中小學(xué)英語教師招聘考試基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)(五)

1、第一篇詞法六、介詞（一）知識概要介詞在英語中用法很活，也無一定規(guī)律可循。在初中范圍內(nèi)還應(yīng)學(xué)一個記住一個，特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學(xué)習(xí)自然會總結(jié)出一套自己的規(guī)律來。下面是一般的規(guī)律，可幫助學(xué)習(xí)時參考，千萬不要作為定律去背誦，照搬。介詞表示時間表示地點方位表示原因方式其他about大約在時間aboutfiveo'clock在周圍，大約多遠(yuǎn)aboutfivekilometres關(guān)于、涉及talkaboutyouabove高出某一平面abovesealevelacross橫過walkacrossthestreet對面acrossthestreetafter在之后afters

2、upper跟后面oneafteranother追趕runafteryouagainst背靠逆風(fēng)againstthewall,againstthewind反對beagainstyouamong三者以上的中間amongthetreesat在某時刻atten在小地點attheschoolgate表示速度athighspeed向著，對著atmebefore在之前beforelunch位于之前sitbeforemebehind位于之后behindthetreebelow低于水平belowzero不合格belowthestandardby到時刻，在時刻之前byfiveo'clock緊挨著siteb

3、ysite乘坐交通工具byair,bybick被由wasmadebyusduring在期間duringtheholidaysfor延續(xù)多長時間forfiveyears向去leaveforShanghai為了，對于begoodforyoufrom從某時到某時frommorningtillnight來自何方fromNewYork由某原料制成bemadefrom來自何處whereareyoufromin在年、月、周較長時間內(nèi)inaweek在里面intheroom用某種語言inEnglish穿著inredinto進(jìn)入里面walkinto除分divideinto變動turnintowaternear接近

4、某時nearfiveyears在附近neartheparkof用某種原料制成bemadeof屬于，性質(zhì)amapofU.S.Aon某日、某日的上下午onSundayafternoon在上面onthedesk靠吃為生liveonrice關(guān)于abookonPhysicsover渡過一整段時間workovernight在上方overthedesk超過，高于overfivepairspast超過某一時刻tenpastfive經(jīng)過某地walkpasttheparksince從某時以來since1980原因Sinceyouwereillthrough經(jīng)過某一時期throughhislife通過、穿過某地th

5、roughtheforesttilluntil直到某時為止tillfiveo'clockto差多少時間fivetoten問，至L去往toShanghai面對面facetoface給予giveabooktomeunder在下面underthedesk少于underten在管制之下undertherulewith用某種工具withapen帶著，具有withmewithout沒有withoutair（二）正誤辨析誤Wegottothetopofthemountainindaybreak.正Wegottothetopofthemountainatdaybreak.析at用于具體時亥U之前，如：

6、sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night誤Don'tsleepatdaytime正Don'tsleepindaytime.析in要用于較長的一段時間之內(nèi)，如：inthemorning/afternoon,或intheweek/month/year.或inspring/supper/autumn/winter等等。誤WevisitedtheoldmaninSundayafternoon.正WevisitedtheoldmanonSundayafternoon.析inthemorning,intheafternoon如果在這兩個短語中加入任

7、何修飾詞其前面的介詞者B要改為on,如：onacoldmorning,onthemorningofJuly14th誤Hebecameawritterathistwenties正Hebecameawritterinhistwenties析這句話應(yīng)譯為：他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示，而在具體歲數(shù)時用at來表示。誤HewenttoNewYorktofindajobinsixteenyearsold.正HewenttoNewYorktofindajobatsixteen.析在具體年歲前用at,如：attheageof12,atyourage,等等。誤Wewent

8、toswimintheriverinaveryhotday.正Wewenttoswimintheriveronaveryhotday.析具體某一天要用介詞on,又如：onNewYear'sDay誤I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouonChristmas.正I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyouatChristmas.析在節(jié)日的當(dāng)天用on,而全部節(jié)日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節(jié)期間，一般要有兩周或更長的時間。誤Ihaven'tseeyouduringthesummerholidays.正Ihaven'tse

9、enyousincethebeginningofthesummerholidays.析during表示在某一段時間之內(nèi)，所以一般不與完成時搭配，如：Ivisitedalotofmuseumsduringtheholiday.而for表示一段時間，可以用于完成時，如：Ihaven'tseeyouforalongtime.而through用來表示時間時則為"整整，全部的時間"。如：Itrainedthroughthenight.而since則是表達(dá)主句動作的起始時間，一般要與完成時連用。誤Atenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.

10、正Onenteringtheclassroom,Iheardthegoodnews.析On加動名詞表示"一就”。本句的譯文應(yīng)是：我一進(jìn)入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如：onhearing一聽見，onarrival一到達(dá)就（on表示動作的名詞）誤Inthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.正Atthebeginningofthebook,therearesomeinterestingstories.析atthebegining與attheend都是指某事物的開始與結(jié)束部分，均不指時間范圍，而inthebeginning則是

11、指開始一段時間。intheend=atlast是指"最終，終于"之意。誤Tilltheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.正Bytheendofnextweek.Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.析by引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點，其意思為"不遲于某一時刻將工作做完",所以主句一般是完成時態(tài)。當(dāng)然可以有將來時態(tài)，如：I'llbetherebyfiveo'clock.而till則表達(dá)其一動作一直持續(xù)到某一時刻，但句中的動詞一定要用持續(xù)性動詞，而瞬間的截止性動詞應(yīng)用其否定句式，

12、如：Iwon'tfinishthisworktill(until)nextweekend.誤HecametoLondonbeforelastweekend.正HehadcometoLondonbeforelastweekend.正HecametoLondontwoweeksago.析before一般要與完成時連用，而ago則與一般過去時連用。誤IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearsginceIhadcomehere.正IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyearssinceIcamehere.析since用來表達(dá)主句動作的開始時間，所以其引出

13、的從句中應(yīng)為過去時，而不能用完成時態(tài)誤Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitaftertwohours.正Icanhelpyourepairthisbike.Youwillgetitintwohours.析中文經(jīng)常講兩小時之后來取，兩天內(nèi)會修好，而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after多用于過去時，如：IarrivedinNewYork.Afterthreedays,Ifoundajobinthebank.after加時間是表達(dá)一個不確定的時間范圍，如：afterthreedays,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內(nèi)

14、會完成某事時，一定要用介詞in。誤Threedaysafterhedied.正Afterthreedayshedied.正Threedayslaterhedied.析after與later都可以用來表達(dá)一段時間之后，但它們所處的位置不同，after在時間詞前，而later在時間詞后。誤Shehidherselfafterthetree.正Shehidherselfbehindthetree.析after多用來表達(dá)某動作之后，所以有的語法書中稱它為動態(tài)介詞，如：Irunafterhim.Afterfinishingmyhomework,Iwenttoseeafilm.而behind貝U多用于靜態(tài)

15、事物之后。誤Thereisabeautifulbirdonthetree.正Thereisabeautifulbirdinthetree.析樹上長出的果實，樹葉要用on,而其他外來的人、物體均要用inthetree.誤ShanghaiisontheeastofChina.正ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.析在表達(dá)地理位置時有3個介詞：in,on,to。in表示在某范圍之內(nèi)；on表示與某地區(qū)接壤;to則表示不相接。如：JapanistotheeastofChina.誤IarrivedatNewYorkonJuly2nd.正IarrivedinNewYorkonJuly2nd

16、.析at用來表達(dá)較小的地方，而in用來表達(dá)較大的地方。at常用于attheschoolgate,athome,atabusstop,atthestation,atthecinema,atasmallvillage。誤HelivedinNo.3BeijingRoad.正HelivedatNo.3BeijingRoad.析在門牌號碼前要用at,并要注意它的慣用法：attheendofthestreet,atthefootofthemountain,atthetopofthepage。誤ThereisacolourTVsetatthecornerofthehall.正ThereisacolourTV

17、setinthecornerofthehall.析在屋內(nèi)的角落應(yīng)用in,而墻的外角用at,如：Thereisatreeatthecornerofthestreet.誤ThisweekendI'llstayinUncleWang's.正ThisweekendI'llstayatUncleWang's.析要注意英文的特殊表達(dá)法，如：atatailor'sshop（裁縫店尸atatailor's,atthedoctor's（去看病）atthebookseller's（在書店）atuncleWang's（在王叔叔家）誤Doyouk

18、nowthereissomegoodnewsontoday'snewspaper?正Doyouknowthereissomegoodnewsintoday'snewspaper?析在報紙上的新聞要用in,而在具體某一版上，或某一頁上則要用on。誤TheschoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.正SchoolwillbeginonSeptember1st.析這里的school應(yīng)看作不可數(shù)名詞泛指學(xué)校的課程，即開學(xué)之意。要注意，有些活動場所當(dāng)表達(dá)正在從事該種活動時不要加冠詞，如：attable（吃飯），WhenIcametoTom'shome,theywe

19、reattable.還有：atdesk（學(xué)習(xí)）,atwork（工作）atschool（上學(xué)）,inhospital（住醫(yī)院）atchurch作禮拜如加上定冠詞則另有他意，如：attheschool即在學(xué)校工作或辦事，inthehospital即在醫(yī)院工作或去看望病人。誤Inmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.正Onmywaytothestation,Iboughtanewspapertokilltime.析譯文為：在去車站的路上我買了份報紙，為的是消磨時光”在白路上”應(yīng)用onone'sway。而intheway有擋道之意，如：Pl

20、easemovethechairitisintheway。誤Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeinto.正Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokein.正Look,thedoorisopen,Maybesomeonebrokeintotheoffice.析in是表達(dá)一個靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，在與break連用時其后不加介詞賓語，而into則是動態(tài)介詞，與break連用時要加介詞賓語。誤I'llleaveBeijingtoShanghaitomorrow.正I'llleaveBeijingforShanghai.正I

21、9;llleaveforShanghai.析leavefor是離開某地去某處的固定搭配，不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有：startfor動身前往某處，setoutfor,sailfor。誤I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutthebusatnextstop.正I'msorry.Ihavetogetoutofthebusatnextstop.析getin,與getout是兩個相反的詞組。getin為上車，而getout為下車，但語法家認(rèn)為這里的in與out為副詞，所以其后不能接名詞，我們可以講We'dbettergetin.或We'dbetter

22、getout.還有組詞組有關(guān)上下車：geton/off(atrain,aship,astruck)getinto/outof(acar,taxi)誤BecarefulThetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesoverzero.正Becareful.Thetemperatureofthewaterisninetydegreesabovezero.析over與above在作為比某物高的意思時有時可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時，即正上方時則要用above.而泛指上方時用over.誤Thereisanoldstonebridgeabovetheriver.正The

23、reisanoldstonebridgeovertheriver.析over還有一意為"跨越，橫跨”。誤TheDeadSeaisunderthesealevel.正TheDeadSeaisbelowthesealevel.析在垂直下方要用below.也就是講above與below互為反意詞，over與under也是反意詞。誤Thereisabigtreeinthefrontofthehouse.正Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.析infrontof是在物體外部白前面，而inthefrontof是在物體內(nèi)部的前面，如：Thedriversitsinth

24、efrontofthebus.誤Ittookthemtwodaystowalkacrosstheforest.正Ittookthemtwodaystowalkthroughtheforest.析across作為介詞有兩個主要意思：橫過，如：Iwanttowalkacrossthestreet.對面，如：Thereisapostofficeacrossthestreet,而through多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如：Thelittlegirlranacrosstheroomtomeethermother.誤Thesunsetstowardthewest.正Thes

25、unsetsinthewest.析towards也可用作toward，它主要表達(dá)朝向某方向運動，但不一定到達(dá)，如：Herantoward(s)themountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south時，其前面要用in。要注意白是這4個詞可以用作副詞，如：Iwentsouth.也可用作名詞，如：Iwenttothesouth.也可用作形容詞，如：IwenttothesouthpartofChina.誤Doyouhavenootherclothesexceptthose?正Doyouhavenootherclothesbesidesthose?析beside是"在旁

26、邊"，如：Thestudentsstoodbesidetheirteachers.而besides是"除之外，不僅而且，除了以外還有"，如：IstudiedEnglishbesidesFrench,whenIwasincollege.而except則是從同一類物體中去掉某部分，如：IcomehereeverydayexceptSunday.而exceptfor是指去掉不同種類的事物,如：Theroomiscleanexceptfortwochairs.而exceptthat貝U要力口從句。誤CanIwritetheexampaperwithink?正CanIwri

27、tetheexampaperwithapen?正CanIwritetheexampaperinink?析with后要加拿得起來放得下的工具，而墨水、顏料等原料則要用in。誤I'mearliertoday.Icameherebyhiscar.正I'mearliertoday.Icamehereinhiscar.析在交通工具前加介詞by,但不能再有任何指示代詞或冠詞，否則要改換相應(yīng)的介詞。bytaxi=inataxibytrain=inatrainbybicycle=onabicyclebyship=onashipbyboat=inaboatbybus=onabusbyplane=

28、onaplanebyair空運byland陸運bysea海運onfootonhorsebackbyphonebyletterbyradiobyairmailbyhand誤AlotofFrenchwinesaremadeofgrape.正AlotofFrenchwinesaremadefromgrape.析madeof是指由原材料到成品過程中原材料未發(fā)生質(zhì)地的變化，而發(fā)生了某種變化貝U要用from,如：Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood.誤ThisisagooddictionaryinEnglishgrammar.正ThisisagooddictionaryonEnglishgra

29、mmar.析關(guān)于某方面的書籍、報告等有兩個介詞，其中on表示某專業(yè)用書，about則為某方面的普通讀物，如：Thisisabookaboutphysics.即物理科普知識。誤Doyouhavethekeyofthedoor.正Doyouhavethekeytothedoor.析keytothedoor門的鑰匙。相同用法還有answertothequestion,entrancetothehighway,dangertohealth.千萬不要用of。誤TodayalotofChinesepeoplehaveinterestofcollectingstamps.正TodayalotofChines

30、epeoplehaveinterestincollectingstamps.析haveinterestin是在某方面有興趣。誤Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrytome.正Ididn'tdomyhomework,sotheteacherwasangrywithme.析beangrywith其后接人，而beangryat其后接事。如：Hewasangryatwhatshesaid.誤Hewasgoodforskating.正Hewasgoodatskating.析begoodat為"擅長某事"，而begoodfor

31、somebody為對某人很好。誤Itwasgoodtoyoutohelpmylittleboy.正Itwasgoodofyoutohelpmylittleboy.析這句話應(yīng)譯為：你真太好了，幫助了我的小孩。而begoodtosomebody是對某人態(tài)度好。如：Hermotherisgoodtoeveryone.誤Myparentswereverypleasedatme.正Myparentswereverypleasedwithme.正Myparentswereverypleasedatmystudying.析bepleasedwith后力口somebody,而bepleasedat后力口som

32、ething。誤Heisagreewithme.正Heagreeswithme.誤Heagainstsme.正Heisagainstme.析同意agree為動詞，而反對against則為介詞。在使用中一定要注意。誤Ihaven'theardlettersfromhim.正Ihaven'theardfromhim.析hearfrom即為：從某人處得到信件。不要再加letter了。誤Teacher.MayIcallatyouthisweekend?正Teacher.MayIcallonyouthisweekend?析作為"拜訪"講callat其后接地點，如：Ma

33、yIcallatyourhomethisweekend?而callon其后接人。誤Doyouknowthegirlonwhite?正Doyouknowthegirlinwhite?析inwhite為穿一身白。與in有關(guān)的詞組有：inbed（睡覺），inhospital（住院），inahurry（匆匆忙忙），indanger（危險中）,injoy（高興），ingoodhealth（身體好），inlove（戀愛），introuble（困境），與之相反的是outof,如：outoftrouble（擺脫困境），outofdate（過時了）,outoforder（出故障）誤Helookedatmeats

34、urprise.正Helookedatmeinsurprise.析surprise的用法般有三種。用于句首，Toone'ssurprise,如：Tomysurprisehesucceeded.besurprisedat,如：Iwassurprisedatthenews.用于句尾insurprise.誤Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseofshewasill.正Shedidn'tcometoschoolbecauseshewasill.析becauseof后接名詞，如：Thegamewasputoffbecauseoftherain.（三）例題解析1

35、 -Thankyouthebeautifulflowers!-Notatall.AinBonCatDfor答案D.析由于某事向某人道謝應(yīng)用foro2 CanyouanswerthisquestionEnglish?AbyBinCwithDfrom答案B.析in表示用語言、聲音、或材料，如：Heansweredthequestioninalowvoice.3 LookthemapChinathewall,please.Aafter,of,inBat,of,inCafter,in,onDat,of,on答案D.析lookat為"看"，而onthewall為"在墻表面掛

36、著"，而inthewall則是"在墻內(nèi)"，如：Thereisholeinthewall.墻上有個洞。4 -WhendidMrGreenarriveinLondon?-HearrivedtheretheeveningofDecember6th.AatBinConDto答案C.析intheevening/afternoon這兩個詞組不論是在其前或后加上任何修飾詞都應(yīng)將介詞換為on,如：onacoldmorning,onaspringmorning等。5 Wewontherelayrace.Andtherewasabigsmileourteacher'sface

37、.AoffBnearConDbetween答案C.6 Thetwinsgotonwelltheirclassmates.AtoBinCwithDabout答案C.析getonwellwith與人相處很好。7 -Pleaseremembertocometomybirthdayparty.-Isee.I'llcomeSaturdayevening.AinBatConDfor答案C.8 Let'shurry,orwe'llbelateschoolAtoBatCwithDfor答案D.析belatefor,而comelateto，如：Don'tcomelatetosch

38、ool9 TheywillhaveamathstesttwodaysAforBatCinDafter答案C.析三天之內(nèi)應(yīng)用in,而不要受中文影響用after,afterthreedays是個不定的時間范圍，即沒有一個準(zhǔn)確的時間。5天、6天、10天全是afterthreedays。10 MybrotherjoinedthearmyA1989,MarchBinMarch,1989CMarch,1989D1989,inMarch答案B.析在月份、年、前用介詞in,而日子前用on。11 Hecouldn'tworkoutthemathsproblemyourhelpAwithoutBunder

39、CforDwith答案A.析在某人幫助下應(yīng)用with,如：WiththehelpoftheteacherIpassedtheexameasily而要是沒有你的幫助則用withoutyourhelp12 GrannytookonelookatusherglassesAbyBthroughConDin答案B.析through為穿過。13 WehadourbreakfastaquartersevenA/,toBin,toCat,toDon,to答案C.析具體時間點前用at,而差幾分幾點用to,這里應(yīng)譯為：我在差一刻七點吃的早飯。14 IlearnFrenchtheradioeverydayAonBi

40、nCfromDat答案A.析從收音機(jī)中聽到某事應(yīng)用詞組ontheradio。15 It'sgoodmannerstowaitlineAinBonCatDwith答案A.析inline為排隊。16 HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearntlastterm?AbytheendofBattheendofCtotheendofDtilltheendof答案A.析bytheendof為動作的截止時間，與完成時態(tài)相配合17 ThemanagerwasverysatisfiedhisworkAinBonCaboutDwith答案D.析besatisfiedwith為固定搭配。1

41、8 JohnhitJackfaceAontheBintheConhisDinhis答案B.析英文中的某些動詞其后要接人，然后加介詞+the+身體部位，如：Hecaughttheboybythearm。19 IwasbornthenightSeptember15,1978Ain,onBat,onCat,inDon,of答案D.析在時間前加介詞時應(yīng)以最小的時間單位為準(zhǔn)。20 It'sabadmannertolaughpeoplewhentheyaretroubleAover,inBat,inCin,atDat,for答案B.析laughat嘲笑某人，laughover笑著談?wù)撃橙嘶蚰呈拢琲

42、ntrouble陷入困境。21 Ican'tdothisworkwellTom'shelpAunderBforCwithoutDfrom答案C.22 Don'tshouttheoldwoman。YoushouldbemorepoliteherAto,atBat,toCin,forDfrom,for答案B.析shoutat為"沖某人喊叫"，而bepolitetosomebody為"對某人和氣?！?3 WemustbestrictourselveseverythingAwith,inBin,withCwith,toDto,of答案A.析bestrictwith對某人嚴(yán)格要求。24 HewenttothefootballmatchlunchlastSundayAtoBwithoutCbehindDbetween答案B.析withoutlunch未吃午飯。25 Thepeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded1949AwithBonCsinceD