免耕對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和土壤肥力的 影響及高產(chǎn)配套技術(shù)研究

1、分類號(hào) S511 單位代碼 10410 UDC 學(xué) 號(hào)學(xué) 位 論 文免耕對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和土壤肥力的影響及高產(chǎn)配套技術(shù)研究Effects of No-tillage on Rice Growth and Soil Fertility and I ts High Yield Cultivation Technology of Rice吳建富指導(dǎo)教師姓名： 潘曉華 教授 申請(qǐng)學(xué)位級(jí)別： 博 士 學(xué) 科 名 稱 ： 作物栽培學(xué)與耕作學(xué) 論文提交日期：2008.4 論文答辯日期：2008.6學(xué)位授予單位和日期： 江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 2008.6江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)二零零八年五月獨(dú) 創(chuàng) 性 聲 明本人聲明，所呈交的學(xué)位

2、論文，是在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，通過我的努力取得的成果，并且是自己撰寫的。盡我所知，除了文中作了標(biāo)注和致謝中已經(jīng)作了答謝的地方外，論文中不包含其他人發(fā)表或撰寫過的研究成果，也不包含在江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)或其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)獲得學(xué)位或證書而使用過的材料。與我一同對(duì)本研究做出貢獻(xiàn)的同志，都在論文中作了明確的說(shuō)明并表示了謝意。如被查有嚴(yán)重侵犯他人知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的行為，由本人承擔(dān)應(yīng)有的責(zé)任。學(xué)位論文作者親筆簽名： 日 期：論文使用授權(quán)的說(shuō)明本人完全了解江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，即學(xué)校有權(quán)送交論文的復(fù)印件，允許論文被查閱和借閱；學(xué)?？梢怨颊撐牡娜炕虿糠謨?nèi)容，可以采用影印、縮印或其他復(fù)制手段保存論文。保密，在

3、年后解密可適用本授權(quán)書。不保秘, 本學(xué)位論文屬于不保密。 （請(qǐng)?jiān)诜娇騼?nèi)打“”）學(xué)位論文作者親筆簽名：日 期：指導(dǎo)教師親筆簽名： 日 期：課題來(lái)源本研究是國(guó)家科技部糧食豐產(chǎn)科技工程江西分項(xiàng)“江西雙季稻豐產(chǎn)高效技術(shù)集成與示范（2004ba520a04）”、國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目“長(zhǎng)江中下游南部（江西）雙季稻豐產(chǎn)高效技術(shù)集成研究與示范（2006BAD02A04）”和江西省教育廳項(xiàng)目“水稻免耕高產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)的研究”、“水稻免耕拋秧的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題研究”的一部分。免耕對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和土壤肥力的影響及高產(chǎn)配套技術(shù)研究摘 要為了探討免耕對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和土壤肥力的影響及高產(chǎn)配套技術(shù)研究, 于2005-2007年就雙

4、季稻免耕拋栽的立苗問題、稻田連續(xù)免耕拋栽對(duì)土壤理化和生物學(xué)性狀的影響、免耕拋栽對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生理生態(tài)特性的影響、免耕拋栽對(duì)水稻營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性的影響以及氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)免耕拋栽水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生理生態(tài)特性的影響5個(gè)方面進(jìn)行了較為系統(tǒng)的研究，旨在為該技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用提供理論基礎(chǔ)。主要的研究結(jié)果如下：1.免耕拋栽對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生理生態(tài)特性的影響結(jié)果表明：免耕拋栽水稻分蘗時(shí)間比翻耕移栽早而比翻耕拋秧的遲，成穗率免耕高于翻耕。免耕1-2年，水稻的結(jié)實(shí)率和產(chǎn)量均高于翻耕處理，隨著免耕時(shí)間（3年）的延長(zhǎng)，結(jié)實(shí)率和產(chǎn)量開始下降。水稻根系絕大部分分布在表層（0-5cm）土壤，水稻單穴根系固持力呈翻耕移栽 (CT翻耕拋

5、秧 (CCT免耕拋秧 (NCT，隨著免耕年限的延長(zhǎng)，這種趨勢(shì)更明顯。分配在葉片中的干物質(zhì)比例早、晚稻免耕高于翻耕。莖葉干物質(zhì)表觀輸出率和轉(zhuǎn)換率均呈NCTCCTCT，輸出率和轉(zhuǎn)換率與產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)。水稻群體光合勢(shì)、勢(shì)粒比免耕高于翻耕，粒葉比免耕低于翻耕。光合勢(shì)與產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)，勢(shì)粒比與結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒重和籽粒平均灌漿速率呈顯著正相關(guān),粒葉比與結(jié)實(shí)率、千粒重和籽粒平均灌漿速率呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。齊穗期穎花傷流量呈NCTCTCCT,穎花傷流量與結(jié)實(shí)率呈顯著正相關(guān)。源庫(kù)增量比呈NCTCCT，CT，源庫(kù)增量比與產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)。劍葉中葉綠素含量呈NCT CCTCT， POD、CAT活性和MDA 含量免耕均低于

6、翻耕處理，免耕拋栽有利于延緩葉片衰老。2.免耕拋栽水稻的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性研究結(jié)果表明：早、晚稻氮、磷、鉀的總吸收量均呈NCTCCTCT，除晚稻氮吸收量拋秧處理極顯著高于翻耕移栽處理外，其它均不顯著。早、晚稻生育前期群體氮、磷和鉀的吸收量免耕處理均比翻耕處理少，生育中、后期免耕拋秧與翻耕拋秧相近，但均高于翻耕移栽。生產(chǎn)100公斤籽粒所需N、P2O 5、K2O的量各處理差異不大。肥料N的利用率均呈CCTNCTCT，肥料P2O 5、K2O的利用率均呈NCTCCTCT。早、晚稻氮、磷、鉀的總吸收量與產(chǎn)量均呈顯著相關(guān)。3.免耕拋栽對(duì)土壤理化和生物學(xué)性狀的影響稻田免耕1年（2季），有利于土壤物理性狀的改善，隨著免

7、耕時(shí)間（3年6季）的延長(zhǎng)，土壤物理性質(zhì)變差。但免耕2年后，采用紫云英和稻草還田能降低免耕稻田的土壤容重，提高總孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度。免耕有利于土壤養(yǎng)分在表層土壤富集。土壤中三大類微生物總量免耕處理小于翻耕處理,免耕土壤細(xì)菌的數(shù)量增加，而放線菌和真菌的數(shù)量減少。土壤中脲酶活性增加，而過氧化氫酶和過氧化物酶的活性均降低。脲酶，過氧化氫酶和多酚氧化酶的活性均與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)，全氮含量呈極顯著相關(guān)，而過氧化物酶活性則與土壤全氮和速效鉀含量呈極顯著相關(guān)。4.免耕拋秧稻的立苗特性及立苗技術(shù)研究適宜的淺水（1cm左右）拋栽、短秧齡（20d）拋栽、前期適當(dāng)增施氮肥、適量的稻草還田（1200kg/hm2）、旱育秧拋

8、栽和采用化學(xué)藥物處理均有利于扎根立苗,早生快發(fā)，促進(jìn)地上部生長(zhǎng)。非直立苗的立苗速度與秧齡長(zhǎng)短有很大關(guān)系，短秧齡有利于加快非直立苗的立苗速度和水稻生長(zhǎng)。秧苗拋栽后立苗期每株平均根數(shù)和根長(zhǎng)、地上部可溶性糖和全氮含量都與立苗密相關(guān)。5.氮肥運(yùn)籌對(duì)免耕拋栽稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生理生態(tài)特性的影響在施氮量為0-240kg/hm2范圍內(nèi)，免耕拋栽早稻產(chǎn)量隨施氮量的增加而顯著增加。晚稻產(chǎn)量隨施氮量的增加而顯著增加，當(dāng)施氮量超過180 kg/hm2時(shí)，產(chǎn)量顯著降低。在施氮量為180 kg/hm2條件下,氮肥基蘗肥與穗肥比例早稻以8：2施用效果最好，晚稻以7：3施用效果最好。早發(fā)度隨著施氮量和基蘗穗肥施氮比例的增加而降

9、低，早發(fā)度與成穗率和產(chǎn)量均呈顯著正相關(guān)。免耕拋栽早、晚稻群體干物質(zhì)積累量隨著氮肥用量的增加而增加,水稻干物質(zhì)的積累量與稻谷產(chǎn)量和群體氮積累量均呈顯著正相關(guān)。同一施氮水平，總干物質(zhì)產(chǎn)量早、晚稻均以N(7:3處理最高，N(10:0處理最低。免耕拋栽早、晚稻抽穗后群體光合勢(shì)和抽穗期穎花傷流量均隨氮肥用量的增加而增加，隨施氮比例的增加而減少。施氮量與群體光合勢(shì)呈顯著正相關(guān)，基蘗穗肥施氮比例與光合勢(shì)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)，群體的光合勢(shì)、穎花傷流量與產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)。免耕拋栽早、晚稻植株體內(nèi)氮素的總積累量和各器官氮素積累量隨氮肥用量的增加而增加，同一施氮水平，植株氮素的總積累量隨基蘗肥與穗肥施氮比例增加而減少。水稻

10、一生中氮素的積累量與施氮量呈顯著正相關(guān),早、晚稻抽穗至成熟期莖葉氮素的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)率與產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān)。免耕拋栽早稻氮肥的吸收利用率隨施氮量的增加而增加，隨基蘗穗肥施氮比例的增加而降低，晚稻則隨施氮量和基蘗穗肥施氮比例的增加而降低，氮肥的生理利用率和農(nóng)學(xué)利用率均隨施氮量的增加而降低。關(guān)鍵詞:雙季稻；免耕拋秧；產(chǎn)量；生理生態(tài)特性；立苗；氮肥運(yùn)籌Effects of No-tillage on Rice Growth and Soil Fertility andI ts High Yield Cultivation Technology of RiceABSTRACTTo investigate the

11、physiological and ecological characteristics of no-tillage in paddy and its high yield cultivation technology of rice, in order to provide the scientific and theoretic foundation for popularizing and applying the technology of no-tillage with seedling throwing, some field experiments were conducted

12、in double cropping rice field during 2005-2007 to study the technology of seedling establishment of no-tillage and cast transplanting rice, effects of paddy field continuous no-tillage and cast transplanted on soil physical and chemical and biological characteristics, effects of no-tillage and cast

13、transplanted on rice growth and development and physiological and ecological characteristics and rice nutritional characteristics, effects of nitrogen management on no-tillage and cast transplanting rice growth and development and physiological and ecological characteristics. The results were as fol

14、lows:1. Effects of no-tillage and cast transplanted on rice growth and physiological and ecological characteristicsThe tillering time was earlier than that in conventional tillage transplant treatment, but was slower than that in conventional tillage cast transplant treatment. the productive tiller

15、percentage was higher than that in conventional tillage cast transplant treatment. After one to two years of continuous no-tillage, the filled grain percentage and rice yield were higher than that in conventional tillage transplant treatment,respectively, as the time (three years of no-tillage prolo

16、ng, the the filled grain percentage and rice yield were decreased, respectively.The profile distribution of root amount was mainly in the 05cm soil layer,the fixing force of rice root was Conventional-tillage transplanting （CT ）Conventional-tillage cast transplanting （CCT ）No-tillage cast transplant

17、ing (NCT, as the time of no-tillage prolong, the tendency was moreobvious.The ratio of early and late rice dry matter distributed in leaf blades under no-tillage treatment was higher than that under conventional tillage treatment. Apparent transportation ratio and transformation ratio of dry mater i

18、n stems and leaves from fully heading to maturity stage were NCTCCT CT, there was a positive correlation significantly between the apparent transportation ratio and transformation ratio and yield.The population photosynthetic potential and photosynthetic potential-grain ratio of no-tillage and cast

19、transplant treatment were higher than that in conventional tillage treatment,respectively, the grain-leaf ratio of no-tillage and cast transplant treatment was lower than that in conventional tillage treatment.There was a positive correlation significantly between photosynthetic potential and yield,

20、 there was a positive correlation significantly between photosynthetic potential-grain ratio and filled grain percentage and 1000-grain weight and average grain filling rate, there was a negative correlation significantly between grain-leaf ratio and filled grain percentage and 1000-grain weight and

21、 average grain filling rate.The spikelet-root bleeding intensity of fully heading stage was NCTCT CCT, there was a positive correlation significantly between spikelet-root bleeding intensity and filled grain percentage.The ratio of source to sink in increment was NCTCCT ，CT, there was a positive cor

22、relation significantly between source to sink in increment and yield.The content of chlorophyll in flag leaf after heading was NCTCCT CT. The POD and CAT and the content of MDA in flag leaf under no-tillage and cast transplant treatment were lower than that under conventional tillage treatments, res

23、pectively, no-tillage and cast transplant treatment was beneficial to retardation leaf senescence.2. Study on the nutritional characteristics of no-tillage and cast transplanted rice The results showed that total N, P2O 5 and K2O accumulation in early and late rice followed the order that NCTCCT CT,

24、 late rice N accumulation of NCT and CCT was higher than that of CT. The early and late rice N, P2O 5 and K2O accumulation ofNCT in the early stage was lower than that of CCT and CT, NCT and CCT were similar at middle and late stages, and were higher than that of CT. The N, P2O 5 and K 2O requiremen

25、t per 100 kg grain of different treatments were the same. The N use efficiency of early and later rice followed the order that CCTNCT CT, the P2O 5 and K2O use efficiency followed the order that NCTCCT CT.There was a close correlation between the amount of N, P2O 5 and K2O uptake and rice yield.3. E

26、ffects of no-tillage and cast transplanted on soil physical and chemical and biological characteristicsThe no-tillage treatment of one year （two season）improved soil physical properties, as the time (three years six season of no-tillage prolonged, the physics characteristics were going to be bad. Bu

27、t after two years of no-tillage, the cultivated horizon soil density was decreased and the total porosity and non-capillary were increased by milk vetch and straw incorporation. The no-tillage treatment increased soil nutrients content in the surface layer.Soil analysis showed that in no-tillage fie

28、ld, three kinds of soil microbe amounts were lower than that in conventional tillage treatment, the amount of soil bacteria was increased, while that of soil antinomies and fungi was reduced.The urease activity of surface layer soil was increased, while the catalase and peroxidase activity were redu

29、ced. There was a significantly positive correlation between the urease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity and soil organic matter and total N, while there was a significantly positive correlation between peroxidase activity and soil total N and available K.4. Study on the seedling establishme

30、nt characters and seedling establishment technology of no-tillage and cast transplanting riceThe results showed that no-tillage seedling broadcasting cultivation was beneficial to root standing, seedling establishment, early growth and above-soil growth under the condition of appropriate low water(a

31、round 1 cm,short seedling age ,appropriate increase N at the early growth stage, appropriate straw incorporation(1200 kg/hm2, dry land seedling raising on plastic trays and chemical medicines. The speed of seedling establishment no-direct seedlings had great relationto seedling age, short seedling a

32、ge quickened seedling establishment and promoted rice growth.There was a close correlation between average root number and roots length per plant, soluble sugar, total N content of topsoil and seedling establishment after seedling broadcasting with no-tillage.5. Effects of nitrogen management on no-

33、tillage and cast transplanting rice growth and physiological and ecological characteristicsThe grain yield of no-tillage and cast transplanting early rice was significantly increased with the nitrogen application from 0 to 240 kg.hm-2, while that of no-tillage cast transplanting late rice was signif

34、icantly increased with the nitrogen application from 0 to 180 kg.hm-2, during the amount of N application in excess of 180 kg.hm-2, the grain yield was significantly decreased. At the same application levels of N（180 kg.hm -2）,the N(8:2 (basic-tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer treatment had the

35、highest grain yield in early rice, while the N(7:3 treatment had the highest grain yield in late rice.The ratio of shoot dry weight to LAI in 1st branch differentiation period was decreased with the nitrogen application and proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer and panicle fert

36、ilizer increasing，there was positive correlation significantly between the ratio of shoot dry weight to LAI in 1st branch differentiation period and the productive tiller percentage and yield.The dry matter yield of no-tillage and cast transplanting early and late rice was increased with the amounts

37、 of nitrogen application increasing; there was a positive correlation significantly between the dry matter yield and grain yield and the N accumulation of rice population. The N (7:3 treatment had the highest dry matter yield of early and late rice, while the N (10:0 treatment had the lowest dry mat

38、ter yield of early and late rice at the same application levels of nitrogen.The population photosynthetic potential after heading and spikelet-root bleeding intensity of heading stage of no-tillage and cast transplanting early and late rice were increased with the amounts of nitrogen application inc

39、reasing, on the contrary, these were decreased with the proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer andpanicle fertilizer increasing. There was a positive correlation significantly between the amounts of N application and population photosynthetic potential, while there was a negativ

40、e correlation significantly between the proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer and population photosynthetic potential. There were positive correlation significantly between the population photosynthetic potential and spikelet-root bleeding intensity and g

41、rain yield.The N accumulation of no-tillage and cast transplanting early and late rice at maturity stage was increased with the amounts of nitrogen application increasing, while it was decreased with proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer increasing at the

42、 same application levels of nitrogen. There was a positive correlation significantly between the amounts of N application and N accumulation; there was a positive correlation significantly between the N transfer efficiency and grain yieldThe fertilizer-N recovery efficiency of no-tillage cast transp

43、lanting early rice was increased with the amounts of nitrogen application increasing, while it was decreased with the proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer increasing, but that of no-tillage and cast transplanting late rice was decreased with the amounts

44、of nitrogen application and the proportion of N application used as basic-tiller fertilizer and panicle fertilizer increasing, the fertilizer-N physiological efficiency and agronomic efficiency were decreased with the amounts of nitrogen application increasing.KEY WORDS: Double cropping rice; No-til

45、lage cast transplaning; Yield; Physiological and ecological characteristics; Seedling establishment; Nitrogen management目 錄摘 要.I ABSTRACT. IV 縮寫語(yǔ).XIII前言.1第一章 水稻免耕栽培研究進(jìn)展.21.免耕的涵義與特點(diǎn). 21.1免耕的涵義. 21.2免耕栽培的特點(diǎn). 22.免耕的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀. 32.1 國(guó)外免耕的發(fā)展.32.2國(guó)內(nèi)免耕的發(fā)展. 53.稻田免耕對(duì)土壤特性的影響. 63.1免耕對(duì)土壤物理性狀的影響. 63.2 免耕對(duì)土壤化學(xué)性狀的影響.93.

46、3免耕對(duì)土壤生物學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響. 134.免耕對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響. 144.1 對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)和群體結(jié)構(gòu)的影響.144.2 對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的影響.165.水稻免耕拋秧在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題. 165.1 化學(xué)除草滅茬問題.165.2 有機(jī)肥料施用問題.175.3 立苗難的問題.175.4 倒伏的問題.185.5 高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)問題.185.6 后期早衰問題.196.水稻免耕拋秧還值得研究的問題. 19第二章 免耕拋栽對(duì)水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及其生理生態(tài)特性的影響.201.材料與方法. 201.1供試材料. 201.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì). 201.3測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法. 211.4有關(guān)指標(biāo)的計(jì)算方法. 221.5 數(shù)據(jù)處

47、理.232.結(jié)果與分析. 232.1 免耕對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量及構(gòu)成因素的影響.232.2 免耕對(duì)水稻分蘗和葉面積動(dòng)態(tài)的影響.252.3 免耕對(duì)水稻根系生長(zhǎng)的影響.272.4 免耕對(duì)水稻干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響.292.5 免耕對(duì)水稻群體透光率的影響.322.6 免耕對(duì)水稻源庫(kù)特性的影響.322.7 免耕對(duì)葉片衰老的影響.392.8 免耕對(duì)稻米品質(zhì)的影響.413.討論. 42第三章 免耕拋栽水稻的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性研究.451.材料與方法. 451.1供試材料和試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì). 451.2測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法. 451.3數(shù)據(jù)處理. 452.結(jié)果與分析. 452.1群體氮的吸收特性. 452.2群體磷的吸收特性. 482.3 群體鉀的吸收特性.492.4 生產(chǎn)100 kg籽粒N、P2O 5、K2O的需要量.512.5 肥料N、P2O 5、K2O的利用率. 522.6 水稻群體氮磷鉀的吸收量與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系.523.討論