碳和碳的氧化物__講義版.doc

1、專業(yè)好文檔碳和碳的氧化物一、碳的幾種單質金剛石無色透明，正八面體形狀的固體，是天然最硬的物質。1、常溫下，碳的化學性質不活潑，但在高溫或點燃條件下，碳的活性大大增強。2、可燃性：碳在氧氣中充分燃燒：C + O2 點燃 CO2碳在氧氣中不充分燃燒： 2C + O2 點燃 2CO3、還原性：木炭還原氧化銅：C+ 2CuO 高溫 2Cu + CO2用于裝飾品鉆石，切割玻璃、鉆探機的鉆頭。石墨深灰色，有金屬光澤，不透明細鱗片狀固體，質軟，有良好的導電性、潤滑性常用于做電極，鉛筆芯、石墨炸彈等活性碳吸附性常用木炭與活性炭做吸附劑。防毒面具、除色素A:C60是一種由60個碳原子構成的分子，形似足球，性質很

2、穩(wěn)定。B:金剛石和石墨的物理性質有很大差異的原因是：碳原子的排列不同。C:CO和CO2的化學性質有很大差異的原因是：分子的構成不同。D:無定形碳：由石墨的微小晶體和少量雜質構成.主要有:焦炭,木炭,活性炭,炭黑等.E:活性炭、木炭具有強烈的吸附性，焦炭用于冶鐵，炭黑加到橡膠里能夠增加輪胎的耐磨性。二、.單質碳的化學性質單質碳的物理性質各異,而各種單質碳的化學性質卻完全相同!1、常溫下的穩(wěn)定性強2、可燃性: 完全燃燒(氧氣充足),生成CO2: C+O2點燃CO2 （如何驗證co2）不完全燃燒(氧氣不充足),生成CO： 2C+O2點燃2CO (如何驗證co)3、還原性：C+2CuO 高溫 2Cu+

3、CO2 （置換反應） 應用：冶金工業(yè) 現(xiàn)象：黑色粉末逐漸變成光亮紅色，石灰水變渾濁。2Fe2O3+3C高溫4Fe+3CO2 (現(xiàn)象： )三、二氧化碳的制法、實驗室制取氣體的思路：（原理、裝置、檢驗）（1）發(fā)生裝置：由反應物狀態(tài)及反應條件決定：反應物是固體，需加熱，制氣體時則用高錳酸鉀制O2的發(fā)生裝置。 （儀器選擇） 反應物是固體與液體，不需要加熱，制氣體時則用制H2的發(fā)生裝置。 （儀器選擇）（2）收集方法：氣體的密度及溶解性決定：難溶于水用排水法收集 CO只能用排水法 （為什么不用排空氣法）密度比空氣大用向上排空氣法 CO2只能用向上排空氣法 （CO2 能不分溶于水） 密度比空氣小用向下排空氣

4、法2、二氧化碳的實驗室制法1）原理：用石灰石和稀鹽酸反應：CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2A:不能用濃鹽酸（產(chǎn)生的氣體不純含有HCl（濃HCL易揮發(fā)），B:不能用稀硫酸（生成的CaSO4微溶于水，覆蓋在大理石的表面阻止了反應的進行C:固體不能用碳酸鈉代替大理石，因為碳酸鈉與鹽酸反應太劇烈，使生成的氣體不易收集，同時，碳酸鈉相對于大理石來說價格較高，不經(jīng)濟。結論：在實驗室里制取二氧化碳最佳藥品是用大理石或石灰石和稀鹽酸反應，二者反應速率適中、藥品價格廉價易得，制得的氣體比較純凈。2) 選用和制氫氣相同的發(fā)生裝置 選用和過氧化氫制氧氣相同的發(fā)生裝置3）氣體收集方法：向上排空氣法4）

5、驗證方法：將制得的氣體通入澄清的石灰水，如能渾濁，則是二氧化碳。 驗滿方法：用點燃的木條，放在集氣瓶口，木條熄滅。證明已集滿二氧化碳氣體。3、二氧化碳的工業(yè)制法： 煅燒石灰石：CaCO3高溫CaO+CO2生石灰和水反應可得熟石灰：CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2（熟石灰）四、二氧化碳的性質1、物理性質：無色,無味的氣體,密度比空氣大,能溶于水,高壓低溫下可得固體-干冰2、化學性質:1)一般情況下不能燃燒,也不支持燃燒，不能供給呼吸2)與水反應生成碳酸： CO2+H2O=H2CO3 生成的碳酸能使紫色的石蕊試液變紅，H2CO3 = H2O+ CO2 碳酸不穩(wěn)定,易分解3)能使澄清的石灰水變渾濁：C

6、O2+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3+H2O 本反應用于檢驗二氧化碳。4）與灼熱的碳反應： C+CO2高溫2CO （吸熱反應，既是化合反應又是氧化還原反應，CO2是氧化劑，C是還原劑）3、用途：滅火（滅火器原理：Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+CO2）既利用其物理性質，又利用其化學性質 干冰用于人工降雨、制冷劑 溫室肥料4、二氧化碳多環(huán)境的影響：過多排放引起溫室效應防止溫室效應的措施有 減少使用化石燃料、 開發(fā)新能源 、 大力植樹造林 。5.自然界中的CO2的產(chǎn)生人和動植物的呼吸 煤等化石燃料的燃燒 消耗的途徑：植物的光和作用五、一氧化碳1、物理性質：無色，無味的氣體，密度比空氣略小，

7、難溶于水2、有毒：吸進肺里與血液中的血紅蛋白結合，使人體缺少氧氣而中毒。3、化學性質: （H2、CO、C具有相似的化學性質：可燃性 還原性）1）可燃性：2CO+O2點燃2CO2 （可燃性氣體點燃前一定要檢驗純度）H2和O2的燃燒火焰是：發(fā)出淡藍色的火焰。CO和O2的燃燒火焰是：發(fā)出藍色的火焰。CH4和O2的燃燒火焰是：發(fā)出明亮的藍色火焰。鑒別：H2、CO、CH4可燃性的氣體：看燃燒產(chǎn)物（不可根據(jù)火焰顏色）（水煤氣：H2與CO 的混合氣體 C + H2O高溫 H2 + CO）2）還原性： CO+CuO Cu+CO2 （非置換反應） 應用：冶金工業(yè) 現(xiàn)象：黑色的氧化銅逐漸變成光亮紅色，石灰水變渾濁

8、。 Fe2O3+3CO高溫2Fe+3CO2（現(xiàn)象：紅棕色粉末逐漸變成黑色，石灰水變渾濁。）除雜：COCO2 通入石灰水 或氫氧化鈉溶液： CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2O CO2CO 通過灼熱的氧化銅 CO+CuO Cu+CO2 CaOCaCO3只能煅燒（不可加鹽酸） CaCO3高溫CaO+CO2注意：檢驗CaO是否含CaCO3加鹽酸 ：CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2 （CO32-的檢驗：先加鹽酸，然后將產(chǎn)生的氣體通入澄清石灰水。）4、自然界中碳的循環(huán)（1）大氣中二氧化碳產(chǎn)生的主要途徑 化石燃料的燃燒、動植物遺骸被生物分解、動植物呼吸（2）大氣中二氧化碳的消耗 二氧化

9、碳溶于水、植物的光合作用5、C、CO、CO2的轉化6、應用（1）利用了CO2不能燃燒，也不支持燃燒，密度比空氣大的性質，做滅火劑。（2）CO2能與NaOH反應，解釋NaOH溶液露置空氣中變質現(xiàn)象。CO2能與Ca(OH)2反應產(chǎn)生白色沉淀，利用這一反應檢驗CO2或Ca(OH)2溶液（3）一氧化碳作為還原劑冶煉金屬，并注意尾氣處理。（4）CO2、CO的性質與功用、危害關系物質性質功用或危害CO2大氣中二氧化碳含量增加，地表熱量不易散發(fā)溫室效應加劇干冰升華吸熱人工降雨綠色植物在陽光照射下，把CO2和H2O轉化成糖光合作用、大棚內氣體肥料通常條件下不能燃燒，不支持燃燒滅火CO可燃性，燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量重要氣

10、體燃料跟血紅蛋白極易結合缺氧中毒7、碳酸和碳酸鹽化學式來源和性質用途CaCO3（大理石、石灰石）難溶于水，在高溫下分解，能與酸反應建筑材料Na2CO3（碳酸鈉俗稱純堿、蘇打）易溶于水，水溶液顯堿性，能與酸反應食品、造紙、洗滌劑NaHCO3（碳酸氫鈉俗稱小蘇打）能溶于水，水溶液顯堿性，不穩(wěn)定，加熱易分解洗滌劑、滅火劑Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury,

11、while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Auss

12、ie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a

13、tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack

14、of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have

15、 asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during C

16、ity's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found

17、 no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipit

18、ation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruis

19、ing altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out ont

20、o something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conce

21、ded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-ch