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1、.非謂語動詞與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞分為三類:不定式(infinitive )、動名詞( gerund)和分詞( participle)。其特點是:1不定式、動名詞和分詞可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能單獨做謂語,這也是它們被稱為 非謂語動詞 的原因。2它們具有各種形態(tài):一般式、主動態(tài)、被動態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。3不定式和動名詞可以做 主語、賓語、表語、補(bǔ)語 等。但不管起什么作用,它們 都具有動詞的功能 ,但無語法上的動詞性質(zhì) ,這一點可以通過它們 不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制 體現(xiàn)出來。4分詞起形容詞和副詞作用 ,可做表語、定語、狀語 ,但不能做主語和賓語 。它 也不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制 。一不定式
2、(一)形式語態(tài)主動形式被動形式時態(tài)一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing1. 完成式不定式的一般形式所表示的動作 , 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài) )同時 (或幾乎同時 )發(fā)生 , 或是在它之后發(fā)生 . 假如不定式所表示的動作 , 在謂語所表示的動作 (狀態(tài) )之前發(fā)生 , 就要用不定式的完成式 .I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較 : I
3、am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.;.2. 進(jìn)行式如果主要謂語表示的動作 (狀態(tài) )發(fā)生時 , 不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行 , 這時要用不定式的進(jìn)行式 .You are not supposed to be working. You haven t quitercoveredyet.We didn t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be liste
4、ning attentively.3. 完成進(jìn)行式在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進(jìn)行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式 .The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4. 被動式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter
5、 to be typed at once.【例】Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection_ to the nation.A) has leftB) is to leaveC) leavesD) is to be left結(jié)合選項來看,全句的意思: “78歲的丹尼斯爵士已經(jīng)向眾人宣布他的許多收藏品將留給國家 。收藏品是 被留給國家 ”,因此需要一個被動式做賓語,所以答案是 D) is to be left。(二)句法功能1. 不定式作主語【例】 It is not unusual for workers
6、 in that region _.A) to be paid more than a month laterB) to be paid laterthan more a monthC) to pay later than a month moreD) to pay latermore than a monthit 在句中作形式主語。而不定式 to be paid more than a month是句子的邏輯主語。結(jié)合選項全句的意思是: “那個地方的工人一個多月后才得到工資是常有的事 ”,答案是 A)。;.2. 不定式做賓語大部分動詞可加不定式做賓語。如: We are planning t
7、o build a reservoir here.【例】 There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made動詞 mean 在本句中的意思是 “打算 ”,后面只能接動詞不定式做賓語。所以答案是 B) to make。動詞 mean 后面接名詞和動名詞時,意思是 “表示 的意思、意味著 ”,所以選項 A 和 D 錯誤。3. 不定式做補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)語用于補(bǔ)充說明主語或賓語。(1
8、)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語【例】 The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ rockets to themoon.A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending在本句中,句首表示時間概念的 ancient 表明不定式動作在句子謂語動作之前,不定式要用完成式, 因而答案是 C)。在本句中,該不定式完成式 to have sent作主語補(bǔ)足語。(2)不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語這樣的動詞有: advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bea
9、r, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronou
10、nce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。這樣的短語有: call on(請求) , care for (關(guān)心) , count on(依靠,指望) , depend on(依賴、依靠) , keep on at(困擾,追問) , long for(渴望) , make out(分辨) , vote for(選舉) , prevail on(說服) , rely on(信賴) , wait for(等待)?!纠?They are go
11、ing to have the serviceman _ an electric fanin the office tomorrow.;.A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed全句的意思是: “他們準(zhǔn)備讓服務(wù)人員明天在辦公室里裝一臺電扇”。have sb. do sth.句型的主動語態(tài), 因此,have 后接不帶 to 的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,所以答案是A) install 。4. 不定式作表語One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.5. 不定式做定語不定
12、式做定語時,不定式修飾中心詞或者不定式短語末的介詞與中心詞組成介詞短語,修飾中心詞(下面例 1)。這些動詞不定式可能是及物的(帶賓語),也可能是不及物的。要特別注意如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞, 則不定式后要加介詞, 因為此時不定式與其修飾的名詞實質(zhì)上有動賓關(guān)系。很多名詞后可接不定式做定語,如ability,ambition, anxiety,attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive (動力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive
13、, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right (權(quán)利) , struggle, tendency, wish,anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 這類名詞通常表示抽象概念,后面用動詞不定式做定語,表示該名詞的具體內(nèi)容,解釋前面中心名詞(例 2)在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,不能用分詞形式?!纠?1】Could you find someone_?A) for me to play tennis with B) for me t
14、o play tennis C) play tenniswith D) playing tennis請你找個人來和我打網(wǎng)球。答案是A。【例 2】 The pressure _causes Americans to be energetic, but italso puts them under a constant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed結(jié)合選項看,全句的意思是: “競爭的壓力使美國人精力充沛,但也使他們的精神始終處于緊張狀態(tài)。 ”名詞 pressure 后
15、應(yīng)加不定式做定語,說明 pressure的內(nèi)容。6. 不定式作狀語不定式作狀語可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果等。;.They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個計劃。 (目的 )His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太窮,不能維持他的生活。 (結(jié)果 )We are glad to hear the news我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因 )(三)動詞不定式不帶to 的情形1. 在“動詞 + 賓語 +不定式 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中 , 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch,
16、 smell, feel, notice 等, 或是表示 “致使 ”意義的 have, make, let 等, 其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶 to.John made her tell him everything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時 , 后面的不帶 to 的不定式一般還原為帶 to 的不定式 .She was made to tell him everything.2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后 ,
17、 動詞不定式也不帶 to.I d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.3. 在介詞 except, but 之后 , 如果其前有動詞 do 的某種形式 , 不定式一般不帶 to, 反之帶 to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There s no choice but to wait till it stops r
18、aining.4. 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時 , 其后的不定式不帶to;出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時 , 其后的不定式有時帶 to, 有時不帶 to。Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to incr
19、ease wages.5. 用作表語的動詞不定式 , 如果主語是由 “all + 關(guān)系分句 ”, “ thing 關(guān)+系分句 ”,“ what分句 ”或“ thing 不+定式結(jié)構(gòu) ”等構(gòu)成,并帶有 do 的某種形式,這時,作為主語補(bǔ)語的不定式可以省 to,也可以不省 .;.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up th
20、is mess.( 四) 不定式的其他用法1. too to 結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義 :She was too young to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too 等和不定式連用時 ,不定式一般不表示否定意義 :He s only too pleased to help her.2. 不定式的邏輯主語如果要說明不定式表示的動作是誰做的 , 可以在不定式前加一個 for 引起的短語 :It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for u
21、s to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞 (如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時 , 不定式前可加一個 of 引起的短語 , 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況 :It s kind of you to think so much of us.It s unwise of them to turndown the proposal.二動名詞動名
22、詞,顧名思義,具有雙重作用:它既有動詞的作用(后面可加自己的賓語),又有名詞的作用(可以做句子的主語、賓語等)。(一)形式時態(tài)性語被動態(tài)主動一般式doingbeing done完成式havinghaving been donedone1. 一般式Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.;.2. 完成式 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生 , 通常用動名的完成形式 .He didn t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice
23、.在某些動詞后(或成語中 ), 常用 (或可以用 )動名詞的一般形式,盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don t remember ever seeing him anywhere.3. 被動式 當(dāng)一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時 , 動名詞一般要用被動形式 .His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意 , 在 want, need, deserve,
24、 require 等動詞后 , 盡管表示的是被動的意思 , 卻用動名詞的主動形式 .The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在 worth 這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.4.完成被動式如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生,有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I donremembert having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形
25、式代替,以免句子顯得累贅 .5. 動名詞的否定形式動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞【例】 She apologized for _ the party.A. not her being able to attendB. her not being able to attendC. her being able not to attendD. her being not able to attendnot + doing 的動名詞否定形式, her 為該動名詞的邏輯主語。因此,正確答案選 B。(二)句法功能1. 作主語 :Working in these conditions is not a p
26、leasure but a suffer.;.動名詞作主語, 有時先用 it 作形式主語, 把動名詞置于句末。 這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children.和孩子們一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 對這種事情不是開玩笑。2. 作賓語( 1)及物動詞的賓語 You mu
27、stnt delay sending the tractors over.( 2)介詞的賓語凡是動詞 +介詞、名詞 +介詞或形容詞 +介詞形成的詞組,都要求接動名詞做賓語,因為所有介詞后的動詞都要使用動名詞形式?!纠?He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A) of having spendB) to have spentC) of beingspentD) to spent全句的意思是 “他給人的印象是他的一生都在國外度過 ”。這是名詞介詞動名詞(短語)的形式。答案是 A。3. 作表語 :The real problem
28、is getting to know the needs of the people.(三)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(重要考點)前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結(jié)構(gòu) : 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞 (或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu) ), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭 , 這個結(jié)構(gòu)常常可以用名詞的普通格 (或人稱代詞賓格 ), 這比用所有
29、格更自然一些 .I don t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.【例 1】_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what herparents wished for.A) The girl was educatedB) The girl educatedC) The girls being educatedD) The girl to be educated;.全句意思是:讓孩子在簡樸的生活環(huán)境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是 C?!纠?2】 Although punctual
30、himself, the professor was quite used _late for his lecture.A) to have studentsB) for students beingC) for students to beD) to students being句意:盡管教授很準(zhǔn)時,但他對學(xué)生遲到已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。 答案是 D。當(dāng)這一結(jié)構(gòu)不處于句首時, 邏輯主語用名詞的普通格式或代詞賓語更自然些。(四)只能接動名詞的動詞、詞組、習(xí)慣搭配、句型1. 后接動名詞的動詞有些動詞只能接動名詞做賓語, 而不能接不定式。 這是考試中常見的考點。請大家務(wù)必多練多用多讀多說, 盡量培養(yǎng)語感 ,這
31、比單純死記硬背這些枯燥的詞匯要容易得多。這些動詞是: acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse,fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, per
32、mit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等?!纠?1】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breakstraffic regulations.A) having been finedB) to have been finedC) to befinedD) being fined動詞 escape后接動名詞,不能接不定式,所以先排除了B 和 C。fine“罰款”是及物動詞、要用被動語態(tài);而且,句子講的是經(jīng)常性動作,應(yīng)當(dāng)用
33、一般時態(tài),因此,答案是 D?!纠?2】People appreciate- with him because he has a good sense ofhumor.A) to workB) to have workedC) workingD)having worked全句的意思是:因為他很有幽默感,所以大家喜歡和他一起工作。根據(jù)句意,動名詞動作與句子謂語動作并無時間上的先后, 必須用動名詞一般時態(tài)。答案是 C。;.2. 后接動名詞的詞組( 1)動名詞作介詞賓語常用在某些含有介詞的詞組后面 , 常見的有 : insist on, persist in, think of, dream of,
34、suspect of, accuse of,chargewith, hearof,approveof,preventfrom, keepfrom,stopfrom, refrain from, be engaged in, depend on, thankfor, feel liexcusefor, aim at, set about等.( 2)特別注意:某些充當(dāng)介詞的 to 的動詞詞組、名詞詞組、形容詞詞組等后接動名詞approach to(方法),admit to(承認(rèn)), contribute to(起作用), confess to(承認(rèn)),resort to(求助于),reconcil
35、e to(順從于),revertto(重新開始), submit to(忍受), swear to(斷言), take to (開始從事), be used to(習(xí)慣于), look forward to(盼望), oppose to (反對), see to(負(fù)責(zé),注意 ),devote to(把獻(xiàn)給,投入于 ) 等中的 to 都是介詞而不是不定式符號?!纠?1】The match was cancelled because most of the members _ amatch without a standard court.A) objected to havingB) were
36、objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to havingobject 在這里是不及物動詞, 后面的 to 是介詞,在接名詞或動名詞做賓語。因此,答案是 A?!纠?2】 The traditional approach _with complex problem is tobreak them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.A) to dealingB) in dealingC) dealingD) to deal解決復(fù)雜問題的傳統(tǒng)方法是把他們分解為更小的、更容易處
37、理的問題。答案是 A。3. 習(xí)慣搭配be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth., spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time(in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth ,cant help, can t stand, give up, feel like, put off 都是慣用搭配, 其后動名詞不能換成 to不定式?!纠?Jean did not have
38、 time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _ for her examination.;.A) to prepareB) to be preparedC) preparingD)being prepared結(jié)合選項來看,全句的意思是: “瓊做完沒有時間去聽音樂會,因為她忙于準(zhǔn)備考試。 ”,所以答案是 D) being prepared。4. 句型1)滿足句型 “it is +名詞或形容詞 +動名詞 ”和句型 “動詞 + it + 形容詞或名詞 +動名詞 ”的形容詞和名詞有: good, no good, nuisanc
39、e, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。例: Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?(你認(rèn)為向該項目大量投資值得嗎?)2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名詞 +doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is a great fun playing football 打
40、籃球很有趣。3) It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞 )+ doing sthIt is nice seeing you again真高興又遇到了你。It is good playing chess after supper晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。(五)既可用動名詞 , 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞1. 有時兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大 , 有時卻有不同的意思。try to do 努力、企圖做某事try doing 試驗、試一試某種辦法mean to do
41、打算,有意要mean doing 意味著go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing 建議(做某事)【例】 If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would nothave got in.A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed;.本句的意思是: 我要是記得把窗子關(guān)起來的話,小偷就進(jìn)不來了。remember 后接動名詞表示記得過去曾做過某事,接不
42、定式則表示記得要做某事。本句說的是: 記得把窗子關(guān)起來 。因此 A)to close是答案。有些考生誤選了C) to have closed。注意 remember后面不能用動詞不定式的完成式。2dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer這些詞加動名詞時,表示喜歡或討厭一般性、習(xí)慣性或發(fā)生過的某事、某物;加不定式時,表示喜歡或討厭的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。 prefer 的用法稍微復(fù)雜一點,它后面加不定式還是加動名詞通常是由它的固定結(jié)構(gòu)或習(xí)慣用法決定的。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)是: would prefer + to do(更想做某事) ; prefer do
43、ing A to doing B(比起做 B 來說,更喜歡做 A。特別注意:這里的比較使用的不是 than,而是to)?!纠?Mr. Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.A) to be givenB) to be givingC) to have givenD) having given全句意思應(yīng)是: “約翰遜先生寧可有(被給予)更重的活干 ”??梢姡鸢甘?A) to be given。(六) deserve, need, require, want這幾個詞的共同特點是: 它們后面既可加不定式, 也可加動名詞,意義相同。但是,表示被動時,動名詞依
44、然使用主動形式,不定式則變成被動形式。其中,這幾個詞后面加動名詞的形式是常考項目之一?!纠?Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A) cutB) to cutC) cuttingD) being cut本題的 want 等于 need,是一種口語習(xí)慣用法,后面接動名詞主動形式表被動。因此,本題答案是 C) cutting。三. 分詞分 詞 包 括 現(xiàn)在 分詞 和 過去 分 詞( present participle & past participle)兩種形式。(一)分詞形式1. 現(xiàn)在分詞形式現(xiàn)在分詞可分為一般式和完成式兩
45、種; 在語態(tài)上可分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。;.時態(tài)主動被動語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1)一般式在時間上表示一個正在進(jìn)行; 或與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生或存在的動作和狀態(tài)The boy singing in the hall is one of the top singers from theuniversity.Hearing the news, he jumped.2)完成式分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中 , 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生 .Having been there many times, he offered t
46、o be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having been criticized by the teacher, he decided to study hard.3)被動式現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式 (進(jìn)行的被動) 可以用來作定語 , 賓語補(bǔ)足語 , 狀語及用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中 .This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You ll find the topic being discussed everyw
47、here.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointedout to the customers.4)完成被動式現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中 . Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slipaway?The decision having been made, the next
48、 problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2. 過去分詞形式;.過去分詞只有一種形式,即: done 形式。它表示一個被動、或完成、或完成與被動的動作。The fallen leaves means the autumn(完scoming成).The building built last year is our library. (完成、被動)3. 分詞的否定形式 not+ 分詞N
49、ot having received his letter, he decided to call him.Not knowing his address, she cannot get in touch with him.(二)句法功能1分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作定語分詞作定語時有下面特點: 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義, 過去分詞一般表示被動含意; 現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行, 過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成 )的事。1)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語He rushed into the burning house他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother站在那兒的
50、男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom朝南的房間是我們的教室。【例】 As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supportedschools must be established in every town _ 50 households ormore.A) havingB) to haveC) to have hadD) having had答案是 A。2)過去分詞作定語distinguished guest 貴賓 , unknown heroes 無名英雄 , ca
51、nned food 罐頭食品 , boiled water 開水 , steamed bread饅頭 , stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)。來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語 ,在此情形下僅表示完成意義 ,不表示被動意義。 如:the risen sun, fallen leaves,retired workers, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分 , 在意義上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。Most of the people invited to
52、the reception(=who were invited to the reception) were old friends.;.【例】 If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A)to correctB) correctingC) having correctedD) being corrected結(jié)合選項來看,全句的意思是: “如果我去更正別人的看法,我會盡可能用幽默和自我克制的態(tài)度去做, 就象是我被別人更正一樣 ”。這里
53、,要求填入一個表示 “正在被人更正 ”的意思的選項,答案是 D)。(注意:分詞短語做后置定語的情況, 在閱讀理解的文章中隨處可見,考生要在掌握該語法理論的同時,活學(xué)活用、運(yùn)用自如,快速理解閱讀中的復(fù)雜句子。)2. 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語1)現(xiàn)在分詞可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have 等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語 .The words immediately set us all laughing.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在 see, hear, feel, watch,
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