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1、Words1. : sooner or later; eventually 遲早;最后;終于 not late 及時;不遲She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她來得及回來準(zhǔn)備晚飯。她來得及回來準(zhǔn)備晚飯。Ill see him in time.總有一天我會遇見他。總有一天我會遇見他。in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合合/不合節(jié)拍不合節(jié)拍The audience clapped in time to the music.觀眾合著音樂的節(jié)拍拍手。觀眾合著音樂的節(jié)拍拍手。be harmful to
2、 對對有害有害 do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 傷害某人,對某人有害處傷害某人,對某人有害處 1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals. 2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm. It does no harm (for sb.) to doIt does no harn for you to open the window.There is no harm in (sb.s) doing sth.There is no harm in (your) opening the windo
3、w.2.2.3.multiply (數(shù)目上數(shù)目上)增加,增多;乘;(使)繁殖增加,增多;乘;(使)繁殖 1) Our problems have multiplied since last year. 2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10. 4) The plants here multiply rapidly. 3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30.= Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.4.prevent sb from (doing) sth=stop sb from doing sth阻止.做.” 在主動語態(tài)中from可以省略,
4、被動語態(tài)中不行。 How to prevent/stop this (from) happening.Its nationals may be prevented/stopped from leaving the country.keep sb from doing sth中的from無論在主動語態(tài)中還是在被動語態(tài)中都不能省略?!?阻止.做.”,如果省略from,意思為讓某人一直做某事He kept me from getting hurt.He kept me doing homework.5.puzzle n. 謎;難題 v. (使)迷惑;(使)為難Its puzzles me.feel/
5、 be puzzled about sth. 對某事感到迷惑puzzle over/ about sth. 對某事苦苦思索 這個字母使我迷惑不解。This letter puzzles me. 她對她的未來感到迷惑。She felt puzzled about her future. 他昨晚冥思苦想一道數(shù)學(xué)題。He puzzled over/ about a math problem last night.puzzling adj. 使迷惑的 puzzled adj. 迷惑的;困惑的6.break out vt.& vi.(戰(zhàn)爭、打斗等不愉快事件)突然發(fā)生,爆發(fā); 突然發(fā)生,爆發(fā); 向
6、外砸開;也可以表示突然大聲叫喊等。 The war broke out in 1937.A fire break out last night. She broke out, “That is too unfair!”take place 表示“發(fā)生、舉行、舉辦”,一般指非偶然性事件的“發(fā)生”,即這種事件的發(fā)生一定有某種原因或事先的安排。例如: The Olympic Games of 2008 took place in Beijing. happen 作“發(fā)生、碰巧”解,常指具體事件的發(fā)生,特別指那些偶然的或未能預(yù)見的“發(fā)生”,一般用于偶然或突發(fā)性事件。例如: A storm happen
7、ed across the river in another country.occur 作“發(fā)生、想到、突然想起”解,其意義相當(dāng)于 happen。例如: What has occurred? (= What has happened?) come about 表示“發(fā)生、產(chǎn)生”,多指事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了,但還不知道為什么,常用于疑問句和否定句。例如: When Mother woke up, she didnt know what had come about. 1.Whats the meaning of the word “Astronomy”?I. Warming upl行星the scie
8、nce of stars;2. Do you know the following terms? star, planet, the sun / moon / earth, solar system太陽系 3. How many planets are in the solar system? 恒星Scientists now think Pluto is too small to be called a planet.4. Do you know the correct order of their distance to the sun? nearest to the sun? farth
9、est to the sun?5. The names of eight planets.Mercury m:kjri VenusEarthMarsJupiter du:pt Saturn stnUranus jrnsNeptune neptu:n, -tju:n1) 水星水星2) 金星金星3) 地球地球4) 火星火星5) 木星木星6) 土星土星7) 天王星天王星8) 海王星海王星In this unit, well learn something more scientific.1.Whats the title of the text?2. From the title, we can p
10、redict that the text may tell us the origin of life on the earth.Do you know some stories about it?Pangu separates the sky from the earth. Nvwa made humans.1. When did the “Big Bang” happen?Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.2. What form was the earth after the “Big Bang”?3. What made
11、 up the earths atmosphere4. How did water come into being on the earth?5. Whats the significance of the presence of water on the earth?6.What was important to the development of fish?7. What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth?8. Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past?1
12、. When did the “Big Bang” happen? It happened several billion years ago.Scanning Scanning Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.2. What form was the earth after the “Big Bang”? The earth was still just a cloud of dust.3 . W h a t m a d e u p t h e e a r t h s atmosphere after the earth e
13、xploded? Carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases. 4. How did water come into being on the earth? As the earth cooled down after it exploded, water came into being.5. Whats the significance of the presence of water on the earth? It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the
14、 oceans and seas.6. What was important to the development of fish? oxygen. 7. What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth? The disappearance of dinosaurs made the possible the rise of mammals on the earth.8. Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past? They gave birth to young
15、baby animals and produced milk to feed them.Close readingI. Read the passage carefully and match the main idea with each paragraph. Para. 1 The formation (形成) of the earth.Para. 2 The importance of water for life.Para. 3 A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.Para. 4 The arriva
16、l of humans and their impact on the earth. Para. 5 The development of plants and animals on the earth. Detailed readingStage 1 : The development of the earthStage 2 : The development of life(para 13)(para 45)Stage 1: The development of the earth(1) After the Big Bang, what was the earth like? a clou
17、d of dust a solid globe exploded with fire and rock produced water vapour and gases(2) What happened next?(3) What did the water vapour and gases form?the earths atmosphere Water appeared(4) What appeared as the earth cooled down?water is important for the beginning of life on the earth. Why is wate
18、r so important for the beginning of life? Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases into oceans and seas.Stage2 The development of life small plants appears in water 1.What life developed after water appeared?Shellfish and all sorts of fish 2.What life developed in water next? green
19、plants began to grow on land insects appeared3.What about the life on land?amphibians on land and in the waterforests4. What life developed next on land? reptiles appeared dinosaur developed 5.What life developed after forests appeared?mammals on land6.What life developed after dinosaurs? small clev
20、er animals7. What life developed after mammals? 1.Who are the small clever animals with hands and feet? 2. Are they taking care of the earth well? Why? Because they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.The earth may beco
21、me too hot to live on .Can you fill in the blanks?23456789101 small plants in watershellfish and all sorts of fish insects reptilesamphibiansmammalsdinosaurs humansplantsanimalsGreen plants on landforests1. Insects and amphibians appeared. 3. The earth became a solid ball.5. Reptiles appeared. 7. Th
22、e earth was a cloud of dust9. Shellfish and other fish appeared.11. Clever animals with hands and feet appeared2. Dinosaurs appeared. 4.Small plants grew on the water.6. Plants began to grow on dry land.8. Water appeared on the earth10. The universe began with a “Big Band”.12. Mammals appeared.83109
23、1151741262Can you put the order of Can you put the order of development of life into a time development of life into a time line?line?Ex.2 on P27III. Fill in the blanks in the following form.TimeWhat happenedBig Bang_ began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.AtomsBetween 4.5 and 3.
24、8 billion years agoDust settled into a solid and _ globe.The earth exploded to produce its _.The continued _ of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and _ into the oceans and seas.violentatmospherepresenceacidsMany millions of years laterThe first small plants on the surface of the wate
25、r produced _.Early _ and all sorts of fish appeared.Green plants began to grow on land. Insects and _ appeared.oxygenshellfishamphibiansMany millions of years later_ appeared and they laid eggs.Dinosaurs developed, laid eggs and _ for more than 140 million years.Mammals rose and _ babies.Reptilesexi
26、stedgave birth toAbout 2.6 million years agoSome small _ animals with hands and feet appeared and spread all over the earth.NowHumans produce too much carbon _, making the earth too hot.cleverdioxideIV. True (T) or False (F).1. The earth appeared before the Big Bang happened.2. The original atmosphe
27、re consisted of nitrogen and oxygen. 3. The main difference between the earth and other planets is that there is water on the earth. 4. Life began in water and then on land.FFTT5. Mammals appeared before the development of dinosaurs.6. Dinosaurs could give birth to young baby animals and produced mi
28、lk to feed them. 7. Human beings produce too much carbon dioxide which causes the global warming on the earth. 8. According to the text, human beings would disappear in the end. FFTF 從句一律保持陳述語序。從句一律保持陳述語序。主語主語從句從句同位語從句同位語從句表語表語從句從句賓語賓語從句從句名詞性從句名詞性從句 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,
29、它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句(Subject Clause)、賓語從句(Object Clause)、表語從句(Predicative Clause) 和同位語從句(Appositive ClauseWho will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting.
30、主語從句主語從句賓語從句賓語從句表語從句表語從句同位語從句同位語從句 主語從句一個句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語叫主語從句。常用引導(dǎo)詞:連接詞: that(無詞義) whetherThat he will come and help us is certain.Whether we stay or not makes no difference.連接代詞: who(ever) whom what(ever) which(ever) whoseWho will go to the energy conference is not important.連接副詞:when where how why Whe
31、n and where the test will be given is not decided.1. 引導(dǎo)主語從句的連詞是不能省略的。 That the earth is round is true2. That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞,而將t h a t - 從 句 置 于 句 末 , 例 如 :It is true that the earth is round.結(jié)構(gòu):a . I t + b e + 形 容 詞 + t h a t - 從 句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that 很明顯
32、b . I t + b e + p . p . + t h a t - 從 句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that從所周知It has been decided that已決定c . I t + b e + 名 詞 + t h a t - 從 句It is common knowledge that 是常識It is a surprise that 令人驚奇的是It is a fact that 事實(shí)是d . I t + 不 及 物 動 詞 + t h a t - 分 句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧
33、It occurred to me that 我突然想起2.表示“是否”意義時,一般用whether 而不用 if引導(dǎo)主語從句, Whether she will come or not is still a question3.有時可用形式主語it 代替主語從句: e.g. It is still a question whether she will come or not . It has not been decided yet when they will start .4.無論主語從句有多長,一般做單數(shù)處理。 e.g. When we will start has not been
34、 decided yet. . 注意: 以what開始的主語從句如果后面的表語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,系動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。What he wants to buy are three books and two pens. 1.It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that2. _ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. A. Anyone B. The one C.
35、Whoever D. Who練一練!練一練! 3.It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over. A. since B. what C.when D. whether練一練!練一練! _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who _the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.A. Whenever B.
36、 If C. Whether D. That _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 賓語從句一個句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語就叫賓語從句連接詞: that(無詞義) whether ife.g. I dont know whether (if)you are willing to help me . 連接代詞:what(ever) who(ever) whose which(ever) 等連接副詞: when where how w
37、hy等特別提示1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分。Im glad that you have passed the exam .2. 有些詞或詞組如hate, love,enjoy,dislike, feel like, appreciate, take(認(rèn)為),rely on, dont mind等,習(xí)慣上后面跟it做形式賓語,再接賓語從句。I take it that you will agree with us.3.在接復(fù)合賓語的句子中,為了保持句子平衡,用it作形式賓語,而將從句放在句 尾 。 常 帶 復(fù) 合 賓 語 的 動 詞 有 :make/find/
38、see/hear/feel/think等。I think it necessary that I take plenty of water every day.4. 某些動詞后的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣,如insist,order,request,suggest等。I suggested that we (should) start before 5 o clock.5.必須用whether 引導(dǎo), 不可用if:1). 從句后有or not 時,不可用if : I dont know whether he will come or not .2). 介詞賓語通常用 whether 引導(dǎo): It d
39、epends on whether he is coming or not . 3). 后接動詞不定式時。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 4).discuss 后面的賓語從句解釋為是否用whetherImagine you are in this situation, and discuss whether you should do something at once.5)主語從句放在句首Whether we stay or not makes no difference.6)表語從句和同位語從句The question is whethe
40、r we can get thereon time .7)當(dāng)it做形式主語whether / if 都可引導(dǎo)主語從句It hasnt been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.6. 用who,whom, which(ever), whose,when,what(ever), where, why, how, whoever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句,應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。 Do you know how old he is?I want to know what he has told you. She alway
41、s thinks of how she can work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人,她都會給予熱情的支持。7. think, believe, imagine, suppose等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中,要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健<磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲?。例如:We dont think you are here. 我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不會這樣做。如果主句主語為第一人稱反意疑問句常與從句的主語和謂語保持一致;其他情況看
42、主句。例如:I dont believe she has been to Australia, has she? 我認(rèn)為她沒去澳大利亞,是嗎?I dont believe that he can translate this book, ? She thinks that her husband is the best one in the team, ?can hedoesnt she1. I doubt if / whether he will pass the exam. 2. I dont doubt that we will win the match.3. Do you doubt
43、 that he did it on his own? doubt問題肯定句中用肯定句中用 if / whether否定句中用否定句中用 that 疑定句中用疑定句中用 that 1. I doubt _he is telling the truth. 2. We never doubt _ the plan will be carried out .3. Does he doubt _ you are from Austria?4. Im doubtful _ he will agree to this. if / whether that that if / whether賓語從句中的連接
44、詞that在以下三種情況下不能省略:(1)當(dāng)that 從句與另一名詞性從句并列作賓語時,第二個that不能??;(2)當(dāng)that作介詞賓語時,that不可省掉。(3)用it做形式賓語的賓語從句Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 賓語從句1.He asked _ for a violin(MET1992) A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how muc
45、h did I pay D. how much I paid2It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever3. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. A .whichever B. however C .whatever D. whoever 4. The true
46、value of life is not in _, but _.A. which we get; what give we B . w h a t w e g e t ; w h a t w e g i v e C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give5. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _.A. how she is getting along B . h o w i s s h e g e t t i n g a l o n g C. w
47、hat she is getting along D. what is she getting along6. I dont doubt _ hell come. A. thatB. ifC. whatD. whether7. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that表語從句一個句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)表語就叫表語從句. 連接詞:that/whether/as if/as though/because連接代詞:who/whom/wha
48、t/which/whose連接副詞:when/where/how/whyThe problem is that I am short of money. The question is how we can get there .It looks as if it is going to rain.特別提醒1. 主句的主語是advice,suggestion,order,request等名詞時,表語從句的謂語要虛擬。His suggestion is that we (should) go now.2.主句的主語是reason時,表語從句常用that;若表原因用because,表結(jié)果用why.
49、The reason for his absence was that he was ill.He forgot it. That was why he didnt call me.He didnt call me. That was because he forgot it.1.What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon(上海01年春季招生) A. when B. how C. whether D. why 2.I drove to Zhuhai for the
50、 air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)A . w h y B . w h a t C . w h e n D . w h e r e 3. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer s t u d e n t s s h o w e d i n t e r e s t i n h e r l e s s o n s . A. What; why B. That; why C . W h a t ; b e c a u s e D . W h y ;
51、 t h a t 4. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there 5. The city is no longer _. A. what it is B. that it used to be C. which it was D. what it used to be6.The problem is_ he has enough time.A. if B. whether C./ D. that what與that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的區(qū)別: what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語,賓語,表語等.that在句子中只起連接作用,沒有意義.(1) What you said yesterday is right.(2) That the earth goe
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