直接引語變間接引語總結(jié)

1、直接引語(The Direct Speech)與間接引語(The In direct Speech引述別人的話時，一般采用兩種方式：一是引用別人的原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)，稱為 直接引語；二是用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的話不放在引號內(nèi)，稱為間接引語。間接引語 在大多數(shù)情況下是一個賓語從語。直接引語變成間接引語時，要注意以下幾點：人稱變化、 時態(tài)變化、賓語從句要用陳述句語序。1. 直接引語是陳述句，變成間接引語時，由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)。例如：She said, "I am very happy to help you."She said that she was very ha

2、ppy to help you.2. 直接引語是一般 (選擇 / 反意 )疑問句，變成間接引語時，由連詞 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)。 例如：He asked me, "Do you like playi ng football?"He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.注意：大多數(shù)情況下， if 和 whether 可以互換，但后有 or not, 或在動詞不定式前，或 放在介詞后作連接詞時，一般只用 whether 。例如：She asked me whether he could do it or not.H

3、e hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.3. 直接引語是特殊疑問句， 變成間接引語時， 由相應(yīng)的疑問詞 who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引導(dǎo)。例如：My sister asked me, "How do you like the fiIm?"My sister asked me how I liked the film.4. 直接引語是祈使句，變成間接引語時，把動詞原形變成動詞不定式，并在動詞不定前加 tell, ask, order 等的賓語。例如：The

4、capta in ordered, "Be quiet."The captain ordered us to be quiet.注意：此種情況的否定句，在動詞不定式前加 not 。My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."My teacher asked me not to laugh.5. 一些注意事項(1) 直接引語是客觀事實、普遍真理等，變成間接引語時，時態(tài)不變。例如：They told their son ,"The earth goes round the sun."They told t

5、heir son that the earth goes round the sun.(2) 直接引語變間接引語時， 指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。如：this/that t these/those, nowthen, today that day, yesterdaythe day before,last year t the year before, agot before, here 等)th例如：He said, "I haven't seen her today."tHe said that he hadn't seen her t

6、hat day.注意：如果轉(zhuǎn)述時就在原來的地方，就在說話的當天，就不必改變指示代詞、時間狀語、 地點狀語等。(3) 間接引語一般要用陳述句的語序，即主、謂、賓的順序。例如：He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?" tHe asked Lucy where she went.Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?" tTom asked Ann what she wanted.直接引語(The Direct Speech)與間接引語(The In direct Speech)的錯誤 在英語里，我們可以

7、用兩種方法轉(zhuǎn)述人的話語。第一種是直接引語(The DirectSpeech);第二種是間接引語( The In direct Speech)，也可叫"The Reported Speech”)。 從直接引語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語是一種表達行式的改變，不影響原意。例如： a. He said, "I am working now."b. He said that he was working then. a. She asked me, "Do you like to sing?"b. She asked me if I liked to sing. a

8、. "Go out!" the man said to the boy.b. The man ordered the boy to go out. b,b,b是間接引語，其形式和a,a,a不同。間接引語是種常見的句法，用得很多。正因為用得多，出錯的機會也多。下面便是些例 子： He said that he would come tomorrow.這里的副詞“tomorrow ”要變成“the next day” 。理由是：間接引語里的時間副詞或短語， 一般上要把其中的時間向前推，如： tomorrow: the next day; today: that day; las

9、t night: the night before; now: then; ago: before that time 等。 I asked what is wrong with him.這里的“ is”要變成"was”。須知：主句"I asked ”和分句“ what is wrong with him ”的動詞時態(tài)必須配合。既然主句的動詞“asked”是過去時態(tài)，分句的動詞也要過去時態(tài)“was”。此外，動詞時態(tài)一般上也要推前，因此簡單過去時態(tài)(Simple Past Tense)要變成過去完成時態(tài)(Past Perfect Tense), 如： went : had g

10、one; left : had left. John told her don't do that again.這里的“ don't do”要變成“ not to do”才對。理由是：祈使句變成間接引語時的形式是不定式動詞：“ to + verb / not to + verb ”,如： to come / not to come; to do / not to do. She asked me where was I going.這里的“ was I”詞序不對，要變成“ I was ”才是，因為間接疑問句(in direct question )里的詞序和敘述句一樣,是正常詞

11、序,不是倒裝法,如： He wanted to know who that girl was. John asked Helen if she was free. She asked me whether I could help her.如果詞序是倒裝形式,就錯了：*.who was that girl.*.if was she free.*.whether could I help her. 關(guān)于間接疑問句,還有一點必須注意的是,直接疑問句里的疑問詞要照用,如例的“who”。如果沒有疑問詞，就要借重連接詞“if”或“ whether”之助，如例和便是。順便提一提怎樣把表示驚嘆或愿望的直接引

12、語轉(zhuǎn)成間接引語。11. He said, "Alas! I am undone."12. "Bravo! You have done a good job, Mary," said the teacher.13. "Good Heaven!' Tom cried, "I'll never lie again."把 11-13,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?14-16 時, 可以用恰當?shù)膭釉~把深層的意思反映出來, 甚至加些原文沒 有的字眼,也無所謂：14. He exclaimed that he was undone.15. Th

13、e teacher praised Mary, saying that she had done a good job.16. Tom called upon Heaven to witness his determination not to lie again間接引語練習(xí)及分析一） 高考試題題選與分析1 1985 Can you tell me?B.thas gentleman is whoD.whom is that gentlemanA. who is that gentleman C.who that gentleman2. 1986 Can you tell me the rail

14、way stationA. how I can get to B.how can I get toC. where I can get toD.where can I get to3. 1998 I asked my lawyer say in court.B.what should IA.what I shouldC. how I should D. how should I題析：這三題的答案分別是：C、A、A。這三題的選項部分（即間接引語部分）都是含有疑問的意思，本來應(yīng)是特殊疑問句形式，但當疑問句改為間接引語時，須將疑問句的語 序改為陳述句的語序。歸納：（1）用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫做間

15、接引語。間接引語一般都構(gòu)成賓語從句。 （ 2）特殊疑問句變間接引語，首先把疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，去掉問號，然后用 原句的wh 疑問詞引導(dǎo)。（3）陳述句由直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，首先將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換為由不得that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。引語動詞常用 say,tell 等。Eg.直接弓丨語： "I enjoy play ing chess”間接引語： she said that she enjoyed playing chess.（ 4）一般疑問句由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，首先將疑問句詞序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湓~序，去 掉問號，然后在句子前面加 whether 或 if 。引語動詞可用 ask , wo

16、nder,want to know,don ' t know ,be not sure , be puzzle等，但不能用 say,tell。Eg.直接引語：“ Are you feeli ng tired?”間接引語： The teacher asked me whether I was feeling tired .4. 1988 They want to know do to help us .A.what can theyB.what they canC.how they canD.how can they5. 1991 No one can be sure in a null

17、ion years.A.what man will look likeB.what will man look like .C.man will look like whatD.what look will man like6. 1987 They have no idea at all.A.where he has gone .B. where did he goC.which place he has goneD.where has he gone.題析：（1）第4題選B。首先要選擇間接引語部分是陳述詞序的選項；第二要考慮疑問詞 的正確使用，從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，間接引語部分的謂語 do 缺少了

18、賓語，因此應(yīng) 選擇連接詞 what 充當 do 的賓語。（2）第5題選A。第一個原因與上題一樣；第二點關(guān)于疑問詞的考慮，因為間接引 語部分的謂語 will look like 的 like 是介詞，而介詞必須帶有賓語， 因此使用連 接詞 what 充當介詞 like 的賓語。（3）第6題選A。第一個原因與第 4題一樣；至于疑問詞的選擇，因為go是一個不及物動詞，如果要表示“去哪里”，就要用“ go+副詞”或“ go+介詞+名詞/代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此如果選C的話，gone后應(yīng)加介詞to。故使用連接詞 where。歸納： （5）在做單項選擇題時，除了考慮間接引語部分需用陳述詞序外，還應(yīng)考慮如何 選擇正

19、確的連接詞。用哪一個連接詞要取決于句子表達的意思以及間接引語部 分所缺少的成分。7 1990 Can you make sure the gold ring ?A. where Alice had putB.where had Alice putC.where Alice has putD.where has Alice put題析：這題的答案選 C。第一點考慮的是間接引語部分需使用陳述詞序，故排除B和D。第二考慮的是時態(tài)問題。因為主句使用了一般現(xiàn)在時，如果選擇A，使用過去完成時，在這個句子并沒有過去時間作參照點，因此不能使用過去完成時。歸納：（6）間接引語部分的時態(tài)必須與主句的時態(tài)相協(xié)調(diào)。（

20、7） 如果直接引語所在的句中的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r態(tài)，改為間接引語時， 時態(tài)不變。Eg. He says “I didn 't go to school today .”He says that he didn't go to school that day .（8）如果直接引語講述的是客觀真理現(xiàn)象，改為間接引語時，其一般現(xiàn)在時不變。Eg. The teacher said ,“The earth is round . ”The teacher said that the earth is round .（9）如果說話時間與引述時間不同，即引述某人過去說過的話，則動詞時態(tài)要

21、作相應(yīng)變化， 即動詞時態(tài)一律向過去推移一步。Eg. A. 直接引語： 間接引語： B. 直接引語： 間接引語：“ 丄?it 'nsoswing. ”He told me that it was snowing.I have studied English for ten years. ”He said that he had studied English for ten years.C.直接引語： "I am looking forward to seeing Tom. ” 間接引語： He told me he was looking forward to seeing

22、Tom.D.直接引語：“ We will wiss the bas .間接引語：She was afraid they wonld wiss the bas .（10）直接引語中的虛似語氣，時態(tài)保持不變。Eg. “I suggest that the meeting be put off till next week.” he sdid .He suggested that the meeting be put off till the next week .（11）當直接引語中有確定的過去時間狀語時，謂語動詞的一般過去時不必變?yōu)檫^去完成時，因為在這種情況下， “過去的過去”已經(jīng)不言而明。Eg

23、. “ I was born in 1950” H.e said was born in 1950.8.1996 The patient was warned oily food after the poeration.A. to eat notB.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating題析：這一題的答案選 C。這句話是間接引語的另一種形式，即祈使句的間接引語。祈使句 改為間接引語時，把祈使句中的動詞原形改為動詞不定式，如果是否定祈使句，就在 動詞不定式前加 not,因此選擇Co歸納： *（12）直接引語如果是祈使句，變間接引語時，要使用“謂+賓+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)

24、，引述動詞常用 ask , tell ,warn , advise, order 等。如果該祈使句的說話者采用的動詞為 said, 就 將其改為 told , asked 或 ordered 等，如果祈使句中有 please 一詞，改為間接引語時， 要將 please 去掉。祈使句的直接引語變間接引語 初中階段我們學(xué)習(xí)了陳述句和疑問句的直接引語變間接引語的用法，這里主要講解祈使 句的直接引語變間接引語的用法。先看兩個句子：1. “ Put your coat in the closet, ” the landlord said to him.t The Iandlord asked him t

25、o put his coat in the closet.2. The father said to his children, “ Don't move! ” tThe father told his children not to move.從以上兩個句子可以看出：例句 1 是表示“請求”的口氣；例句 2 是表示“命令” 的口氣。 由此看來，當我們轉(zhuǎn)述祈使句時，通常將原句中的動詞變?yōu)閯釉~不定式，并在 不定式的前面加上 ask, order, tell 等轉(zhuǎn)述動詞，形成三種結(jié)構(gòu)： 表示邀請、請求某人做某事時用 ask sb. to do sth.; 表示叫、吩咐某人做某事時用 tel

26、l sb. to do sth.; 表示命令某人做某事時用 order sb. (not) to do sth. 。例如： She said to us, “ Please have a rest. t She asked us to have a rest.The old man said, “ Don't smoke in the hall. "tThe old man told me not to smoke in the hall. The officer said, “Go away.” tThe officer ordered us to go away. 注意：

27、當祈使句的直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，因為祈使句表示“請求” 、“命令”等 口氣，所以祈使句直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時不存在時態(tài)的變化。但是人稱、指示代 詞、時間、地點狀語等的變化還應(yīng)根據(jù)陳述句直接引語變間接引語的方法進行相應(yīng) 的改變。例如：One of the doctors said, “ Let me go on with the operation, Dr. Bethune. ”t One of the doctors asked Dr. Bethune to let him go on with the operation.不知道同學(xué)們注意到?jīng)]有，該句直接引語中有個稱呼語Dr. Bethun

28、e, 般把它當作賓語用。再如：“Go and wash your face, Tom,”Mother said.tMother told Tom to go and wash his face. 順便提一下,祈使句的間接引語變直接引語也應(yīng)該遵循陳述句間接引語變直接引語 的方法。例如：Wei Fang asked him to give it to her. t“ Give it to me, please, ” Wei Fang said to him. 只要同學(xué)們認真記住以上三種祈使句直接引語變間接引語的基本結(jié)構(gòu),相信同學(xué)們 一定能學(xué)會祈使句的直接引語變間接引語。 小試牛刀：A) 變下列直接

29、引語為間接引語。1.“ Stop talking! ” the monitor said to the class.2.“ Repeat it three times,” the teacher said to her.3.“ Will you buy some bread for me?” he said to her.4.“ Don't take off your coat,” she said to her sister.5.“ Stay here!” the officer said to the soldier.B) 填空完成間接引語，每空一詞。6. “ Don't

30、forget to give the message t o my wife, ” he said tLoi Ping. He Li Ping forget to give the message to wife.7. “ Mum,please help me find my shirt, h”e said.He his mother help find shirt.8. “Use your knife to cut the boots open, ” the officer said to the guard.The officer the guard knife to cut the bo

31、ots open.9. “ Don't spend too much time on football! ” Mother said to me.Mother me too much time on football.10. “Will you sleep and get up early, children? ” Father said.Father the children and up early.C) 單項選擇。11. "Don't worry about me, ” she her sister.A. said to B. referred to C. th

32、anked to D. spoke12. “ help me with my English? ”she said.A. Shall we B. Do you C. Could you D. Might you13. She told me a noise in the hall.A. don't make B. not to make C. make not to D. to make not14. Martin his dog to lie down under the big tree.A. made B. had C. promised D. ordered15. His fa

33、ther asked the boy, “ a_re_ doing this for?”A. What; you B. Which; you C. Where; we D. Why; weKey: A) 1. The monitor told the class to stop talking. 2. The teacher asked her to repeat it three times. 3. He asked her to buy some bread for him. 4. She asked her sister not to take off her coat. 5. The

34、officer ordered the soldier to stay there. B) 6. told; not to; his 7. asked; to; him; his 8. ordered; to use his 9. told; not to spend 10. asked; to sleep; get C)1115 ACBDA“題外話”歸納：(13) 感嘆句的間接引語語序不變。Eg. “How wonderful the design and colors are !”He told the Empertr how wonderful the desigh and the co

35、lors were .(14) 有些疑問句形式上是疑問句，內(nèi)容卻是陳述句，表示建議、提議等。Eg .“shall we get the tickets first ? ”He suggested getting the tickets first .(He suggested that they get the tickets first .)(15) 直接引語變成間接引語有“四變，一注意” ：變句型、變時態(tài)、變?nèi)朔Q和變其他；一注意： 引語動詞；(16) 直接引語變間接引語時，如說話時間變了，則謂語動詞時態(tài)和時間狀語需要改變。如today tthat day , this morning th

36、at morning.(17) 如果說話地點變了，則地點狀語和指示代詞也要變，如hereTthere.,this that總之變化的趨勢是由“近”變“遠” 。(18) 如說話人或聽話人變了，則人稱代詞也需要變化。Eg . Teacher: Jane , you must finish your honework on time .( 說話人老師，聽話人 Jane.)A. Joh n（把老師的話轉(zhuǎn)告別人）The teacher told Jane that she must finish her homework on time .B. John （把老師的話轉(zhuǎn)告 Jane）The teache

37、r said that you must finish your homework on time .C. Jane （向別轉(zhuǎn)述老師的話 ）The teacher said that I must finish my homework on time .D. Teacher （向約翰復(fù)述自己的話 ）I told you that you must finish your homework on time . （二 ） 練習(xí)。1 My father suggested a jo6 in a hospital.A.that I get B. that I got C. me to get .D.t

38、hat my getting2. Can you tell me the 28 th Olynypic Games?A.when will , be held .B.when , will be heldC.when will be , heldD.when ,will hold3. Mr Brown is said a new noved .A.to writeB.to have been writtenC.to be writtenD.to have written.4. He demanded that every student there at once.A.wentB.must goC.goes D. go5. That man insisted that he there .A. should send B. would be sent C. be sent D. sent6. I want to know .A. what city does she come fromB. from what city does she come .C. from which city does whe come .D. what city she comes from .7. “ Were you able to borrow Helen'