高三英語情態(tài)動詞、主謂一致、倒裝句

1、高三英語情態(tài)動詞、主謂一致、倒裝句一、情態(tài)動詞助動詞與情態(tài)動詞最主要的區(qū)別之一是，助動詞本身沒有詞義，而情態(tài)動詞則有自己的詞義，能表示說話人對有關動作或狀態(tài)的看法，或表示主觀設想。例：What have you been doing since? （構成完成進行體，本身無詞義）I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）You may have read some account of the matter. （或許已經(jīng)）除此之外，情態(tài)動詞還有如下詞法和句法特征：1) 除ought和used以外，其他情態(tài)動詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把oughtto和used

2、 to看作是固定詞組的話，那么，所有情態(tài)動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式。例：We used to grow beautiful roses.I asked if he would come and repair my television set.2)情態(tài)動詞在限定動詞詞組中總是位居第一。例：They need not have been punished so severely.3)情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。例：She dare not say what she thinks.4)情態(tài)動詞沒有非限定形式，即沒有不定式、-ing分詞和-ed分詞形式。例：Still, she needn

3、t have run away.5)情態(tài)動詞的“時”的形式并不是時間區(qū)別的主要標志。在不少場合，情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在時和過去時形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r間。例：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it.6)情態(tài)動詞之間是相互排斥的，即在一個限定動詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個情態(tài)動詞，但有時卻可以與助動詞have和be連用。例：You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be reading

4、a novel.1. can與could1） can可用于表示能力、可能性、允許等。例：She can sing that song in English. /Can the news be true? /Can I smoke here? 2）（用于否定句、疑問句或感嘆句中）表示猜測、懷疑或驚詫。例：She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that . 2） can 只有兩種時態(tài)，過去式為could。could 不僅用于過去，也可用于現(xiàn)在，表示委婉、客氣，常用于疑問句；而be able to 有較多的時態(tài)形式。be able to 的過

5、去式表示“設法做某事”，經(jīng)過努力之后才完成的，而could 沒有這個含義。例：The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone was able to get out.2.may與 might 1）表示請求、許可、允許、可能性。例：The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.當回答由may 引起的問題時，否定答語要用must not,表示“不許可”、“不應該”、“不行” 。例：-May I come in? -Y

6、es, please. /-No, you mustnt.2)may (might) + have done 表示對過去發(fā)生行為的推測，含有“想必”、“也許是”的意思。例：He might not have settled the question.3.must與have to 1)must表示必須、必要。例：We must protect peoples rights. 2)“must be + 表語”的結構，通常表示猜測，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）例：He must be an honest boy. “must +have +過去分詞”的結構，常用在肯定句中，表示對過去發(fā)生行為

7、的推測，含有“一定”、“準是”的意思。否定和疑問句用can。例：It must have rained last night for it is so wet outside.3)must 的否定式有兩個：當回答由must引起的問題時，否定答復要用neednt或dont have to 表示“不必”、“無須”、“用不著”、“不一定”的意義。當表示“不應該”、“不許可”、“禁止”時，就用must not。例：Must I go tomorrow? Yes, please./Yes, you must.No, you neednt./No, you dont have to. 4)have to

8、比較強調(diào)客觀需要，must著重說明主觀看法。例：I must clean the room.（主觀想法） I have to clean the room.（客觀需要）have to 能用于更多時態(tài)。例：We had to be there at ten .have to 的否定式dont have to do 表示“不必做”之意。4. ought to與should1.ought to1)表示“職責、義務”。例：Your son is still young. You ought to take care of him. 2)表示推測。注意與must表示推測時的區(qū)別：He must be a

9、t home by now.斷定他已到家）He ought to be home by now.（不十分肯定）This is where the oil must be.（比較直率）This is where the oil ought to be.（比較含蓄）這時，ought to和should可以互相換用。3)“ought to + have + 過去分詞” a. 表示“本應該做，而實際沒有做某事”，相當于should + have+過去分詞。例：You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).b. 表示“本不應該做，而實際做了某事”。例：You o

10、ughtnt to have stopped on the motor way.你本不應該在高速公路上停車的。c.表示推論或推測某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，含有說話人不能肯定其說法是否爭取的含義。例：If he had started at nine oclock, he ought to have been in London by eleven oclock.如果她是酒店出發(fā)的話，那他十一點中該到達倫敦了。4）ought to 可用于否定句, 疑問句，其否定形式可縮略為oughtnt to。例：You oughtnt to smoke so much.Ought you to smoke so much

11、?5）ought to的疑問式及其回答。-They ought to do it，oughtnt they？-Yes，they ought（to）.-No，they oughtnt .在美國英語中，ought to用于否定句和疑問句時，to可以省略。例：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtnt smoke so much.2.Should1)should用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。例：What should we do now? 2）表示應該、必須，常與must 換用。例：We should (must) mast

12、er a foreign language at least. 3）“should+be+表語”的結構，表示推測或驚奇。例：They should be back by now. 4）“should+have+過去分詞”的結構，表示過去該做而實際上尚未做的動作或行為；其否定則表示發(fā)生了不應該發(fā)生的行為。其同義結構“ought to have +過去分詞”,表示過去“早應該”、“本當”之意，語氣較強。例： I should have thought of that. 這一點我是應當想到的。（但沒想到）They should not have left so soon.他們不應當走得這么早。（但已

13、走了）should表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問句中，通常用should代替ought to。ought to表示“應該”時和should差不多，只是口氣稍重一些, ?？苫Q用。ought to比should具有更強烈得道義、責任、法律或原則等意味；should指主觀上感到有責任或義務去做某事，語氣較婉轉。例:You ought to keep your promise.You should apologize to him.5. shall 與should1)shall用于第一人稱征求對方的意見。例：What shall I wear on the journey?

14、 2) 用于第二、第三人稱時表允諾、命令。例：You shall come to my office immediately . 3)should用于第一人稱疑問句中詢問對方的意愿，但語氣較委婉溫和，例：What should we do now? 4)表示應該、必須，常與must 換用。例：We should (must) master a foreign language at least. 5) should 的其他用法請參閱上條ought to與should 。 6. will與would 1)表示意志，決心或愿望。例： Surely we will support all the p

15、eople in the world in their struggle for peace.If you will go,I shall go with you.2)will表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性或傾向性，would表示過去的習慣行為。例：He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by. He would come to see me when he was in Beijing. 3)用于主語是第二人稱的疑問句中，表示對對方的請求，would的語氣比will委婉。例：Would/Will you kindly tel

16、l me the way to the station? 7. need 與dareneed 與dare作情態(tài)動詞用時，一般用在否定句和疑問句中，如果用在肯定句中，多數(shù)是實義動詞，一般現(xiàn)在時單數(shù)第三人稱要加s，并有時態(tài)變化，后接不定式時須帶to。例：Need you go so soon? Dare you stay here alone in the night? Need I explain once more? 需要我再解釋一次嗎？（情態(tài)動詞）The question needs to be discussed. 這個問題需要加以討論。（實義動詞）She dare not tell th

17、e truth to him. 她不敢向他講真話。（情態(tài)動詞）We should dare to think, to speak and to act.我們應該敢想、敢說、敢干。（實義動詞）錯句：She dares not go out at night. He doesnt need do that. Dare she to go there？8. 注意推測性用法中謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間 如果推測的為過去的事情，情態(tài)動詞后要用完成形式。例：There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone. 如果推測的是正在進行的事情，情態(tài)

18、動詞后則用動詞的進行形式。例：They must be talking about something very secret. 如果推測的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)等，情態(tài)動詞后則用動詞原形。例：He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.如果推測的是將來發(fā)生的事情，情態(tài)動詞后同樣用動詞原形，這時，情態(tài)動詞只能是may/might。例：There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.肯定的推測一般用may, should,must,它們的意思分別是“可能”，“應該”，“必定”，口氣逐漸加強。否定的推測常有兩種

19、情況：口氣較弱，對否定不大有把握時，用may not “可能不”；口氣比較強，對否定比較有把握時用cannot，表示“不可能”。推測的疑問句，一般只用can/could, 例：Who can it be ? / Can it be true?9.其它幾個“情態(tài)動詞+ 動詞的完成形式”并不表示推測，注意意義上的區(qū)別：could have done本來能夠，例：He didn't take part in the competition, he could have won, though.needn't have done 本來沒必要，例：You needn't have

20、 hurried. There was plenty of time.should/ought to have done 本來應該，例：You should have told me earlier. I could have helped you.shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本來不應該，例： You shouldn't have been following him so closely; you should have kept your distance.二、主謂一致英語句子中謂語動詞的數(shù)必須與主語的人稱和數(shù)取得一致，這就叫做主

21、謂一致。主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。1.either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing做主語時，謂語動詞一般使用單數(shù)。例：Neither of the two words is correct. Everything around us is matter.2.表示“時間、距離、金額

22、、重量、面積、體積、容積”等概念的名詞，謂語用單數(shù)。例：Three times five makes fifteen. Four hours is enough to do the experiment.3. one and a half后面帶名詞的復數(shù)，但謂語動詞必須使用單數(shù)。例： One and a half bananas is left on the table.4.eachand each; everyand every; noand no; many aand many a等結構由于強調(diào)個體行為，因此謂語動詞使用單數(shù)。例：Each boy and each girl has got

23、 a seat. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.5.從句、不定式、動名詞作主語時謂語動詞使用單數(shù)形式。例：To say something is one thing, to do it is another. What he has done is of great use.6. 用and 連接的兩個名詞表示單一概念時謂語動詞使用單數(shù)。例：The professor and doctor is going to give a lecture. Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.7.有

24、些名詞呈復數(shù)形式，但并不表示復數(shù)概念。例：The news is inspiring. The chemical works lies in the north of the city.8.名詞由and 連接或由bothand連接主語時，謂語動詞使用復數(shù)形式。例：Both coffee and beer are on sale in that shop.9. people, public, police, cattle 做主語時，謂語動詞習慣上使用復數(shù)。例：People are talking about the news. The police are after a cheat.10.表示

25、成雙、成套的名詞做主語時，謂語動詞使用復數(shù)。例：His black trousers are too long. These shoes fit you quite well.但當這些名詞由a pair of 連接時，則用單數(shù)。例：There is a pair of compasses in his pencil case.11.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，但前面有表示數(shù)量的復數(shù)名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。例：Three million tons of coal were exported that year.12.在or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also

26、, notbut, There be 等結構中，采取就近原則，即謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復數(shù)。例：Either the teacher or the students are to blame. Not only the students but also their teacher is to blame.13.下列結構用于引起一個附加的成分，謂語動詞的形式應不受附加成分的影響而與其前面的主語取得一致：as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, along with, together wi

27、th, including，suchas等。例：The boy with his two dogs is here. No one but your parents was there then.Mr. Green besides his daughters likes swimming.14. some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all(of), half(of), 分數(shù)或百分of名詞做主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)以名詞的單復數(shù)為準。例：A lot of students are waiting outside.

28、Lots of the money has been wasted.More than 70% of the earths surface is covered by water.15.由a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of和名詞of this kind等以及與kind意思相近的type, sort等構成的短語作主語時，謂語動詞與of 前的名詞取得一致。例：This kind of apple is highly priced. Apples of this kind are highly priced.16.more than 打頭的句子，謂語動詞的數(shù)

29、看其后面的名詞。例：More than one answer is written on the blackboard. More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.17.定語從句中謂語動詞的形式應與先行詞一致，但one of復數(shù)名詞who/that/which引導的定語從句的謂語動詞的形式要看one 的前面是否有the (only)等修飾語，有則為單數(shù)，無為復數(shù)。例： Tom is one of the students who are from Shanghai.Tom is the only one of the st

30、udents who is from Shanghai.18. population, company, class, team, family, group, nation, world, government等詞做主語時，如果強調(diào)整體，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)；如果強調(diào)組成成員，謂語動詞使用復數(shù)。例：Our football team is playing well. Our football team are having lunch in the dining-hall.19. “the 形容詞”表示一類人，謂語動詞使用復數(shù)，但在有上下文明確表示單數(shù)的情況下必須使用單數(shù)。例：The rich

31、are for the plan, but the poor are against it.三、倒裝句1.全部倒裝全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例：There goes the bell.Here is your letter.2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。up，down，out，in，away，off 等副詞開頭的句子里，以表示強調(diào)。例： Down j

32、umped a monkey.Out rushed a dog from under the bed.Ahead sat an old woman.注意上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例：Here he comes.Away they went. Out they rushed!2. 部分倒裝 部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，例： not, rarely, never, scarcely, no soo

33、ner, little, few, hardly, seldom, nowhere, nobody, not only, not until, at no time, in no way, by no means等。 Never have I seen such a performance.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.當Not until引出主從復合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。注意 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例：I have never seen such a performance.The mothe

34、r didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 3. 以否定詞開頭Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner than時部分倒裝。例： Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student c

35、ame to visit her.注意只有當Not only but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個并列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例：Not only you but also I am fond of music. 當so，neither，nor表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。例：If you don't go, neither will I. He works hard，so does she.注意 當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構

36、。意為“的確如此”。例：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-It's raining hard.-So it is.5. only加狀語在句首的倒裝。例： Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子為主從復合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例：Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in be

37、d6. as, though 引導的倒裝句 as 引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。though也可以用在這種倒裝句中。注意1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例：Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.7. 其他部分倒裝 1) so that 句型中的so 位于句首時，需倒裝。例：So frightened was he that he did not

38、 dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，采取部分倒裝。例： Were I you, I would try it again.經(jīng)典例析1. - The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned. (2005江蘇)-Oh, dear! She _

39、a lot of difficulties!A. may go through B. might go throughC. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through為你支招上文說：那位女生物學家在非洲研究野生動物十三年，下文推測她一定經(jīng)歷了許多艱難困苦。所以用must have gone through表是對過去事實的推測。答案D。熱點剖析 本題是考查情態(tài)動詞。2. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seas

40、ide. （2005北京卷）A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant為你支招采用語境法, 從he wouldnt be enjoying himself中尋找隱含信息。做完了事才玩得開心，這樣的推測是合乎情理的。所以用must，表示肯定的推測。答案B。熱點剖析 考查表示推測的情態(tài)動詞。情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法中需要特別注意的是：must只能用于肯定句中；can用于疑問和否定句中；may和might用于肯定和否定句中。情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形通常表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y；只有情態(tài)動詞+動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時形式才表示對過去發(fā)生的事情做出推測。3. I was on the hig

41、hway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重慶卷)A. should have been doing B. must have been doing C. could have done D. would have done 為你支招根據(jù)語境，說話人對剛發(fā)生的事情進行推測，斷定車速很快，所以用must have been doing表示肯定的推測。答案B。熱點剖析 考查表示推測的情態(tài)動詞。4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for

42、 the meeting, but he didnt show up. (2004廣西) A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrivedD. should be arriving為你支招采用語境法從整個句子中尋找隱含信息。 “懷特先生應當在八點半是來開會的，但他卻沒來”。表示“過去應該做而沒有作”的應該用should have done結構。答案A。熱點剖析 考查表示抱怨的情態(tài)動詞。5. Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005全

43、國I卷)A. wouldnt B. mustnt C.neednt D. may not為你支招根據(jù)所給語境以及驚嘆號，可以體會到，說話人在責怪Tom，說他不可以這樣在地上亂扔衣服。答案B。熱點剖析 考查情態(tài)動詞的用法。6. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）A. was B. were C. had been D. would be為你支招首先采用一致法確定句子的主語。with 6 girls and 8 boys

44、of her class是介詞短語，將主語和謂語隔開了。但是謂語仍和主語中心詞The teacher保持一致。答案A。熱點剖析 考查主謂一致。7. No one in the department but Tom and I _ that the director is going to resign.（2004上海）A. knows              B. know C. have known    

45、60; D. am to know為你支招首先采用一致法確定句子的主語。主語的結構是名詞/代詞+介詞短語。no one but做主語時，no one是主語的中心詞，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)根據(jù)no one確定。 答案A。熱點剖析 考查主謂一致。8.In the dark forests _, some large enough to hold several English towns.（2005遼寧卷）A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand 為你支招 地點狀語In the da

46、rk forests在句首時，主謂語要全部倒裝。湖泊作主語，當然不可跟stand搭配。故選B。熱點剖析 當表示方位的狀語或表語位于句首時，句子采用全部倒裝的結構，即把謂語動詞全部都移到主語之前。9. _ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.(2005江蘇卷)A.so curious the couple was B. So curious were the coupleC. How curious the couple were D. The couple w

47、as such curious為你支招考查倒裝語序。B熱點剖析 在部分倒裝句中，如果so在句首有時也有不倒裝的情況，即so作“確實如此”解釋的時候不用倒裝。10. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _such a beautiful palace. (2004遼寧)A.can you find B.you could find C.you can find D.could you find為你支招將but后面的句子還原成陳述句為：you can find such a beautiful palace nowhere

48、 else. 把否定副詞nowhere放在句首，句子的主謂語部分倒裝，必然選擇A。熱點剖析 考查倒裝語序。Weekly Test1. 單項選擇1. When he was there, he _go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day. A. would B. should C. had better D. might2. Johnny , you _play with the knife; you _hurt yourself.A. wont; cant B. mustnt ; may C. shouldnt; mus

49、t D. cant; shouldnt3. -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.-They _be ready by 12:00. A. can B. should C. might D. need4. He _ you more money, even though he was not rich himself. A. might have given B. might have C. may have given D. may give5. Will you stay for lunch? Sor

50、ry, _. My brother is coming to see me. A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont6. Are you coming to Jeffs party? Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B. would C. should D. might7. Write to me when you get home. _. A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can8. I was really anxious about

51、 you, you _ home without a word. A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave9. Is John coming by train? He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may10. You say you will not do it ,but I say you _ do it.A. wouldB. willC. shallD. need1

52、1. - Let me tell you all about it. - You_. I have been informed of it. A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. neednt12. Who is the girl standing over there? Well , if you know , her name is Mabel. A. may B. can C. must D. shall13-_ you make so much noise? Sorry. I'll take care not to.A.Can B.

53、 May C.Will D. Must14. - What do you do?    - I'm a pilot.   - That _ exciting.  A. would be   B. must be   C. might be   D. can be15. He asked me for this book many times. Please tell him that he _ have it tomorrow.A. must B. ought to C. sh

54、all D. will16. -Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.-Its 9568442. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant17. Mother _ us stories when we were children. A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling18. I got up early that morning, but I _ so because I had no work to

55、 do. A. mustnt have done B. didnt need to do C. neednt have done D. cant have done19. Shes already two hours late. What _ to her? A. can have happened B. may have happened C. should have happened D. must happen20. Since the road is wet this morning, _ last night. A. it must rain B. it must be raining C. it must have rained D. it must have been raining21. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers _ not like the design of the furniture.A. must    B. shall    C. may    D. need22. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _ be here at any m