主語和謂語的一致

1、8.1 主語和謂語的一致主語和謂語的一致一般涉及三個原則：語法一致原則 ( Grammatical Concord ) - 即形式上的一致或動詞和主語的數(shù)互相匹配。如： The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. 不止一種文化有忌食豬肉的風 俗。( B2-U1-L39 )意義一致原則 ( Notional Concord ) - 即意義或意念上的一致或按照數(shù)的概念動詞與主語相 一致。如：Danish bacon and eggs makes a good solid English breakfast. 丹麥式的

2、熏咸肉加雞蛋做成了一 頓美味的英國早餐。鄰近性原則 ( Principal of Proximity ) - 即動詞不與主語中主要的詞語相一致， 而與最鄰近它 的詞語相一致。如：Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. 要么是你的剎車，要么是你的視力出了毛病。8.1.1 單個名詞作主語時的主謂一致1集體名詞， 如 army, audience, bacteria, band, board, brood, cabinet, cast, class, club, committee, community, company, council,

3、couple, crew, crowd, data, enemy, faculty, family, flock, gang, government, group, herd, household, jury, media, navy, nobility, opposition, party, personnel, press, public, school, society, staff, team 等作主語， 動詞的形式常取決于說話者或?qū)懽髡叩囊鈭D。 當集體名詞強調(diào)整體時， 謂語動詞 應取單數(shù)形式；如果強調(diào)某組織或集體的每一個個體時，謂語動詞應取復數(shù)形式。如： The first grou

4、p were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. 第一組人什么 也沒給。第二組人用了安慰劑。 ( B1-U2-L34 )Our group is composed of eight boys and three girls. 我們組由 8 個男孩和 3 個女孩組成。 The staff has been cut by a quarter over the past year. 去年員工被裁減了四分之一。 (B1-p19-L2) The staff are not very happy about the la

5、test pay increase. 員工們對最近一次的加薪不很滿意。 (B1-p19-L4)Note:有生命的集體名詞女口 cattle, clergy, livestock, militia, people, personnel, police, poultry, youth 等作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復數(shù)形式；無生命的集體名詞如clothing, jewelry,machinery, merchandise, poetry 等作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。如：Sadly, the youth of today aren't so sure about their idols.

6、 遺憾的是，現(xiàn)在的年輕人并不清楚自己 的偶像是誰。 (B3-U11-L6)New machinery was introduced in the factory. 工廠引進了新的機器。2一些以 -ics, 結尾的名詞，如 aerobics, aesthetics, aeronautics, athletics, biogenetics, civics, cryonics economics, electronics, ethics, eugenics, genetics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, phonetics, p

7、olitics, statistics 等作 " 一門學科 "解釋時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；表示 其它意義時用復數(shù)形式。如：If cryonics doesn't work, it is the same as just dying. 如果人體冷凍法行不通， 那么與死去也沒有 什么區(qū)別。 (BOOK 3 UNIT 4 Back from the Dead)"Politics is much more difficult than physics", said Einstein. 愛因斯坦說， " 政治比物理要難得Q w 多。 "

8、The politics of the country is really beyond the scope of a tourist book like this. Unit 11 The Criminals Go UnpunishedThe politics of the situation are not complicated. 時局的政治關系很復雜。Statistics is a branch of mathematics that helps determine the possibility that something will occur. （BOOK 2 Unit 10 R

9、isks TCH）The statistics were not quite that clear-cut, but averaged out into those ranges. （BOOK 4 Unit5 Appearance Dress for Success）Note： 有時以 -ics 結尾的名詞無論接單數(shù)還是接復數(shù)形式的動詞，句子的意思不變。如：Politics has/have always interested me. 政治總是引起我的注意。3以-s結尾的疾病名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，如口： AIDS, arthritis （關節(jié)炎）, diabetes （糖尿病

10、）,measles （麻疹）等；以-s結尾的表示游戲的名詞作主語，其謂語動詞通 常用單數(shù)形式，如：billiards （桌球），checkers （跳棋）（美國英語），dominoes （多米諾骨 牌），draughts （跳棋）等。如：Although AIDS is a notable exception, few new many killers have come along to replace the ones that have been eliminated. 盡管愛滋病是一個明顯的例外， 但幾乎沒有什么新的大規(guī)模的致命 性疾病出現(xiàn)來取代那些已被根除的疾病。 （B2-p255-

11、L6）Rickets is seldom found in sunny, tropical countries. （BOOK 2 UNIT 1 The Nutrients in Food）Dominoes is an easier game than chess. 玩多米諾骨牌比下國際象棋容易。Note: mumps （腮腺炎）可用單數(shù)動詞或復數(shù)動詞；cards （紙牌，撲克）通常用復數(shù)謂語動詞。如：Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults. 成年人很少得腮腺炎。Cards are allowed here. 這里可以打撲克。4. 表示由對應的兩個部分合在一起構成的

12、工具的名詞，具有復數(shù)含義，故其謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，如：binoculars, chopsticks, clippers （尖嘴鉗子），compasses （圓規(guī)），forceps（鑷子），glasses, headph on es, scales, scissors, spectacles, ton gs（夾具）等； 某些以 -s 結尾的 表示服裝及鞋類的名詞，具有復數(shù)含義，故其謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式，如口： clothes, drawers （內(nèi)褲）， gloves, jeans, pajamas, pants, shorts, slacks （工裝褲），stockings 等。如：The sc

13、issors are dull. 這把剪刀很鈍。These trousers are too tight for me. 這條褲子我穿太緊。5一些單復數(shù)同形的名詞，如aircraft, Chinese, crossroads, deer, fish, headquarters,Japanese, manners, means, offspring, pains, Portuguese, remains, series, sheep, species, Swiss, works 等需根據(jù)上下文判斷它的數(shù)。如：Fish have evolved into around 30,000 differe

14、nt species. （BOOK 4 Unit 9 Computer Technology）That fish smells disgusting. （BOOK 2 UNIT 1 FOOD AND CULTURE）Every Chinese knows how New China was born. 每一個中國人都知道新中國是怎樣誕生的。All Chinese know how New China was born. 所有的中國人都知道新中國是怎樣誕生的。If constructive means are not available to satisfy this instinct, man

15、 will turn to destructive means.如果沒有建設性的方法來滿足這一本能，人類就會采用破壞性的方法。（B1-U10-L28）There is no means of finding out what happened. 沒有辦法查明發(fā)生了什么事。Note: fishes表示魚的種類，具有復數(shù)含義；pains作主語一般接復數(shù)形式的動詞，但有時也接單數(shù)形式的動詞。如：There were fishes of many huts and sizes. 魚的顏色不一，大小不一。Great pains have/has been taken. 已經(jīng)花費了很多心血了。 6英語中有

16、些名詞只用其復數(shù)形式，與其搭配的動詞或相應的人稱代詞、指示代詞 也要用復數(shù)形式。這類名詞主要有： arms ( ), articles ( ), ashes ( ), belongs ( ), customs (風俗，關稅) earnings ( ), goods ( ), outskirts ( ), suburbs ( ), riches ( ) 等。如： Halloween customs are mainly for the amusement of children.(BOOK 1 UNIT 4)They claim their goods are of high quality.

17、(BOOK 4 Unit 4)The goods are to be exported to Canada. 這些貨物將外銷到加拿大。7某些名詞以 -s 結尾，形式上是復數(shù)，但實際上作單數(shù)用，故其謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式，如：gallows (絞架),summons (傳票)，news 等。如：The summons was served on the man. 給那個人發(fā)了傳票。The good news is that not all aspects of Type A behavior are equally toxic. 好消息是并非所有的A 型行為都有害。 (B1-p188-L15)8.

18、 國名、機構等名稱作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；山脈、群島的專有名詞如果是 以復數(shù)形式結尾的(前面帶有定冠詞the),則作主語時動詞用復數(shù)形式。如：The United States has a very violent history. 美國歷史上充滿暴力。PAWS is one of 15 animal rights groups who have joined together to take the Navy to court. 動物 福利進步協(xié)會就是聯(lián)合起來把海軍告到了法庭的十五個動物權益組織之一。(B1-p277-L14)Note: the Philippines (菲律賓)和 th

19、e Netherlands (荷蘭)作為國家的政治、經(jīng)濟單位看待 時，可以接單數(shù)動詞。如：The Netherlands, however, was not considered a god place to live in. 荷蘭作為一個居住場所并 不被看好。 (B3-p383-L44) 9名詞所有格省略式作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)被省略的名詞的單、復數(shù)來決定。1) 所有格所修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅、教堂或辦公室所在地時，經(jīng)常被省略。這時謂語動詞應采用單數(shù)形式。常見的所有格省略式有：the baker's, the barber's, the butcher'

20、s, thecarpenter's, the grocer's, the photographer's, a bookseller's, a dressmaker's, Mr. Zhang's, my aunt's 等。如：There is a stationer's (shop) in the next street. 隔條街有一家文具店。St. Paul's (Cathedral) has long been among the principal sights of London. 圣保羅教堂長期以來 一直是倫敦的主

21、要名勝之一。2) 所有格所修飾的名詞(或詞組)在句子中已經(jīng)作為前提出現(xiàn)過，或下文中將要提到，為 了避免重復， 可以省略。 謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于被省略的名詞 (或詞組) 的單、 復數(shù)。 如： Many have come to believe that Type A's (=Type A people) are much higher risk of suffering a heart attack. 許多人開始相信 A 型行為者患心臟病的危險性要大的多。 (B1-p188-L6)The children's was a wonderful performance. (=The

22、 children's performance was a wonderful one.) 孩子們的表演很精彩。Note: 簡短的引語、格言和書籍、報刊、雜志的名稱作為整體看待，相當于單個名詞，作主 語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Since its founding in 1996, Songs of Love has been responsible for the composition, taping and the sending of more than 780 songs to delighted children, all for free. 自 1966 年創(chuàng)立以來， 愛

23、之 歌已經(jīng)免費為孩子們創(chuàng)作、錄音并發(fā)送了 780 多首歌曲。( Songs of Love 是一非贏利性的組 織) (B2-p182-L13)"The greatness of our people is their cordiality" is a line from the national anthem of Aruba.阿魯巴國歌中有這樣一句話 "我們?nèi)嗣竦膫ゴ笾幘驮谟谒麄兊臒崆?quot;。 (B1-p256-L1)Crime and Punishment is perhaps the best constructed of Dostoyevsky&#

24、39;s novels, but The Brothers Karamazov is undoubtedly his masterpiece. 罪與罰也許是陀思妥也夫斯基所創(chuàng)作的最好的 作品，但卡拉馬佐夫兄弟無疑是他的代表作。8.1.2 主語帶有數(shù)量詞的主謂一致1帶有 a lot of (lots of), a majority of, a number of , a part of, a percentage of , an average of, all of, half of, some of, most of, plenty of, the rest of, two-thirds of

25、, ninety percent of, more than 等詞 的謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)， 取決于這些詞所修飾或限定的名詞的數(shù)。 如果這些詞后的名詞 為單數(shù)，謂語動詞應用單數(shù)。如果這些詞后的名詞為復數(shù)，謂語動詞應用復數(shù)。如： Now most of the motivation was internal and related to their larger goals.現(xiàn)在大部分的動力是內(nèi)在的，是與他們更大的目標相聯(lián)系的。 (B3-U6-L97)Most of the evening news on all three networks is composed of "pre-

26、planned" stories-stories about events or situations that are not spontaneous. (BOOK 4 UNIT 8 What Makes TV Most Entertaining?)One study found that 80 percent of teenagers were "heavily involved" in family foodshopping.一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)百分之八十的青少年 "大量地參與 " 家庭的食品采購。 (B1-U6-L26)34 percent o

27、f the teachers' time was allocated to girls. 老師把 34% 的時間分配給了女生。 (B2-p229-L21)The vast majority of the parents were not themselves outstanding musicians, athletes or scholars. 絕大部分的家長自己本身并不是杰出的音樂家、運動員或?qū)W者。 (B3-U6-L27)Note: the number of, the percentage of, the proportion of 后不管其后面接單數(shù)名詞還是復數(shù)名 詞，謂語動詞

28、都用單數(shù)。如：The number of books stolen from the library is large. 圖書館被偷的書的數(shù)量很大。2 a series (kind / piece / proportion / species / succession, etc. ) +of + 復數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語 動詞用單數(shù)和復數(shù)形式都有。如：A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone. 據(jù)說斯通先生要作一系列心 理學講座。A series of conferences were staged f

29、or local officials and police personnel from America's 136 largest cities.3名詞 +of this/ that kind / sort / type ，這時謂語動詞的數(shù)與 of 前的名詞的數(shù)相一致； this/that kind, sort, type + 單數(shù)或復數(shù)名詞作主語，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Questions of that kind /sort are very difficult. 那種問題很難。For religious and political reasons, a mandatory p

30、olicy of this kind has been impossible to introduce in other densely-populated countries, such as India, Pakistan or Brazil. (BOOK 5 UNIT 5 Population Tch)Violent incidents of this kind have become commonplace in a country where all human rights are being eroded.Selection of this sort raises all kin

31、ds of problems of the sample being consciously or unconsciously affected by the selector's personal biases.Since many caves of this sort were known in the area, the hunter gave it little thought. (BOOK 6 Unit 10 Prehistoric Art-The Beginning of Artistic Expression)4. one and a half后面要接復數(shù)名詞，但謂語動詞

32、習慣用單數(shù)形式，有時也發(fā)現(xiàn)用復數(shù)形式。 如：One and a half bananas (=a banana and a half) is left on the table. 一只半香蕉留在桌子上。 One and a half million trees have now replaced the desolation on the valley floor.THERE ARE ABOUT one and a half million different kinds of life forms on the planet today. During today's Consoli

33、dated Fund Bill debate only one and a half hours have been allocated to discussing pension funds.5. "more than one +單數(shù)名詞 "在意義上是復數(shù)的，但一般仍選用單數(shù)形式的動詞，有時也發(fā)現(xiàn)用復數(shù)形式類似的用法還有many a， a day and a half等。如：More than one member has protested against the proposal. 不止一個人反對這個計劃。 Many a famous star has been ru

34、ined by drugs. 許多著名新秀被毒品給毀了。A year and a half has passed. (=A period of a year and a half has passed.) 一年半已經(jīng)過去了。 More than one and a half thousand local police stations have online access to the computer.6. 數(shù)學中的加、減、趁乘、除這類算式作主語，動詞習慣上用單數(shù)形式。如：What's one plus two? 1+2等于幾？ (B3-U3-L59)Ten minus eight

35、equals two.Nine times four equals thirty six.Ten divided by two equals five. (BOOK 2 Unit 10 Risks)7. 表示時間、金錢、距離、重量、價值、數(shù)目的詞組作主語時，通常將它們看作一 個整體，因而謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：$1000 is too much to pay. 1000 美元數(shù)額太大，付不起。 Two is company， three is none. 兩人成對，三人不歡。 (諺語)Another ten days was gone. 又過了十天。Note: 如果它們是作為一個一個的個體來計

36、算的， 這時數(shù)字的復數(shù)性非常明顯， 謂語動詞則 要用復數(shù)形式。如：These twenty minutes of cross questioning were the worst I ever spent. 這二十分鐘的盤問是我 有生以來最難熬的時刻。Eight were very good matches. 有八個很相似。 (B3-p134-L38)8.1.3 主語為代詞時的主謂一致1. 不定代詞 each， one， anyone， everyone， someone， no one， anybody， everybody， nobody， somebody， anything， ever

37、ything， nothing， something 作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如： Each view of time has advantages and disadvantages. 每一種對時間的看法都有其優(yōu)缺點。 (B2-U12-L40)Everyone was delighted because they would once again rich. 人人興高采烈，因為他們又變得有 錢了。 (B3-p16-L14)When next he sees her, he is buying a magazine to read during the flight and he becom

38、es aware that someone is pushing him. (BOOK 1 UNIT 7 Thief)Note: 不定代詞 all 單獨作主語指人時，通常指三個或三個以上的人，故其謂語動詞用復數(shù) 形式；但 all 單獨作主語指事物時，一般表示抽象概念的"一切"或把事物看作整體，故其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：All are present today. 今天大家都到齊了。All goes well. 一切進展順利。2. 在正式文體中，當 none, neither, either和any后面跟of+復數(shù)名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞一 般用單數(shù)。如：Of all the

39、 stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extraordinary than this( BOOK 4 UNIT 9 Microchips )I don't think either of them was to blame: they were just incompatible. (BOOK 3 UNIT 10) After all, when virtually any of us is confronted with the choice of doing so

40、mething likely to kill us today versus doing something likely to kill us in two decades, the choice is going to be the lesser of the two evils. (BOOK 2 UNIT 10 Health Risks)None of us have never told lies.Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extrao

41、rdi nary than thisBOOK 4 UNIT 9 MicrochipsNeither of their directions is toward him. 沒有一個人朝他走去。 (B1-p223-L22)When East meets West, how often is offense taken when none is given? 東西方人在一起時，究 竟有多少本無冒犯之意卻被當作冒犯之舉的事發(fā)生呢？ (B1-p76-L13)Note 1: either (of ),none (of和neither (of 有時也可接動詞的復數(shù)形式。如：I sent cards to M

42、avis and Margery but neither (of them) has/have replied; in fact, I doubt if either (of them) is/are coming. 我向梅維斯和瑪杰里發(fā)了請貼，但她倆都沒有給我答復。其實，我 懷疑她倆是否會來。Except one person, none of us sleep during the day. (BOOK 3 UNIT 9 )Luckily, none were killed in that accident. 值得慶幸的是，在這次事故中沒有人喪生。Note 2: each (of 一) 般

43、與謂語動詞單數(shù)連用。如：Each of us has a mental picture of the kind of person we would like to be. 我們每個人心里都有 一幅關于自己想要成為什么樣的人的畫面。 (B1-p305-L27)3. both (of), few (of), many (of), several (of) 等不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如： Both of her children have blue eyes. 她兩個孩子都有一雙藍眼睛。4. 名詞性物主代詞作主語時，謂語動詞既可用單數(shù)形式，也可用復數(shù)形式，這取決于所替代的名詞詞組是單數(shù)還

44、是復數(shù)。如：Ours (=Our country) is a greatest socialist country. 我們的國家是一個偉大的社會主義國家。Your shoes are black, his (=his shoes) are brown. 你的皮鞋是黑色的，他的是棕色的。 5指示代詞 this 和 that 接單數(shù)形式的動詞； these 和 those 接復數(shù)形式的動詞。 such 可以指 單數(shù)，也可以指復數(shù)，動詞應根據(jù)such 所指的單、復數(shù)意義采用相應的動詞形式；the same作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，意為"也是這樣(同樣) " 。如：The sam

45、e is true of foreigners. 對外國人也是這樣。 (B2-p125-L7)Such is his confidence in science that he believes it will not only be able to revive his head, but that it will also be able to build him a new body. 他對科學充滿信心， 他相信科學不僅能使他的 大腦復活，而且還能為他造就一個新的身體。 (B3-p141-L31)We couldn't decide whether to order black

46、pens or blue - such are the trifles of office life. 我們拿 不定主意是預定黑鋼筆還是蘭鋼筆 - 這都是些辦公室里的雜事。 (B1-p8-36) 6疑問代詞 who, what, which 和 whose 都沒有數(shù)的變化，他們所指的對象可以是單數(shù)，也 可以是復數(shù)。謂語動詞的數(shù)要與它們所指對象的單、復數(shù)保持一致。如：Who is the woman in the black hat? 戴黑帽子的女人是誰？Who are the men in white coats? 穿白衣服的男人是誰？8.1.4 主語中有連詞時的主謂一致1. and連接兩個或

47、兩個以上的主語表示不同的人或事物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；and連接兩個或兩個以上表示一個概念或一個不可分割的整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 一般情況下， 如果并列名詞中第二個名詞前沒有定冠詞，則指的是同一人或事物。如：The manufacture and sale of Christmas items is big business. 制造和銷售圣誕用品是一樁大生 意。 (B1-p99-L12)The famous Chinese cartoonist and humorist Ding Cong is a master of word play. 著名的中國漫 畫家和幽默大師丁聰是一個俏皮話大師。 (B

48、3-U3-L55)試比較：Guilt and shame are destructive feelings. 內(nèi)疚和羞怯感是兩種毀滅性的感情。 (B2-U2-L39)2. 用 or, either . or, neither . or, not only . but also, not等連接的名詞或代詞作主語t 時，謂語動詞的數(shù)與靠近它的主語的數(shù)相一致。如：Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. 你、我、其他任何人都不知道答案。Neither Mrs. Caret nor her daughters-in-law are wo

49、rking at the present time. 卡特夫人和她的媳 婦們現(xiàn)在都沒有工作。Either my brothers or my father is coming. 不是我兄弟就是我父親來。Not just the students but even their teacher is enjoying the film. 不僅是學生， 甚至他們的老師都 很喜歡這部電影。Note: 在選擇疑問句中， or 連接的并列主語要求動詞與第一個名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)方面保 持一致。如：Does your brother or you study English? (=Does your bro

50、ther study English or do you study English?) 是你的兄弟還是你在學英語？3. as much as, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than 連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù) 應與第一個主語的數(shù)相一致。如：The first printed menu, as well as others of the period, was simple in design and offered specific information. 第一份菜單，與它同時期的菜單一樣，設計上簡單，只提供具體的信息。 (B2

51、-p13-L11)The Minister, more than the trade unions, is responsible for the present impasse. 目前的僵局應由 部長而不是工會負責。8.1.5 主語帶有介詞短語、同位語或插入語時的主謂一致1 except, besides, with, but, accompanied by, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to, combined with 等詞語連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應與第一個主語的數(shù)相一 致。如：Lighter, m

52、ore comfortable clothing of all types has contributed, along with other technologies, to vastly improved athletic performances. 各種更輕便、更舒適的服裝和其他技術一起極大地提 高了體育運動成績。 (B3-p274-L66)Everyone but Mary was in favour of the plan. 除了瑪麗，大家都贊成這個計劃。 2帶有同位語或插入語的主語，謂語動詞應與主語保持一致。如：I, his father, do not have the simp

53、le right to touch his thick hair. 我，他的父親， 連觸摸他濃密 的頭發(fā)的權利都沒有。 (B3-p224-L42)Studying communication, and specifically public speaking, is important to you not only personally but also professionally. 學習交際，特別是演說，不僅對你自身，而且對你的職業(yè)都是十分重 要的。 (B3-U12-L43)8.1.6 主語中有 the + 形容詞或分詞時的主謂一致1the + adj. / v-ed 作主語，表示一類人

54、時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。常見的形容詞有： able, absent, accused, aged, brave, blind, capable, dead, dumb, dying, ignorant, injured, learned, living, old, oppressed, rich, poor, sick, deaf, handicapped, mentally-ill, unemployed, unjust, wise, wounded, wronged, young 等。這類名詞化的形容詞還可以用比較級和最高級的形式。如： The wise look to the wiser

55、 for advice. 聰明的人向更聰明的人請教。The bravest are the tenderest. 最勇敢的人是最親切的人。The old know what loving truly means, the young can only guess. 老年人知道愛情真正意味著 什么，年輕人只能猜測。 (B1-p15-L10)Note:有些形容詞或過去分詞與定冠詞連用，指某種抽象的概念或東西，謂語動詞應用單數(shù)。如 the inevitable, the mysterious, the unexpected, the known, the stale, the evil, the u

56、seful, the unusual, the fresh, the false, the marvelous 等。如：The living mourn for the dead. 生者為死者哀悼。The good is always beautiful and the beautiful is not always good. 善的總是美的， 而美的不一定 都是善的。2.有些形容詞前面加the,謂語動詞用什么形式視其含義而定。如the above, thefollowing, the former, the latter ，類似的還有 the rest， the remainder 等。如：

57、The above are a few samples that we have collected.The above is, however, too pessimistic a view.The following are some of the most common errors, together with suggestions on how a pilot can avoid them and what an instructor can do to help.The following is an example of a fairly free translation in

58、to Arabic.Because of the connection between vision and sensations, the latter are greatly amplified when visibility is poor, or when the pilot is looking in the cockpit, has no visual reference and is unaware of the exact movements of the aircraft.A difference between Morelli and Friedlander is that

59、 the former explains his method, while the latter does not.Some lawyers are typified as "clever", others as "stupid" the former require one to be cautious, while the latter give greater opportunity for having the wool pulled over their eyes.So although far more people are killed in car accidents than in mining, the latter turns out to be four times riskier than the former. 所以， 盡管在車禍中喪