初中英語語法-英語從句總結(jié).

1、初中英語語法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為 定語從句 ，狀語從句 和名詞從句 三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及 there be句型。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、 there be結(jié)構(gòu)是英語的三大基本句式，無論一個(gè)句子有多長(zhǎng)、多復(fù)雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式， 句子成分是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的概念， 它是指句子的組成單位， 不同的句式由不同的句子成分組成。 如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、系動(dòng)詞、 表語；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、謂語、賓

2、語； there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的主要成分是主語。英語中的句子成分主要有： 主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、同位語，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、 詞組或句子充當(dāng)， 當(dāng)這些成分由句子充當(dāng)時(shí)，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，如：充當(dāng)主語成分的句子為主語從句， 充當(dāng)賓語成分的句子為賓語從句，等等。英語從句三大類型按一般說法，可分為三大類14 種從句。一,名詞性從句1 主語從句 Whether it's right or not remains to be seen.2 賓語從句 I wonder whether it's right or not.3 同位語從句 This is a ques

3、tion whether it's right or not.4 表語從句 The question is whether it's right or not.二,定語從句1 限定性定語從句She is the student who can speak English well.2 非限定性定語從句She is the student, who can speak English well.三,狀語從句1 時(shí)間狀語從句The fact will come out when he comes here.2 地點(diǎn)狀語從句You can go wherever you like.3

4、 原因狀語從句Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student.4 方式狀語從句He walks as if he were a king.5 目的狀語從句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well.6 結(jié)果狀語從句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well.7 條件狀語從句I will understand it if he tells me.8 讓步狀語從句He knows a lot tho

5、ugh he is little.1定語從句There are some old books in the box.The boy dressed in blue is from America.分清幾個(gè)概念：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞 /關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有 who, whom, whose, which, that; 關(guān)系副詞主要有 when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用， 一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語從句中做成分。定語從句分為：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句 , 限定性定語從句如果去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性， 非限定性定語從句

6、即使去掉也不會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性，如：July is the month when we have a lot of rain.There are many plays (that)I dlike to see.The meeting was put off, which surprised us a lot.This note is left by Mary, who was here a moment ago.1. 非限定性定語從句，其作用為：對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說明，它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中，which 可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)

7、只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as 也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如:1.The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell2.Franklin DRoosevelt，who died there on April 12，19453.Living in a damp（潮濕的） house for a long time is harmful to one s health， which is known to everyone2. 限定性定語從句中 that 可代表人和事，而 which 只代表事；二者在從句

8、中作主語或賓語。 that 作賓語時(shí)常可省略， which 則不能，而且其后的 “不及物動(dòng)詞 +介詞 中的介詞不能省略。 which 作賓語時(shí)，先行詞與 which 之間的介詞不能省。例如：1.The first doll that could say“ mama” was invented in 18302.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn合恩角代表 all，anything，something，nothing，

9、much 等詞時(shí)，用 that 而不用which，that 作賓語可省略。例如：1.I care anything that has something to do with it2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him3.That is the last time we met each other4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterdaywho 和 whom 引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。 where 是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的

10、定語從句，而 when 用來表示時(shí)間。 whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如:1.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lowerleg3.The next morning， when she came down to breakfast ， Marywasbeaming with the pleasu

11、re of a new， great discovery4.The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies inmydepartment注意幾點(diǎn)： that 可替代 who, whom（指人），也可替代 which（指物）whose 既可指人又可指物引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語時(shí)，不用that,只用 which/ 不能用 which,只能用 that 的情況 . 幾個(gè)例子： Is she the girl that/who sells flowers?The train that/which has j

12、ust left is for Xi an.The people (who/that/whom) you were talking to were Russians.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.I have never met the boy whose mother is a famous actress.My book is on the table whose legs are broken.He went to China in 1945, when the War World II was over.Look, this is the

13、house where the writer was born.The tool with which he is working is called a wrench(扳手 ).2狀語從句He swims fast.Nervous, he opened the letter.Legs broken, the soldier crawled back home.She used to stay up until midnight.With a book in his hand, the teacher came in.狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句 (主要由 when，whenever，afte

14、r，before，a5，since，once，until ，while 等連詞引導(dǎo) )，結(jié)果狀語從句 (由 so that和 such that 連接 )，讓步狀語從句 (由 though， although， no matter， even if， however， whatever 等詞引導(dǎo) )，原因狀語從句 (由 as，because，since 和 for 引導(dǎo) )，條件狀語從句 (由 if ， whether，as long as， provided that 等詞引導(dǎo) )，地點(diǎn)狀語從句(由 where 引導(dǎo) )，行為方式狀語從句 (由 as 引導(dǎo) )。有時(shí)條件狀語從句中，主句不可以

15、用將來時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)代替。狀語從句中的 “主語 +be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語 “be省”略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為 “連詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞介詞短語形容詞名詞短語 ”。) 例如：1.If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.2.Although seriously wounded，he never complained條件狀語從句：1）Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.(除非 ,若不；相當(dāng)于if-not )即： If you are too

16、tired,well not go out for a walk.2）You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.(只要，表示條件的唯一性)3） Take your umbrella in case it rains.（以防 - ，以免 - ）4） I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret條.(件是 -)5）Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?(如果 ,假如

17、 )6）He won't be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for his advice in advance.( 假如 ,除非以 為條件 )7）You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.( 一旦 -就 -)方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1） as, (just) as 引so導(dǎo) 的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso結(jié)構(gòu) 中

18、位于句首，這時(shí)as 從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是" 正如 "， "就像 "，多用于正式文體，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。2） as if, as though兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛似的 "， "

19、好像似的 " ，例如：1. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）2. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。 （與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。 ）3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看來天氣很快就會(huì)好起來。 （實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣

20、。 ）說明： as if / as though 也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語、不定式短語或無動(dòng)詞短語，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。比較狀語從句1）You seem to know music as well as you know astronomy(天文學(xué) ).(as-as 結(jié)構(gòu) )2）There was no garden so lovely as his in

21、this city. (no so-as 結(jié)構(gòu) )3）Finally he has made as much money as he wanted. (as +adj +n.+as 結(jié)構(gòu) )4）Your watch is not the same as his.(the same as 結(jié)構(gòu) )5）I never met such a man as your younger brother.(such-as 結(jié)構(gòu) )6）She studies more diligentlythan her classmates.(more than 結(jié)構(gòu) )7）No other book has had a

22、greater influence on my life.( 否定詞和比較級(jí)連用表示最高級(jí)含義。 )8）This teacher explained the problem more clearly than any other teacher. (比較級(jí)與“anyother one”連用表示最高級(jí)含義。 )9）The more you read, the better willyou write.(the more-the more 結(jié)構(gòu) )11)He earned no more than 800 dollars a month. 他一個(gè)月只掙 800 美元。（no+ 比較級(jí) +than

23、結(jié)構(gòu)） .3名詞從句名詞從句包括主語從句、 賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、 表語從句和同位語從句。1）主語從句He is a teacher.Learning English well could take you a lot of time.a. 由 what、wh-ever 等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句 , 一般放在句首，不能用 it 做形式主語：What I want to know is his address.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever she did was right.Whoever comes wil

24、l be welcome.b. 由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句 , 在大多數(shù)情況下，這個(gè)從句都放在句子后部，而用代詞 it 作形式上的主語：That I may not be able to come is possible. = It is possible that I may not be able to come.That we need more equipment is quite obvious. = It is obvious that we need more equipment.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. = It

25、 is unlikely that he will refuse the offer.三個(gè)固定句型(屬于此類 )：It + 名稱+ that： It is a pity that we can tgo.It + 形容詞 + that： It is clear that Tom has returned.It + 過去分詞 + that ： It is said/believed/reported/known that.c. 由連接代詞或連接副詞 （或 whether）引導(dǎo)的主語從句 , 這個(gè)從句可以直接放在句首作主語，也可放到句子后部去，前面用 it 作形式主語：Which is the be

26、tter choice is obvious. = It is obvious which is the better choice.Who will go for the meeting has not been decided. = It has not been decided who will go for the meeting.Where he lost his gold watch remained a mystery. = It remained a mystery where he lost his gold watch.When we shall have our spor

27、ts meet is still a question. = It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us wontmake much difference. = It won tmake much difference whether he will join us.Why the old man went to the castle is still unknown. = It is still unknown why the old man went to the cas

28、tle.How he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age fascinated many people. = It fascinated many people how he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age.2)賓語從句He likes Chinese very much.Im surprised at his young age.a.由 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，一般做動(dòng)詞的賓語，that 可以省略thThe letter says (that) they

29、are leaving on the 13.I dontdoubt (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties.She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.b. 由 what，who，which, how，where，when, whether (if) 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，既可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語，又可以做介詞的賓語I dontknow whether these figures are accurate. Ill read whichever book you

30、 recommend.Ill show you what I have put down in my note-bookHas she informed you when they are to hold the meeting. She was never satisfied with what she had achieved. Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.c. 在某些句型中， 特別是帶符合賓語的句子中， that 引導(dǎo)的從句常常移到后部去，前面用 it 做形式賓語We all thought

31、it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.I took it for granted that they were not coming.d. 在“ be + 形容詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)后， that 引導(dǎo)的從句，有些在概念上接近賓語，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻接近狀語I m afraid that I have made a mistake.We are sure that we shall success.We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties.I m not

32、sure whether she would like the idea.一些表語性的形容詞 ，如： alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished， certain，confident， disappointed， glad， pleased， proud，sad， shocked， sure， surprised，worried， ect.做表語時(shí)，后面可跟由that， how 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures2.He is confi

33、dent that he will pass the Band 6 examination3.She was surprised how simple his problem is4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.3)表語從句He is kind. / He is a teacher.The Smiths are from Australia.This is where our basic interest lies.My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.What I really what to know is how you have managed to remember 1000 words within an hour.表語從句對(duì)主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用 that 引起， that 起連接作用，不能省略。表語從句也可用連接詞 how，when，where，why，