構(gòu)詞法1第三講ppt課件

1、A Survey of English LexicologyWord-formation(1)構(gòu)詞(Word Formation)Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation.Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following terms an

2、d their features in forming new words: derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation詞綴都是粘著語素，依靠在詞根上構(gòu)成新詞或表示詞的語法詞綴都是粘著語素，依靠在詞根上構(gòu)成新詞或表示詞的語法意義。意義。 (Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or f

3、unction. All affixes are bound morphemes. )T wo types of affixes:屈折詞綴和派生詞綴屈折詞綴和派生詞綴(Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes) 表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. They exp

4、ress the following meanings: Plurality名詞復數(shù)名詞復數(shù) The genitive case 名詞一切格名詞一切格 The comparative and superlative degrees 描畫詞描畫詞/副詞比較級、最高副詞比較級、最高級級 The verbal endings 動詞詞尾變化動詞詞尾變化 e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in

5、 words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.派生詞綴派生詞綴(Derivational affixes or derivational morpheme

6、s) They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. 前綴前綴 Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. 后綴后綴 Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix, the word is usually

7、changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.構(gòu)詞法 根本構(gòu)詞方法 派生法derivation 復合法blending 轉(zhuǎn)化法conversion 其它構(gòu)詞方法 縮略法shortening/abbreviation 逆生法 back-formation 擬聲法 onomatopoeia根本構(gòu)詞方法 派生法derivation 派生詞綴和詞根結(jié)合,或者粘著詞根和粘著詞根結(jié)合構(gòu)成單詞的方法. It is a method of word-formation by which new words ar

8、e created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. 如: 拉丁詞根duc- / duct-: conduct, introduce, produce, reduce; conductive, conduit, conductor前綴 Prefixation前綴 Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems without changing the word class but on

9、ly modifying its meaning.如: de-: “離去,出去 dehydrate (v.脫水), deorbit (v.使脫離軌道); “向下,降級 devalue,; “使逆轉(zhuǎn) decentralize; “完全的 defunct (a.已消亡的). 如: deplane, deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r)前綴 Prefixation表示否認的前綴 Negative prefixa-, dis-, in-, il-, ir, im-, non-, un-a-: apoliticalDis-:dishonestin-

10、 / im- / ir- / il-: illiterate irresistible informal imbalance, incorrect, improper, illogical, irregularNon-:Un-: untidy 表示方式的前綴Mis-: mislead, miscalculateMal-: maltreat, malnutrition,Co-:co-operate, co-chairman表示態(tài)度的前綴Anti- : anti-warCounter-: counter-revlution, counter-chargere-: react, resistPro-

11、: pro-American, pro-Communist表示程度的前綴Super-: superman, super-powerUnder-: underfeed, underdevelopedOver-: overcareful, overdo表示時間的前綴Pre-: prenatalPost-: post-warEx-: ex-servicemanRe-: rebuild表示地點的前綴Inter-:internationalSuper-: superstructureOver-: overheadSub-: subwayUnder-:underground英語中三個能決議詞性的前綴En-

12、 (在b, p, m前用em-)與名詞結(jié)合, 意為“使處于形狀,處境如: enslave, empower, embody, endanger; 與描畫詞結(jié)合,如:enble, enrich, enlarge, endear, ensure.Be-: 與名詞,描畫詞結(jié)合構(gòu)成動詞,如:befriend, becloud, benumb, becalm, belittle; 也可以加在名詞之前, 使其成為帶-ed的描畫詞,含有輕蔑或戲謔之意,如: bespectacled(戴眼鏡的), benighted(不覺天黑了,愚笨的)A-: 使動詞,名詞變成表語性描畫詞,如: asleep, astir,

13、 afire, afoot后綴suffixation后綴suffixation: the formation of words by adding suffixes to roots.Noun suffixesDenominal nouns -Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette,-let -Abstract: -age,-dom,-ery, -hood, -ism, -ship2) Deverbal nouns -denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) -denoting action, result, process

14、, state: -age, -al, -ance, -tion, -ence,-ing, -ment3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness4) Nouns and adjective suffixes related to human being or nationality names: -ese, -an, -ist描畫詞后綴 adjective suffixesDenominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish,-ly, -y, -less, -like, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous Note: -ic and ica

15、l can be affixed to the same stem, but differ in meaning,2) Deverbal suffixes: -able(-ible), -ive, (-ative, -sive)3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise4) verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise派生詞的構(gòu)造前綴前綴+自在詞根自在詞根 prearrange, postscript, rewrite, enlarge, inapt, disloyal自在詞根自在詞根+后綴后綴 darkness,

16、 friendship, government, hopeful, hopeless, lifelike, darken, badly, clockwise 前綴前綴+自在詞根自在詞根+后綴后綴 inaction, improfitable, unfriendly, removal組合方式組合方式+自在詞根自在詞根 predict, descend, contradict, evolve; tolerance, liberate, diction, linguist; ascendant, contradiction, intolerable, disruptive; telescope, m

17、icroscope, thermograph科技術語中組合方式比比皆是科技術語中組合方式比比皆是,如如: electrocardiogram (心電圖心電圖), cineangiocardiography (心血心血管電影描記法管電影描記法)復合法(compounding) Compounding 把兩個或兩個以上獨立的詞結(jié)合在一同構(gòu)成新詞的方法把兩個或兩個以上獨立的詞結(jié)合在一同構(gòu)成新詞的方法, 也叫合成法也叫合成法-the formation of words by joining two or more stems, also called composition Characterist

18、ics of Compounds -Phonetic features: The word stress usually occurs on the first element. In case of two stresses, the compound has the primary and secondary stress. But there are some exceptions. -Semantic features: Semantic unity: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. -Gram

19、matical features: Playing a single grammatical role in a sentencea greenhouse(玻璃暖房) a green house(綠色的房子)Greenroom (演員休憩室) a green room (一間綠色房間)A greenhorn一個沒有閱歷的人Greenback 美鈔Greenfly 蚜蟲Greenhand 生手Greenline 轟炸線,敵我分界限Greengrocer 蔬菜水果商 Blackguards 惡棍 Flowerpots 花盆 Eggshells 蛋殼 Lookers-on 旁觀者復合詞(Format

20、ion of Compounds)復合名詞復合名詞 Noun compoundsadj.+n.: deadline, blueprint, hard disk N.+n.: mousemat, shoelace, paperknife Adv.+n.: under-clothes, after-effect, upgrade, overburdenv-ing.+n.: cleaning lady, wading bird, chewing gum, reading lamp, working party, floating bridge5. V.+n.: swearword, breakwat

21、er,driveway, crybaby, tell-tale, jump suit6. N.+v.: toothache, nightfall, watersupply, snowfall, frostbite 7. V.+adv.: show-off, slip-up, put-off, follow-up, sit-in, have-not8. adv.+v: outlet, upset, upstart, onflow, outbreak, downfall 復合描畫詞(Adjective compounds)N.+adj.: fat-free, toll-free, line-dry

22、, world-famous, heartsick, dog-tired,warweary, thread-bare adj.+adj.: wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, deaf-mute, bitter-sweet V-ing.+adj.: steaming-hot / smoking-hot, soaking-wet / wringing-wet, biting-cold / freezing-coldAdv.+adj.: ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-roundn+v-ing: law-abid

23、ing, record-breaking, peace-loving, time-saving, summer-flowering6. n+v-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken, custom-built, town-bred7. adj./adv. +v-ing: fresh-frozen, easy-going, familar-sounding, ever-lasting8. adj.(adv.)+v-ed: newly-developed, well-balanced, half-bak

24、ed, quick-frozen, far-fetched, hard-won9. n(adj.)+n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted, hot-tempered, chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, tender-hearted, sweet-tempered10. adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter11. v.+ n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate 復合動詞(Verb compoun

25、ds) (參看p.48)-轉(zhuǎn)化法 (Through conversion )nickname to nickname honeymoon to honeymoonmoonlight to moonlight first-name to first-name Spotlightto spotlight-逆生法 (Through backformation)lip-reading to lip-readbottle-feeding to bottle-feedmass-production to mass-produceSight-seeing to sight-seeChain-smoker t

26、o chain-smoke轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化法(Conversion) Converting words of one class to another (zero-derivation) smoke, walk, hunt, sight, play 轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞(Conversion to verbs)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞 Noun to verbTo elbow ones way through the crowd - to push ones way through the crowd夸克夸克 (R. Quirk)把轉(zhuǎn)化成的動詞與原來名詞的語義關系分把轉(zhuǎn)化成的動詞與原來名詞的語義

27、關系分成七種成七種: 表示方位的表示方位的 (to put in / on N): bottle, garage, list, cage, pocket, can, corner 給與給與,提供提供(to provide with N): shelter, fuel, man, bloom, grease, arm camouflage去掉去掉 (to deprive of N): core, skin, peel, juice, dust用用來做來做 (to with N): hand, finger, hammer, brake, shoulder, eye, pump象象那樣那樣 (to

28、 be/act as N with respect to): nurse, tutor, father, ape, dog, captain, shepherd, monkey, wolf使使成為成為 (to make / changeinto N): ripple, fool, knight, cash, group, orphan, widow, wreck, pile用用來送來送 (to send/go by N): mail, ship, bicycle, telegram, boat, moter描畫詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞描畫詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞 (Adjective to verb)(to make

29、 / become adjective): 如如: dry, narrow, dim, dirty, smooth, warm, cool, empty, slow, bare, free, blind, humble, brave, rough轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞 (Conversion to noun)動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 (Verb to noun)來自動詞的名詞大多表示動作或形狀來自動詞的名詞大多表示動作或形狀, 如如: eats, doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, laugh,等等等等.這些詞又往往可以和這些詞又往往可以和to have, to take, to give, to make 等動詞連用等動詞連用.如如:Have a look / swim / drive / smoke / try / rest / think / wash Take a look