初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法雖然是從簡(jiǎn)單的一些日常用語(yǔ)出發(fā)的,但語(yǔ)法中常會(huì)有一些知識(shí)點(diǎn)看起來(lái)很細(xì)小,容易被忽視,但這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)掌握不熟練,往往會(huì)造成一些語(yǔ)法應(yīng)用上的錯(cuò)誤。因此在學(xué)習(xí)初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí),要認(rèn)真、細(xì)心,不要覺(jué)得一些地方不重要而得過(guò)且過(guò)。下面從幾個(gè)方面,總結(jié)出了初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法,如果要復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)句法的同學(xué),可以參考一下,一、初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詞法1、名詞A、名詞的數(shù)我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而不可數(shù)名詞它沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下:一在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bana

2、nas二x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三1以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es 如:baby-babies,family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories2以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys,key-keys, ways四以o結(jié)尾加s(外來(lái)詞。如:radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es:如

3、: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯五以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六單復(fù)數(shù)相同(不變的有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese七一般只有復(fù)數(shù),沒(méi)有單數(shù)的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八單詞形式不變,既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有:police警察局,警察, clas

4、s 班,同學(xué), family家,家庭成員九合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞,多數(shù)為后一個(gè)單詞。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 十有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如:fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報(bào)紙,卷子,論文, work工作 works作品,工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light

5、光線 lights燈, people人 peoples 民族, time時(shí)間 times時(shí)代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞十一單個(gè)字母的復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或s。如:Is (Is, Ks (Ks。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs十二特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB名詞的格當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時(shí),我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下:一單數(shù)在后面加

6、s。如:brothers, Mikes, teachers二復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加,如果不是以s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如: Teachers Day教師節(jié), classmates; Childrens Day六一節(jié), Womens Day 三八節(jié)三由and并列的名詞所有時(shí),如果是共同所有同一人或物時(shí),只加最后一個(gè)s,但分別擁有時(shí)卻分別按單數(shù)形式處理。如:Mike and Bens room邁克和本的房間(共住一間,Mikes and Bens rooms邁克和本的房間(各自的房間2、代詞項(xiàng)目人稱代詞物主代詞指示代詞反身代詞人稱主格賓格形容詞名詞性第一人稱單數(shù) I me my mine my

7、self復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves第二人稱單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves第三人稱單數(shù) she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this that itself復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs these those themselves3、動(dòng)詞A第三人稱單數(shù)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)變動(dòng)詞那樣加s,如下:一一般在詞后加s。如:comes, spells, wa

8、its, talks, sees, dances, trains二在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes三1以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如:study-studies,hurry-hurries, try-tries2以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四以o結(jié)尾加es。如:does, goes五特殊的有:are-is, have-hasB現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)我們說(shuō)某人正在做什么事時(shí),動(dòng)詞要使用分詞形式,不能用原形,構(gòu)成如下:一一般在后加ing。如:spe

9、ll-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing,train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母(注意除開字母組合如show showing, draw-drawing要雙寫最后的輔音字母再加in

10、g。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于4、形容詞的級(jí)我們?cè)趯?duì)兩個(gè)或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí),則要使用比較或最高級(jí)形式。構(gòu)成如下:一一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st。如:greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

11、二以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個(gè)元音字母+1個(gè)輔音字母(字母組合除外,如few-fewer fewest結(jié)尾的雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly, busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easie

12、st四特殊情況:(兩好多壞,一少老遠(yuǎn)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worst little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、數(shù)詞 (基變序,有規(guī)則;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y結(jié)尾,變?yōu)閕, eth跟上去。 first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, th

13、irteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth二、初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句式1.陳述句肯定陳述句 a This is a book. (be動(dòng)詞b He looks very young. (連系動(dòng)詞c I want a sweat like this. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞d I can bring some things to school. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞e Theres a computer on my desk. (There be結(jié)構(gòu)否定陳述句a These arent their books. b They

14、dont look nice.c Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d Kate cant find her doll.e There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.2. 祈使句肯定祈使句a Please go and ask the man. b Lets learn English!c Come in, please.否定祈使句a Dont be late. b Dont hurry.3. 疑問(wèn)句1 一般疑問(wèn)句 a Is Jim a student? b Can I help you? c Does

15、she like salad?d Do they watch TV? e Is she reading?肯定回答: a Yes, he is. b Yes, you can. c Yes, she does. d Yes, they do. e Yes, she is.否定回答: a No, he isnt. b No, you cant. c No, she doesnt. d No, they dont. e No, she isnt.2 選擇疑問(wèn)句 Is the table big or small? 回答Its big./ Its small.3 特殊疑問(wèn)句 問(wèn)年齡 How old i

16、s Lucy? She is twelve. 問(wèn)種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 問(wèn)身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 問(wèn)方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones. 問(wèn)原因 Why do you want to join the club? 問(wèn)時(shí)間Whats the time? (=What t

17、ime is it? Its a quarter to tena.m.What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five oclock.When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00. 問(wèn)地方Wheres my backpack? Its under the table. 問(wèn)顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black. 問(wèn)人物Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boy

18、 in blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? 問(wèn)東西Whats this/that (in English? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11問(wèn)姓名Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your f

19、irst name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My family names Smith.12 問(wèn)哪一個(gè) Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 問(wèn)字母What letter is it? Its big D/small f.14 問(wèn)價(jià)格 How much ar e these pants? Theyre 15 dollars.15 問(wèn)電話號(hào)碼Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)(動(dòng)作 Whats he doing? Hes watc

20、hing TV.17 問(wèn)職業(yè)(身份 What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your father? Hes a doctor.三、初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長(zhǎng)期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),它有:Be 動(dòng)詞:Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play the piano.行為動(dòng)詞:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they wa

21、nt to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch.2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示動(dòng)詞在此時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為 sb be v-ing sth + 其它. Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not playing baseball. Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy

22、writing a letter? Nancy isnt writing a letter. Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music. 1. 形容詞的用法： 形容詞用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，用于限 定被修飾語(yǔ)的特征，如長(zhǎng)短、大小、重量、顏色、高矮、胖瘦、新舊等，。 The little girl is very pretty. 這個(gè)小女孩很好看。 -I want that one. 我想要那

23、個(gè)。 -Which one? 哪一個(gè)？ -The new blue one. 那個(gè)藍(lán)色新的。 Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那個(gè)大的漂亮的嗎？ 2、人稱代詞： 是用來(lái)表示人的代詞，有單數(shù)和負(fù)數(shù)之分，有主格和賓格之分。人稱代詞的主格 在句中作主語(yǔ)；人稱代詞的賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)，是作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 主格：I, we, you, he, she, it, they 在句子中作主語(yǔ) 賓格：me, us, you, him, her, it, them 在句子中作賓語(yǔ) He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一

24、個(gè)班級(jí)。 Can you see them in the street? 你能看見(jiàn)他們?cè)诮稚蠁幔?3、可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞 英語(yǔ)中名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。凡是可數(shù)計(jì)數(shù)的名詞叫做可數(shù)名詞；凡 是不可以計(jì)數(shù)的名詞叫做不可數(shù)名詞。 （1）可數(shù)名詞分為單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。可數(shù)名詞前可以用不定冠詞、數(shù)詞或 some many 等修飾。如：a man a desk an apple an orange some books some children tow pens （2） 不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式， 前面不能用不定冠詞、 數(shù)詞或 many 等詞語(yǔ)修飾， 但可以用 some a little muc

25、h 等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾。有時(shí)可以與一些量詞短語(yǔ)搭配， 這些量詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞一般是可數(shù)的， 有單數(shù)形式， 也可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 some 如： water a little milk much food a piece of bread tow bottles of ink some glasses of water 4、祈使句 祈使句用來(lái)表示請(qǐng)求、命令等，句中沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，肯定形式由謂語(yǔ)或者謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ) （+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）構(gòu)成，否定形式則在句前加 Dont. Stand up, please. 請(qǐng)起立。 Dont worry. 別擔(dān)心。 can 的用法： can 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“能，會(huì)，可以，被允許等”，其

26、后接動(dòng)詞原形，否定形 式為 cannot，可縮寫為 cant. She can speak Japanese. 她會(huì)講日語(yǔ)。 I cant remember his name. 我不記得他的名字了。 Can you spell your name? 你會(huì)拼寫你的名字嗎？ 5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)： 概念：表示現(xiàn)在（說(shuō)話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可以表示目前一段時(shí)間 內(nèi)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。 結(jié)構(gòu)：由 be 動(dòng)詞(am, is, are + 動(dòng)詞 ing 構(gòu)成，其中 be 動(dòng)詞要與主語(yǔ)保持性 數(shù)一致。 Mary is flying a kite in the park. 瑪麗正在公園里放風(fēng)箏。 -

27、What are you doing now? 你現(xiàn)在在干什么？ -Im reading English. 我正在讀英語(yǔ)。 Are they drawing the pictures now? 他們正在畫畫嗎？ 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞是動(dòng)詞原形變化而來(lái)的，規(guī)則變化如下： 動(dòng)詞 ing 形式叫動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞，其構(gòu)成如下： 1 直接在動(dòng)詞后加 ing playplaying, dodoing, talktalking, sing-singing 2 以不發(fā)音的字母 e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去 e，再加 ing makemaking, writewriting, havehaving, taketaking 3 以重

28、讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞且詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，應(yīng)雙寫這個(gè)輔音字 母，再加 ing runrunning, stopstopping, putputting, swimswimming 注意對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的判斷。判斷一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子用什么時(shí)態(tài)，主要看句子的時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ)， 一般說(shuō)來(lái)， 每種時(shí)態(tài)都有與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在 （說(shuō) 話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。因此，這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)最常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是 now；但 有不少句子并沒(méi)有 now，只能通過(guò)提示語(yǔ)如 look、listen 等或者通過(guò)上下文來(lái) 確定用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打掃房間。 Lo

29、ok! The girl is dancing over there. 看！那個(gè)女孩在那里跳舞。 Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我們一起做游戲嗎？ Cant you see I am doing my homework? 你沒(méi)看見(jiàn)我正在做作業(yè)嗎？ 6、have/ has 的用法： 1 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 have 表示“有”，有兩種形式：have 和 has，前者用于第一人 稱(I, we，第二人稱(you和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)(they，后者用于第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it或單數(shù)名詞。 I have an apple and he has two bana

30、nas. 我有一個(gè)蘋果，他有兩個(gè)香 蕉。 You have a new English teacher. 你們有了一個(gè)新的英語(yǔ)老師。 It has two big eyes. 它有一雙大眼睛。 Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和杰克有一輛好看的車。 2 have/has 句型與 there be 句型的比較：兩者都表示“有”，但用法不 同。前者表示所屬關(guān)系，即表示“某人或某物有什么”，而后者表示存在，表示 “某地有什么”。 They have some new books. 他們有一些新書。 There are some new books on their

31、 desks. 他們桌子上有一些新書。 She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。 There are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商店里有很多漂 亮的裙子。 3 have/ has 的否定句，一般要加助動(dòng)詞 do/ does，再加 not 構(gòu)成，即 do not have (dont have/ does not have (doesnt have . She does not have a sister. 她沒(méi)有姐姐。 We dont have any classes on Saturday. 我們星期六

32、沒(méi)有課。 Ann and I dont have a big room. 我和安沒(méi)有一個(gè)大房間。 4 一般疑問(wèn)句由“助動(dòng)詞 Do/ Does + 主語(yǔ) + have + 賓語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成，回答 用 Yes, do/ does.或者 No, dont/ doesnt. -Do you have a big house? 他們的房子大嗎？ -No, they dont. 不，他們的房子不大。 -Does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮嗎？ -Yes, he does. 他有的。 5 特殊疑問(wèn)句由特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 助動(dòng)詞 do/ does + have (+狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。 What do the

33、y have? 他們有什么？ What does he have? 他有什么？ How many telephones do they have? 他們有幾部電話？ 7、介詞用法： 1 具體時(shí)間前介詞用 at。 . He gets up at half past seven every day. 他每天七點(diǎn)半起床。 She goes to bed at eleven oclock. 她十一點(diǎn)睡覺(jué)。 2 表示“在早上，在下午，在晚上”的短語(yǔ)中用介詞 in，且定冠詞 the 不 能省略；表示“在中午，在夜里”的短語(yǔ)中介詞用 at，不加冠詞。 in the morning 在早上，in the af

34、ternoon 在下午，in the evening 在晚 上 at noon 在中午，at night 在夜里 3 表示“在某天”、“在某天的上午、下午等”的短語(yǔ)用介詞 on。 What do you usually do on Monday morning? 星期一上午你通常做什么？ Do you sometimes go out to eat on Friday evening? 有時(shí)你星期五晚上 出去吃飯嗎？ He watches DVDs on Saturday night. 星期六晚上他看 DVD。 Parents take children to parks on June 1.

35、 六月一日，家長(zhǎng)們帶著孩子 去公園。 4 在 this, last, next, every 等詞前面既不加介詞，也不用冠詞。 What are you doing this afternoon? 今天下午你做什么？ He visits his grandma every Friday. 他每個(gè)星期五都去看望祖母。 She is going to Shanghai next Monday. 她下個(gè)星期一去上海。 8、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，或表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。 其動(dòng)詞形式是：動(dòng)詞原形（只有第三人稱單數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)除外，要加-s）其疑問(wèn)句 和否定句需要用助動(dòng)詞 do 或 does 1