27、況，（主句是be的系表形式或者是表示像know, find, believe等表示認(rèn)知的持續(xù)性動詞，則往往用一般時態(tài)，不用完成時態(tài)。）此時主句不用完成時，而應(yīng)根據(jù)實際需要選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r態(tài)，此時by the time相當(dāng)于when。 例如： he was out of breath by the time he reached the top. 登上頂端時，他氣喘吁吁。2. 過去完成時的被動語態(tài)：had+過去分詞3. 間接引語。英語中常用兩種方式引用別人的話。一種是直接引述別人的原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)，叫直接引語；另一種是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫間接引語。如果把直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語，從句中的人稱、

28、時態(tài)、代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等一般都要作相應(yīng)的改變。3. 定語從句。module 4重要短語cut out剪除;切掉;割掉cut up切碎;使傷心cut of切斷;停掉;隔絕cut in插嘴cut down砍掉;消減dig up挖出be caught in被困在(風(fēng)、雨、雪)中 catch up with趕上;跟上 catch hold of抓住,握住catch sight of看見 walk up to認(rèn)識到/意識到 sweep away掃除/清除/沖走/刮走take in吸入（空氣）;欺騙;體會;收容 give out分發(fā);發(fā)出(氣味、熱氣)；用盡take away帶走take off

29、脫下,拿掉,起飛take on承擔(dān)take up舉起,開始做;占據(jù)give up放棄give in屈服;讓步,投降give off送出;發(fā)出（光等）give away贈送;放棄;泄漏;出賣have an effect on complain to sb向訴苦/發(fā)牢騷complain about/of sth抱怨某事one after another一個接一個look through仔細(xì)檢查be part of成為的一部分 masses of/a mass of許多,大量the masses群眾,平民in the mass大體而論,總體上a weather forecast天氣預(yù)報give/ma

30、ke a forecast預(yù)言,預(yù)報solve problems if possible如果可能if any如果有的話if necessary如果需要的話if so如果是這樣的話if ever如果曾經(jīng)有的話if not不這樣的話think seriously about認(rèn)真考慮prevent/stop/keep(from)doingin a nutshell/ in a word/ in brief/ in short一言以蔽之be concerned for/about/over 對關(guān)心,擔(dān)心,憂慮be concerned with/in與有關(guān)as far as sth.is concern

31、ed就某事而言 重要句型1. appear to似乎，好像/ it appears that he is only forty , but appears to be (be) quite old. it appears to me thatthe girl appears to have known (know) it. 這女孩好像已經(jīng)知道了這件事。it appears to me that you are all mistaken. 我覺得你們?nèi)e了。2.wordsmeaningsstrength著重指人的力氣，物的強(qiáng)度。force自然力量；暴力，勢力；法律，道德，感情力量；軍事力量等en

32、ergy主要指人的精力；自然界的能量power用途最廣，包括能力，功能；事物的力量；職權(quán)，權(quán)力或政權(quán)3. sothat/ such that. 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句【注意】1)such 與 so 2)little少/小3)當(dāng)so 或such 置于句首時，主句要用倒裝語序。the boy was so frightened that he didnt know what to do.改為倒裝句：so frightened was the boy that he didnt know what to do.4.i couldnt agree with you more / it couldnt be

33、worseif possible語法要求：一：to do不定式(一)結(jié)構(gòu): to do (否定) not to do (二)不定式的各種時態(tài) 主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式 to do  to be done進(jìn)行式 to be doing  -完成式 to have done  to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing -(三)用法1). 主to see is to believe.its important to learn .用it作形式主語.2). 表my job

34、 is to help the patient. your task is to clean the classroom.3) 賓i want to go home.think/ consider/ find /make/feel it + adj.+ to do 常用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有：hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. 4). 賓warn, tell, allow, help, ask, forcethe teacher told me to clean the blac

35、kboard.i expect you to give me some help.五看watch see look at observe notice三使let make have二聽listen to hear一感覺: feel不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時,如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶to.she could do nothing but cry.i have no choice but to go.what do you like to do besides sleep.注：在cant but ，cant hel

36、p but ，cant choose but （意思是不得不，只能，只好），的結(jié)構(gòu)后， 不定式不帶to5). 定語i have something to say.(如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,則不定式中要有介詞.)不定式作定語時，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面，而且放在其他后置定語之后。不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種關(guān)系：動賓關(guān)系 i have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。主謂關(guān)系he is always the first to come.他總是第一個來。同位關(guān)系we all have a chance to go to college.我們都有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會。不定

37、式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點工具等，即使是及物動詞，不定式后面仍須有相應(yīng)的介詞。 不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。 he had no money and no place to live.他沒錢沒地方住。something, anything, nothing, everything等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式做后置定語。注意比較：do you have anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式to send的動作執(zhí)行者是you）do you have anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或別

38、人）寄的東西嗎？（不定式to be sent的動作執(zhí)行者是已被省略的me或someone else）6) 狀i came here to see you.in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to.,(7).獨立結(jié)構(gòu)to tell the truth, i dont agree with you.to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truth不定式與疑問詞who,which, when, how, what 等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。he didnt know wha

39、t to say.他不知道說什么。(賓語) how to solve the problem is very important.如何解決這個問題很重要。(主語) my question is when to start.我的問題是什么時候開始。(表語)注意：在與why連用時，只用于why或why not開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶to。why not have a rest? 固定句型:had better/had best + (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事why (not) do sth.?prefer to do/prefer doingprefer n.

40、/doing to n./doing prefer to do rather than (to) do would rather (not) do sth.would rather do than (do) would rather sb. did（虛擬語氣） 要做(1).they pretended not to see us.(一般式表示與謂語的動作同時/幾乎/發(fā)生在它之后.)(2). he pretended to be sleeping.(在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時,不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行)(3).she pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示動作發(fā)

41、生在謂語動作之前)(4).were happy to have been working with you.(完成進(jìn)行式表示謂語動作發(fā)生之前,不定式的動作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù))module 5重要短語：be related to與.有關(guān)be equal to等于human beingbe born good人之初,性本善tell the time報時bring up養(yǎng)育,教育;提出;嘔吐bring down使倒下,消減bring back恢復(fù),使想起bring in收(莊稼);引進(jìn)be at war with與.交戰(zhàn)live a (n)lifefollow / take ones ad

42、vicea sense of responsibility責(zé)任感make sense 有意義,講的通make sense of懂,理解there is no sense in doing sth做某事不明智/沒意義 reach /arrive at/ draw/ come to a conclusion 得出結(jié)論in conclusion最后，總之make a contribution to in some ways在某些方面lay stress on sth. 強(qiáng)調(diào)某事put stress on sth.place stress on sth. stress the importance o

43、fhave an influence on/upon sth.對某事有影響influence sb. to do sth. 影響某人做某事be influenced it is/was a time when那是一個的時期travel from state to state 周游列國the reason why is that 的理由是the reason for sth. is that 某事的理由是argue with sb about/over sth某人爭論argue for 據(jù)理力爭argue against反對in good/ poor condition狀況良好(不好)on on

44、e condition有一個條件on condition that如果,條件是,只要on no condition決不no faster than和一樣不快= as slowly as 重要句型：1.order n. & v. 秩序，順序，命令，訂購，eg.1)then they called out our names in order and we answered yes or no . (翻譯) 然后他們按順序點我們的名字，我們回答對錯。out of order 無序的，雜論無章的 in order (of) 以·····順序i

45、n order to 為了 in order that 為了 place an order with sb for sth 向某人訂購某put in order 按順序排列，整齊擺放2. if ,then 3. no more than語法要求：一：限制性定語從句：用來修飾某個名詞或代詞的從句，叫定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who, whom, whose, as 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, how, why 注意：1. 介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時，介詞賓語只能用which代物，用whom代人。 2. 在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)任介詞賓語而介詞在句

46、尾時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。3. 有時為了行文需要，定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞和部分謂語動詞可省略。module 6重要短語：provide sth. for sb. /sb. with sthdate from /back to起源于out of date過時up to date最新fix a date for sth給某事約定日期have a date with sb和某人約會hold back阻擋,忍住,抑制(情感hold one's breath屏住氣hold up耽擱;妨礙(交通等)hold on堅持;(電話)請等一下dream of夢想dream adream做一個夢work outc

47、ome trueglobal warmingof all time有史以來think ofhear fromnow that .make a note /notes作筆記bring an end to結(jié)束 a large amount of on the spot be pleased withcrash into撞上，墜毀freezing point冰點in a sense 就某種意義而言重要句型：1.it takes sb. time to do sth.2.be of + n. = be + adj.3.accommodate sb. with sth.提供某人某物accommodate to sth. 適應(yīng)，順應(yīng)accommodate oneself to sth