辨明析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用

1、辨明析非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查歷來是高考英語(yǔ)試卷的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),也是我們英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)之一。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞(現(xiàn)在一般統(tǒng)稱為v.-ing詞、過去分詞和不定式?？v觀近幾年的高考試卷,2005年全國(guó)及各地試卷有32道試題考查相關(guān)內(nèi)容,其中14題涉及v.-ing,11題涉及不定式,7題的考查點(diǎn)是過去分詞;2006年全國(guó)及獨(dú)立命題的共18套試卷單選題中有29題考查相關(guān)內(nèi)容,其中12題涉及v.-ing,10題涉及動(dòng)詞不定式,7題考查過去分詞。而且短文改錯(cuò)和完形填空部分也有相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查?？疾樽⒅卣Z(yǔ)境,強(qiáng)調(diào)基本概念的運(yùn)用,無偏題怪題。在考查內(nèi)容方面,考查點(diǎn)包括不定式或v.-ing作賓

2、語(yǔ)的辨析,兩個(gè)及多個(gè)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般式、完成式和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)及獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致等。這些都是我們要弄懂弄透徹的內(nèi)容。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要弄懂下面內(nèi)容:1非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞和不定式都能做主語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ),一般來說,在表示比較抽象的一般性行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞,表示具體某次已經(jīng)或沒有發(fā)生的動(dòng)作則用不定式。用不定式做主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用it作形式主語(yǔ)。作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師討論這個(gè)問題是有必要的。常用不定

3、式做主語(yǔ)的句型有:Its difficult (important, necessary for sb. to doIts kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave of sb. to do.常用動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的句型有:Its no good (use, fun doing.Its (a waste of time ones doing.Its worth while doing.Theres no doing sth2 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)1、不定式做表語(yǔ)常表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的

4、動(dòng)作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他這節(jié)課的教學(xué)目的是要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說的能力。2、動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的解釋,這時(shí)主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置可以互換,動(dòng)名詞常用于口語(yǔ)中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的(指蟻后的專職工作是產(chǎn)卵。3、現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)與特征;進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. (現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)With the help of the t

5、eacher, the students are practising the idioms. (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)2非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)a.不定式及動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)有些動(dòng)詞只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ),如afford, appear, aim, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, bother, care, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prefer, promise, pretend, prepare, underta

6、ke, want, wish,等;有些動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),常見的有如advise, admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, practise, prevent, recall, risk, suggest, stand,keep等;另外,有些動(dòng)詞可以接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),其含義不同,常見動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ove, like, intend, try, remember, forget, m

7、ean, go on等,還有些可以接這二者且沒有太大區(qū)別,如begin, start等。b.動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)常見的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)如insist on, think of, dream of, approve of, prevent/keep/stop.from, look forward to, oppose to, be tired of, look forward to等都接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。3非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)不定式作表語(yǔ):不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)如果前面帶有do時(shí),可以將不定式的to省略,其他情況下要接帶to的不定式作表語(yǔ)。過去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)多表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)則表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征。The doo

8、r remained locked.The problem is quite pressing.4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)是主謂關(guān)系,過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),句子主語(yǔ)與其為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,表示行為方式或伴隨發(fā)生的情況,或作時(shí)間、原因、條件狀語(yǔ)。Having been there several times, he offered to be our guide.Accompanied by an elderly farmer, he spent several days observing the work.5非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的不定式與所修飾的詞之間往往有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此必須保

9、持不定式的及物性,如果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。He is a pleasant fellow to work with.作定語(yǔ)的分詞在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,有進(jìn)行式或完成式,主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的區(qū)別,要根據(jù)使用的語(yǔ)境仔細(xì)辨析。a及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,表示該動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如the problem to be discussed(要討論的問題,the problem being discussed(正在討論的問題,the problem discussed(討論過的問題。b不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示

10、已經(jīng)發(fā)生/完成的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,如 a developed country(發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,a developing country(發(fā)展中國(guó)家。c不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,有時(shí)候我們還可以用它作表語(yǔ),表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如My watch is gone.The moon is risen.(皓月當(dāng)空I am finished.(我的事做完了6非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)有些動(dòng)詞只能接現(xiàn)在分詞而不能接不定式作賓補(bǔ),如catch/find sb doing sth。下面動(dòng)詞接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)只能接不帶to的不定式:“吾看三室二廳一感覺”:5看,look at, see,

11、 notice, observe, watch;三使:have, let, make;2聽:listen to, hear;1感覺:feel。以上動(dòng)詞除了make、let還可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。7非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)表示與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)形式就是根據(jù)這個(gè)關(guān)系判斷。如果其邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)比一致,則要用其他形式:要么用完整的句子作從句,要么用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式有三個(gè):不定式的特殊形式,動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。a.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為了表示某動(dòng)作明確的主體,不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)要帶上,此時(shí)用for sb to do

12、 sth或of sb to dosth兩種形式。Its important to memorize a lot of English words.Its important for you to memorize a lot of English words.Its too early for there to be anyone in the street.b.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)就使用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):ones doing sth,如果是人稱代詞則也可以用賓格形式。Toms being polite is praised by all.We dont lik

13、e his/him/Toms showing off.c.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不定式及現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致,如果不一致則要將非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)帶在前面,構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)使用的場(chǎng)合一樣,都是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)其邏輯主語(yǔ)另有其人/物,這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)好比兄弟倆,站在不同的工作崗位。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成是(with+名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng),過去分詞表被動(dòng),不定式表示沒有發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure

14、to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.With all the she needed bought, Mrs. Smith hurried home.c.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致。正是從這一點(diǎn)考慮,我們才能確定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用何種形式。Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.Seeing from the top of the mountain, you can g

15、et a full view of the city.如果不一致就用其他結(jié)構(gòu),如獨(dú)立主格或狀語(yǔ)從句。If you check your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.如果句子的主語(yǔ)是it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)就可以不要求保持一致。To be a top gymnast, it is necessary to start when very young.Having suffered heavy pollution, it may be a bit too late to protect the river.d.非

16、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,這一點(diǎn)在高考試卷中考查的比較頻繁。1必糾錯(cuò)題1. With everything she needed_, she went out of the shop, with her hands full of shopping bags.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. boughtA. agreed her to stayB. agreed to stayC. let her stayingD. approved of her staying3. The joke told by Tom h ad us_, so our ma

17、ths teacher couldnt make himself _.A. laugh; heardB. laughing; heardC. laugh; hearD. laughed; to be heard4. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated5. My classmate made me_a letter for her t

18、his morning.A. postB. postedC. posting D to post6. Few users reported it to the police when _ in shopping on the Internet.A. cheatedB. cheatingC. be cheatedD. having cheated7. Richard was called in by the police to answer questions the disappearance of ThomasRipley, whose relatives were so his prese

19、nt situation.A. concerning; concerning aboutB. regarding; concerned aboutC. with regards to; concerned aboutD. concerned; worrying about8. In the past the root of this plant was said _ magical powers which could cure baldness.A. possessingB. to be possessedC. to possessD. to have possessed9. He didn

20、t want to risk wet as he had only one suit.A. gettingB. to getC. gotD. get10. , a form must be filled in.A. To ask for his jobB. In order to get his jobC. If you want to get this jobD. Making request for his job1.D本題使用了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。既然是她從商店里出來,可見她要買的東西已經(jīng)買了,用過去分詞。2.D從句意看,這里表示父親同意她繼續(xù)留在美國(guó),用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。3. B第一空用ha

21、ve sb doing sth而不用不定式,因?yàn)橘e補(bǔ)的動(dòng)作是賓語(yǔ)的自主行為,第二空用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示被動(dòng)含義。4.C這里使用了with的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的名詞為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即the audience were seated,因此選C。5. A這里用make sb do sth表示主動(dòng)含義,用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。6. D這里是when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(when they are cheated的省略式,用過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)含義。7.B第一空表示“與有關(guān)”,用現(xiàn)在分詞concerning、介詞短語(yǔ)with regards to或介詞regarding,第二空用be concer

22、ned about表示“關(guān)心,關(guān)注”。8. C謂語(yǔ)使用了一般過去時(shí)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“從前”呼應(yīng),因此不定式則用一般式。9. A動(dòng)詞risk只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),不可接不定式。10.C非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致,否則用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或狀語(yǔ)從句。2必做好題1. Mary rushed home she heard the news, only that his wife was gone.A. as soon as; findingB. when; foundC. the moment; findD. immediately; to find2. The earliest Asian

23、 cultural relic _in Africa also dates from this period.A. findsB. is foundedC. foundD. finding3. Y esterday, we held a meeting about English study, but failure.A. which ended inB. it ended up inC. ending inD. only to end up in4. Living near the sea,_ .A. we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sightB. he

24、althy air and beautiful sight is what we enjoyC. it is healthy air and beautiful sight that is what we enjoyD. so we enjoy healthy and beautiful sight5. Hes lucky enough to have many people _ him with the work.A. helpB. to helpC. helpedD. helping6. _all the possibilities, I really believe that Id pr

25、efer to make any change now.A. ConsiderB. To considerC. ConsideringD. Considered7. HIV seems _ from high-risk groups to the general public in our country, which has caught much attention of Chinas government.A to spreadB to have spreadC to be spreadingD that it has spread8. “We cannot get out in this weather,” said Bob, _out of the window.A. having lookedB. to lookC. lookedD. looking9. This is the man