專八必背人文知識

1、專八考來考去就這些東西，背就行了。1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位學(xué)；在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué)，音系學(xué)3. Syntax: The study

2、 of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué), 以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)5. acronym:首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC, 它們可以連拼，但 VOA是Initialism

3、 。6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻， 一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美 =或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個 紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾

4、指代少先隊員。7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare). 明喻，一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進行比較，通常在由like或as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或

5、你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要”(莎士比亞)8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus makingan implicitcomparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之 處，如 憂愁之海

6、”或 整個世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修飾法 ，種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀cruelkindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses

7、of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Gardenof Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行詩體，一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳

8、統(tǒng)的押韻形式，莎士比亞用過此詩體。13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚語主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基 本由存在

9、時間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語以達到生動、 幽默、無禮或其它效果14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語, 尤指用作集團或運動的口號的用語。15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.行t ,一個行業(yè)、職業(yè)

10、或類似的團體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語言terminology16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressedas if it were original or significant.陳腔濫調(diào)，陳腐的或平庸的評論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時好象它是新穎的或有意義的17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasisor effect, as in I could sleep for a year

11、 orThis book weighs a ton. 夸張法，種比喻，使用夸張來強調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在我能睡一年或這書有一噸重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such asbuzz or murmurthat imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象聲詞，詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或nurmur模仿事物或行動的聲音.19. hypotaxis:從屬關(guān)系20. parataxis:并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指短語或分句間不用連詞，如：I

12、 came, I saw, I conquered.21. Transcendentalism:A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of anideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超驗主義，一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運動，與拉爾夫?天爾多凌

13、默生和瑪格麗特福勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實體，超越于經(jīng)驗和科學(xué)之處，通過直覺 得以把握22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美國23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language ora language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué)，語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成

14、24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant 輔音 followed by a fricative 摩擦;for example, the initial sounds ofchild and joy.塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語音；例如child和joy的第一個音 Also called: affricative.25. Vanity Fair 名利場 was written William Makepeace Thackray26. Neil Armstrong was the fir

15、st person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼爾.阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫.奧爾德林、邁克爾柯林斯27. The title of the national anthem國歌 of Canada is O Canada.此種類型題同學(xué)們可自己多找?guī)讉€國家。28. Henry David Thoreau s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29. etymology: the his

16、tory of a word.詞源學(xué)30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊 in the1960s.32. In Gulliver's Travels 格歹U佛游記,Jonathan Swift describes the island of theHouyhnhnms as the world 's most perfect society. 有

17、理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided intosmaller meaningful parts.詞素，一種含有一個單詞的有意義的語言單位，如 -e

18、d在單詞 walked 中，不能被劃分為更小的有意義單位35. The name of the famous stadium露天體育場 in the north of London isWembley.36. Wimbledon 溫布爾登英國英格蘭東南部城市（位于倫敦附近，是著名的國際網(wǎng)球比 賽地）37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe 食譜，originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香腸38. Boycott: To act to

19、gether in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing withas an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強制）.聯(lián)合抵制,聯(lián)合起來拒絕使用、購買或經(jīng)銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強制的手段39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation ofraces, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as t

20、o practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.種族隔離，強制實行種族的社會分離政策及實踐，如在學(xué)校、居住和工業(yè)中，尤指在白人居多的社 會中實行有色人種歧視的政策40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination again

21、st nonwhites.種族隔離制，南非共和國實行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經(jīng)濟諸方面對非白色人種的歧視.41. Integration:The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groupsinto unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation.種族或宗教融合，在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關(guān)系中；取消種族隔離42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in