論進入黑夜的漫漫旅程的家庭悲劇

1、 The Family Tragedy in Long Days Journey into Night In The Perspective of Carl Jungs Archetypal Theory論進入黑夜的漫漫旅程的家庭悲劇-榮格式原型解讀摘要進入黑夜的漫漫旅程是尤金·奧尼爾一出自傳性家庭悲劇。在榮格的原型理論觀照下，由于阿尼瑪、阿尼姆斯心理原型結(jié)構(gòu)的作用，瑪麗和蒂龍無意識地按各自內(nèi)心的完美愛人標準要求對方，因而無法接納現(xiàn)實，于是瑪麗在毒品中逃避生活，蒂龍在爭吵和酒中麻痹自己。同時，在個人無意識情節(jié)作用下，杰米無法忍受自己愛戴尊敬的母親是一個癮君子的事實，嫉妒家人偏袒埃德蒙

2、而叛逆、放蕩不羈；埃德蒙間接造成母親吸毒的回憶被不斷喚醒，常常使自己陷入深深的自責。劇中家庭成員的現(xiàn)實自我與心理原型心象分裂，以及個人復(fù)雜的心理情節(jié)，導(dǎo)致了蒂龍一家互相折磨、愛恨交織的家庭悲劇。此外，由于該作品根據(jù)作者親身經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)作而成，奧尼爾的個人無意識自我構(gòu)成了這部家庭悲劇產(chǎn)生的決定因素。關(guān)鍵詞：榮格；心理原型；奧尼爾；進入黑夜的漫漫旅程；家庭悲劇THE FAMILY TRAGEDY IN LONG DAYS JOURNEY INTO NIGHT -IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARL JUNGS ARCHETYPAL THEORYABSTRACTThe dramatic w

3、ork Long Days Journey into Night is an autobiographical family tragedy by Eugene ONeill. In the perspective of Carl Jungs archetypal theory, under the projection of anima and animus psychic archetypal structure, Mary and Tyrone unconsciously create an idealized image of a spouse which doesnt exist i

4、n realistic world. As a result Mary addicts to the drug, Tyrone indulges himself in drinks and quarrel with his sons. Meanwhile, because of the complexity of the personal unconscious complex, Jamie cant bear the fact that his idol mother is a drug-addict and is jealous of his parents baby-Edmund whi

5、le Edmund is seized with guilt of indirectly making his beloved mother a drug user. In addition, the personal self of Eugene ONeill is one of the reasons that Long Days Journey into Night is created to be a tragedy as the drama is in fact written according to ONeills own life experience. Key words:

6、Jung; personal unconscious; collective unconscious; Eugene ONeill; Long Days Journey into Night; family tragedyContents Introduction.11 The Psychic Pattern in the Archetypal Theory of Carl Jung.21.1 Archetypes in Carl Jungs Collective Unconscious Theory.21.1.1 Anima Image Archetypal Model.31.1.2 Ani

7、mus Image Archetypal Model.41.1.3 Collective Unconscious Self.41.2 Carl Jungs Personal Unconscious Theory.51.2.1 Characteristics of the Personal Unconscious.51.2.2. Personal Complex.52 The Collective Unconscious Archetypes in the Family Tragedy of ONeills Long Days Journey into Night.62.1 The Family

8、 Tragedy of Long Days Journey Into Night by Eugene ONeill.62.2 The Schizophrenia of Tyrones Anima Image.72.2.1 The Anima Image in Tyrones Mind.72.2.2 The Realistic Mary in Tyrones Life.72.3 The Loss of Marys Animus Image.8 2.3.1 The Animus Image in Marys Mind.82.3.2 The Realistic Tyrone in Marys Lif

9、e.93 The Personal Self of Jamie, Edmund and Eugene.103.1 The Personal Self of Jamie.103.2 The Personal Self of Edmund.113.3 The Personal Self of Eugene ONeill.114 The Personal Unconscious Complex in the Family of Eugene ONeill.12 4.1 The Family Tragedy of Eugene ONeill.12 4.2 Anima and Animus Image

10、in the Creative Writing of Eugene ONeill.13Conclusion.14Bibliography. .15Acknowledgements. .16 The Family Tragedy in Long Days Journey into Night In The Perspective of Carl Jungs Archetypal TheoryIntroductionEugene ONeill (1888-1953) is generally acclaimed as Americas greatest and classic playwright

11、, whose impact upon American drama has been profound, extensive and permanent 1. Each of ONeills play is an exploration into and a deep concern for human nature. As a dramatist living through World War I, the Roaring Twenties-the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and World War II, ONeill penetrates de

12、ep into the nature of these turbulences and attempts to seek out the root of sickness in the American society, which climaxes in the perceptive reflection of a bleak and hopeless prospect in the drama-Long Days Journey into Night2. Since its first performance, this play has been paid more and more a

13、ttention to by ONeills scholars. In China, despite the literary studies on Long Days Journey into Night in the perspectives of Freuds psychoanalysis theory and the Biblical archetypal criticism, there still remains a blank to apply Carl Jung into the analysis of the family tragedy in ONeills Long Da

14、ys Journey into Night. Specifically, this thesis intends to n illustrate the projection of anima and animus image on Mary and Tyrone, the personal complexes of Jamie and Edmund, so to offer a probe into the cause of the family tragedy for lack of sympathy, understanding and tolerance. 1 The Psychic

15、Pattern in Archetypes Theory of Carl Jung According to Carl Jung, consciousness forms only a small part of an individuals psyche. Many things occur unconsciously. Both conscious and unconscious are aspects of human mind. The unconscious has two parts, the personal unconscious and the collective unco

16、nscious. The personal unconscious stores all repressions, memories or forgotten experiences in a particular individual while the collective conscious contains racial history or experiences universal to all human beings. “It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are

17、 all born with 3. “The main contents of personal unconscious are complexes, while those of collective unconscious are archetypes. The fundamental archetypes in Jungian psychology are the persona, the shadow, anima or animus, and the self.1.1 Archetypes in Carl Jungs Collective Unconscious TheoryThe

18、archetypal theory makes up the most important part in Carl Jungs theories. It is an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way. The archetype has no form of its own, but it acts as an "organizing principle" on the things we see or do. It is like a black hole in space: You onl

19、y know its there by how it draws matter and light to itself 4. Persona ShadowAnima or AnimusCollective unconsciousSELFPersonal UnconsciousConscious WorldCOMPLEXJungs Structure of the Human Psyche Figure 1 Jungs Structure of the Human PsycheFigure 1, drawn by an anonymous author according to Jungs th

20、eory demonstrates archetypes including the anima (a feminine archetype), which is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus (a masculine archetype), which is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women as well as and the Self, which is the ulti

21、mate unity of the personality.1.1.1 Anima Image Archetypal Model The Anima is called by Jung as the female soul image of a man. It is the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, the archetypal feminine symbolism within a man's unconscious 5. Figure 2 Jungs Analysis

22、 of the Anima Image in an Unindividuated Man (designed by Barbara F. McManus) 6Figure 2 shows that the unindividuated man identifies with those personal qualities that are symbolically masculine; he develops these potentialities and to some extent integrates their unconscious influences into his con

23、scious personality. However, he does not recognize qualities that are symbolically feminine as part of his own personality but rather projects them onto women. He will project his animathose particular characteristics and potentialities that are significant components of his personal unconscious and

24、 therefore carry a special emotional chargeonto a few women for whom he will then feel a strong and compelling emotion (usually positive but occasionally negative) 6. Personally I hold that only if the anima and animus image is integrated can the life that the man and the woman lead be regarded as a

25、 happy and healthy one, or vise versa.1.1.2Animus Image Archetypal ModelThe Animus is called by Jung the male soul image of a woman. It is the personification of all masculine psychological tendencies within a woman, the archetypal masculine symbolism within a woman's unconscious. Figure 3 Jungs

26、 Analysis of the Animus Image in an Unindividuated Woman (designed by Barbara F. McManus) 6The unindividuated woman identifies with those personal qualities that are symbolically feminine; she develops these potentialities and to some extent integrates their unconscious influences into her conscious

27、 personality. However, she does not recognize qualities that are symbolically masculine as part of her own personality but rather projects them onto men. She will project her animusthose particular characteristics and potentialities that are significant components of her personal unconscious and the

28、refore carry a special emotional chargeonto a few men for whom she will then feel a strong and compelling emotion (usually positive but occasionally negative). 1.1.3 Collective Unconscious Self The self, according to Jungs collective unconscious theory, is an archetype that represents the transcende

29、nce of all opposites, so that every aspect of our personality is expressed equally 6. We are then neither and both male and female, neither and both good and bad, neither and both conscious and unconscious, neither and both an individual and the whole of creation. “It is simply the centre and the to

30、tality of the entire psyche. It is the archetype which contains all the other archetypes and around which they orbit. It's something of a paradox, and extremely difficult for the conscious ego to accept 4. ”1.2 Carl Jungs Personal Unconsciousness Theory “Personal unconsciousness is the submerged

31、 portion, which is the storehouse of our memories of past events (of this life) and of all repressed emotional content of a personal nature 3.” This implies that this part of the mind bears the imprints of the events and emotions pertaining to the personality, the unit of incarnation. It, the person

32、al unconscious, can be regenerated and oriented to the higher life, if the conscious mind aims in that direction. 1.2.1 Characteristics of the Personal UnconsciousThe personal unconscious is also a dumping ground for things we aren't comfortable with and which we'd really rather not have in

33、consciousness very often. It contains all the stuff that can be made conscious by simple act of will, stuff that requires some digging, as well as stuff that may never be recalled to consciousness ever again. It is made up of the things we've experienced every day of our life. The psyche is a pa

34、ck rat, the unconscious full of its stuff. 1.2.2 Personal ComplexJung sees complexes as quite autonomous parts of psychological life. It is almost as if Jung were describing separate personalities within what is considered a single individual. Complexes represent emotional themes that can cause cons

35、tant psychic disturbances. They are psychic entities that have escaped from the control of consciousness and split off from it, to lead a separate existence in the dark sphere of the psyche, whence they may at any time hinder or help conscious performance5. 2 The Collective Unconscious Archetypes in

36、 the Family Tragedy in ONeills Long Days Journey into Night Since“the collective unconscious is bound to influence all of our experiences and behaviors, especially the emotional ones” 6, the family tragedy in Long Days Journey into Night can be interpreted to be under the influences of collective un

37、conscious. Particularly, the psychic archetypes play an indispensable and critical role in the cause of the tragedy of the Tyrones. Borne with miserable thoughts, the four main characters in Long Days Journey into Night seek comforts in each other and at the same time try to disentangle oneself from

38、 the vortex of sufferings by shifting responsibility to the others 7. Mary and Tyrone serves as the best example to manifest the influences of anima and animus archetypes on the tragic family life. O Neill points out the end of the play that escaping into the past is indeed impossible, as the four T

39、yrones are still bound by the present and their imagination in the end, despite their desperate attempts to seek for transcendence.2.1The Family Tragedy of Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene ONeillExtending from the sunny morning into the fog-envelopes mid-night, the whole ply covers about eight

40、een hours on a summer day, in the narrow, dark living-room of the shabby, poorly furnished summer-house of the four Tyrone: Mary, Tyrone, Jamie and Edmund, who engage in a series of discussions, arguments and disputes.The undisputable fact about the family is that: James a miser, Mary a drug-addict,

41、 Jamie an alcoholic and Edmund a patient. James Tyrone is an aging actor and skinflint whose miserliness has been the ruin of his family. His wife, Mary, has been a morphine addict since the birth of their youngest son, Edmund. Their eldest son, Jamie is an alcoholic, unable an unwilling to find wor

42、k on his own, he has been 'forced' to take up his father's profession. Edmund, who has been away as a sailor has returned home sick and awaits the doctor's diagnosis of consumption. Each of them is so self-centered, and self-pitying, that they cannot help one-another. None of them ev

43、en know what they want and they can't bear it. To whatever means they resort, their attempts to alleviate their misery are futile efforts because the realism will never meet with their idealism 8. They are victims of life, and in a wider sense, the whole society. No one articulates this point mo

44、re explicitly than Mary, “none of us can youve lost your self forever” 9. The Tyrones are overwhelmed by the societal milieu to make the wrong choice, which eventually leads to their downfall and tragedy.2.2 The Schizophrenia of Tyrones Anima ImageMind makes up the soul, or better, the “anima” of a

45、man, and just as the "animus" of woman consists of inferior relatedness, full of affect, whereas for a man it comes from the chthonic realm of the "world and woman," i.e., the anima projected on to the world 6. Obviously, it is Tyrones double personalities and the anima image dee

46、p in his mind that made him schizophrenia.” We are left with a family who can easily argue and fight, but can never really communicate what they feel and want until it is too late. Tyrone is hungry for the understanding, comforts and supports from his family especially his wife Mary, whereas the rea

47、listic Mary cant satisfy him at all. 2.2.1The Anima Image in Tyrones MindAnima, viewed by Jung, is “the personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man, the archetypal feminine symbolism within a man's unconscious 6.” Unconsciously, Tyrone hides an idealized image of woman

48、in his heart. Like other man, he is crazy for a happy and harmonious family who can listen to him and support him spiritually, a considerate wife, and a good spouse in life.However, Mary always went along with Tyrone with little comment. The communication within the family is deeply flawed. Tyrone o

49、nce tells Mary that she must take care of herself and focus on getting better rather than getting upset about Edmund. Mary immediately becomes defensive, saying, “There's nothing to be upset about. What makes you think I'm upset 10?” Tyrone drops the subject and tells Mary that he is glad to

50、 have her “dear old self” back again. Tyrone bitterly implies that Mary and her drug use is enough to make any man want to drink.2.2.2The Realistic Mary in Tyrone LifeJung points out that the Anima is the female soul image of a man 6. Nevertheless, Mary seldom meets the spiritually need of Tyrone. S

51、he is anything but the anima of Tyrone. She has an outburst about Tyrone's failure to understand what a home is. She has a distinct vision of a home, one that Tyrone has never been able to provide for her 11. She tells him that he should have remained a bachelor, but then she drops the subject s

52、o that they can begin lunch. However, she first criticizes Tyrone for letting Edmund drink, saying that it will kill him.This is evident in Mary's continual refusal to admit the truth, and in the men's refusal to tell her the truth. Mary, who uses a different drug to escape the pains of the

53、world, she blames much of her own problems on her crushed dreams and disappointment, which in her mind leaves her with very little choice in her actions. She seems to dislike silences, because whenever she is onstage, she is usually making meaningless chit chat simply to create noise. Marys comments that she cannot forget the past because “the past is the present” further suggest the repetitive nature of life in the Tyrone family 12. 2.3 The Loss of Marys Animus ImageMary has cut herself