技巧翻譯語法分析長難句分析

1、技巧翻譯常用句型C1技巧翻譯13語法分析a長難句分木科技文章中經(jīng)常使用若干特定的句型，從而形成科技文體區(qū)別于其他文體的標(biāo)志。例如勺華that現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)句型；被動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)句型結(jié)構(gòu)句型；分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)句型，省略句結(jié)構(gòu)句型等。例如：1) .Soitisreallythishydroniumionweareconcernedwithinanacidsolution.解*圣：it是開名式主語,weareconcernedwithinanacidsolution是真正的主語。2) Regardlessofhowmanyatomstheelementiscomposed,eachatomhasthesamenumb

2、erofprotonsinitsnucleus.解釋：Regardlessof不管。3) Weusebicarbonatesandcarbonatesforindigestion,aswellassulfitesandnitritestopreservefoods.解釋：aswellas也,同樣。4) Thisisbecausetheusualoxidationstateofcobaltinitssimplesaltsis2.解釋：Thisisbecause是因為,原因是5) .Itisofinteresttonotethatthereactionproductmaysometimesdepe

3、ndupontheparticularoxidizingagentemployed.解釋：Itisofinteresttonotethat.值得注意旨芍一點是6) Lesscommonthanpreparationofcomplexesbytheoxidationofthecentralmetalionispreparationbyreductiontocomplexesofthemetaloninalowetoxidationstate.解釋：Lesscommonthan比較不常見的是.7) Itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatheatwasconsideredas

4、aformofenergy.直到十九世紀(jì)人們才認(rèn)識到熱是能量弱一種形式。8) Thissteelalloyisbelievedtobethebestavailablehere人們認(rèn)為這種金金鋼是這里能提供的最好的合金鋼。9) Comparedwithhydrogen,oxygenisnearly16timesasheavy.氧與疊比較，重量大約是色的十六倍。10) Allsubstances,whethergaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeofatoms.一切物質(zhì)，不論是氣態(tài)、液態(tài)，還是固態(tài)，都由原字名直炭。11) Itswideuseisbasedonthefactt

5、hatacrystalformedfromanimpuresolutionisitselfpure.“that”引導(dǎo)了同位語從句。aformedfromanimpuresolution”為過去分詞短語做定語修飾“acrystalw.譯文：廣泛使用結(jié)晶操作是基于下列事實：由不純的液體中所獲得的晶體本身很純12) Itisespeciallynecessarythatthecrystalsbeofreasonableanduniformsize.“Itisnecessarythat句型中從句用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞常為''should+v.should可以省略q譯文：尤其重要的是要使晶

6、體大小適當(dāng)和均勻。Spill?Verbs)。菲限定動詞，又叫非謂語動詞，在句中不能單獨丸當(dāng)謂語(但可以和情態(tài)動詞或助動詞的限定，沒有人在茍中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語.定語。同時t.L小非限定動詞也保留了動詞的征，有、狀語補足語等時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，也可以有自部分特語、表語、狀語等，構(gòu)成非限定動詞短語，己的賓在邏S直義基初伊的執(zhí)行者或承受也叫非限定劫詞的邏輯主®(LogicalSubjects)o科技文章要求行文簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此，往往使用分英語非限定動詞有三種基本形式：不定式(Infinitives)X現(xiàn)在分詞(一ing分詞)(ingParticiplesi和過去分詢(gP-ed分詞

7、)(edParticibles)o可縮短句子，又比較酉1 g。在科技英語中使用非謂語動詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句；使用分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語從句或并列分句；使用不定式短語代替各種從句；介詞加動名詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句。這樣詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以更好、更準(zhǔn)確地描述各個事物之間的關(guān)系，事物的位置和狀態(tài)的變化。科技文章中非謂語動詞的使用非常頻繁，如往往使用不定式分詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句，這樣行文簡練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，請注意本教材中非謂語動詞的用法。例如：1.Nearlyalwaysthematerialtobeevaporatedflowsinsidethetubes,tobeevaporated不定式短

8、語做定語修飾thematerial譯文：要進(jìn)行蒸發(fā)的物料幾乎總是在車管內(nèi)流動2.Iftheenergyreleasedfromtheformationofanewstructureexceedsthechemicalenergyintheoriginalsubstances,energywillbegivenoffusuallyintheformofheatorlightorboth.解采睪：releasedfromtheformationofanewstructure過去分詞短語作定語修飾energy.3.If,however,itiscomposedoftwoormorekindsofat

9、omsjoinedtogether,nadefinitegrouping,itisclassifiedasacompound解釋：joinedtogetherinadefinitegrouping為過去分詞短語作定語修飾atoms.II.后置定語大量使用后置定語也是科技文章的特點之一。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有以下五種：1、介詞短語Theforcesduetofrictionarecalledfrictionalforces.由于松助產(chǎn)生的力稱之為摩擦力。Massisthequantityofmatterwhichasubstancepossessesand,dep6ndingonthegravitatio

10、nalfyrceactingonit,hasaunitofweightassignedtoit.解釋：是由關(guān)系代詞whichasubstancepossesses作定語Ji#ffpquantityo2、形容詞及形容詞短語。Inthisfactorytheonlyfuelavailableiscoal.該廠唯一可用的燃料是煤。Inradiation,thermalenergyistransformedintoradiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.熱能在輻射時，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能.3、副詞Theairoutsidepressedthesidein夕卜面的

11、空氣將桶壁壓得凹進(jìn)去了。Theforceupwardequalstheforcedownwardsothattheballoonstavsatthe4、單個分詞，但仍保持較強的動詞意義。,Theresultsobtainedmustbecheeked獲得的結(jié)果必須加以校核Theheatproducedisequaltotheelectricalenergywasted.產(chǎn)生的熱量等字浪費了的電能。5、定語從句1) Ifthenewstructure,however,needstoabsorbmoreenergythatisavailablefromthereactants,wehaveanen

12、dothermicreaction.解釋：是由關(guān)系代詞thatisavailable引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾energy.2) Themoleculesexertforcesuponeachother,whichdependuponthedistancebetweenthem.分子相互間都存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們之間的距離。3) Chemicalpropertiesarethosepropertieswhichcanbeobservedinregardtowhetherornotasubstancereactswithothersubstances.解釋：是由關(guān)系代詞whichcanb

13、eobservedinregardtowhetherofnotasubstancereacts弓|導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾properties.4) Therearesomecharacteristicpropertiesbywhichanacidmaybedefined.角軍釋：bywhichanacidmaybedefined作定語從句修飾properties.5) Thesystematicnamingofcompounds,whichiscalledchemicalnomenclature,followsasetofrules,sothatthenameofeachcompoundneedn

14、otbememorized,onlytherules.解釋：whichiscalledchemicalnomenclature,作定語從句修飾compounds,6) Ifthevaporgeneratedinthefirst'八evaporatorisusedastheheatingfluidfdr八一secondevaporator.ageneratedinthefirstevaporator過去分詞做定語修飾"thevapor”譯文：如果在第一個蒸發(fā)器內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的蒸汽用作第二個蒸發(fā)器胡加熱流體7) .Itswideuseisbasedonthefactthatacrysta

15、lformedfromanimpuresolutionisitselfpure.aformedfromanimpuresolution”為過去分詞短語做后置定語修飾“acrystal”.連文：廣泛使用結(jié)晶操作是基于下列事實：由不每的液體中所獲得的晶褊本身很純8) )Manyindustrialoperationscanbecarriedoutineitheroftwoways,whichmaybecalledbatchandcontinuousoperations.關(guān)系詞which引導(dǎo)了非限制性定語從句。9) )Crystallizationfromliquidsolutionisimport

16、antindustriallybecauseofthevarietyofmaterialsthataremarkedinthecrystallineform.“.that”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾“thevarietyofmaterials,'譯文：從液體中析出晶體在工業(yè)上很重要，因為有許多物質(zhì)多以晶體的形式在市場上銷售的。10) )Therateatwhichheatflowsdependsontheamountoftemperaturedifferenceaswellasonthepropertiesofthematerialthroughwhichithastoflow.句中兩個“wh

17、ich”都引導(dǎo)了定語從句，介詞前置0譯文：熱量流動的速率取決于溫度差的大小以及要通過熱量的物料的性質(zhì)。為了表述一個復(fù)雜概念，使之邏輯嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊W,制技文章中往彳壬出現(xiàn)許多長句。對長難句白6處理，首先理順語法結(jié)構(gòu)；然后根據(jù)句子特點采取不同的手段，如分譯法、順序法或變序法等1IfmorematerialpassedinthroughsectionAinanyunittimeintervalthanpassedoutthroughsectionB,therewouldbeanaccumulationofmaterialoccurringbetweenthetwosections,andthiswo

18、uldcauseachangeofconditionsthereastimewenton.注意此句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，主從句中用了虛擬語氣.“IfPassed.therewouldbe.,andthiswouldbecause”前一主句中aoccurringbetweenthetwosections”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做狀語，后一主句中也帶了一個“as”引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。譯文：如果在任何單位時間間隔內(nèi)通過截面A的進(jìn)料量大于通過截面B的出料量，那么在這兩個截面之間就會產(chǎn)生物料的積累量，并且隨著時間的推移，將會引蟬E里條件的改變。2. Thecontinuousprocess,althoughrequiringmorecarefullydesignedequipmentthanthebatchprocess,canordinarilybehandledinlessspace,fitsinwithothercontinuousstepsmoresmoothly,a