考研英語閱讀理解---個別句子的意義及上下文邏輯關(guān)系

1、一篇文章各段落之間及各句子之間都存在著一定的邏輯關(guān)系，正確理解這種邏輯關(guān)系有助于考生做出快速而準(zhǔn)確的選擇，提高做題的正確率。這種類型的考題主要是考查考生對文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，要求考生綜合運(yùn)用各方面的知識如：語法、詞匯、語感、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)等進(jìn)行分析判斷。只理解個別句子的含義是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，還必須把上、下文的意思聯(lián)系起來，弄清前后句之間、各段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從語篇的角度上對文章進(jìn)行整體性的理解、分析、判斷。 第一節(jié) 命 題 方 式 考查考生正確理解個別句子的意義及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的題目可分為兩種：一是涉及各句子之間的指代關(guān)系；一是涉及文章各段落之間的關(guān)系。常見的命題方式主要有： 1.In line, t

2、he word “it” refers to . 2.In line, the word “it” could best be replaced by . 3.In paragraph, the word “” stands for . 4.The word “one” (in line could best replaced by which of the following words? . 5.It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding (following the passage most probably discusses . 6.

3、 The paragraph preceding (following this one is probably about . 從某種意義上說，這類題目是一種邏輯推理題，解題方法也與邏輯推理題有些相似。理解個別句子的意義及上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系是閱讀理解過程中的一項(xiàng)重要技能，也是考生應(yīng)具備的一種閱讀理解技能。 第二節(jié) 各句子之間的指代關(guān)系 在語篇中有時為了避免重復(fù)提及某一個詞或者短語，常常用指代詞表示，如：要求考生指出代詞it，they，one等的指代對象等。指代詞起連接語篇的作用，它能體現(xiàn)出語篇中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。這種類型的問題一般來說難度不是很高，考生只要仔細(xì)品味上下文，一般都能看出來

4、某行中的代詞是指代前面的哪個名詞。但是，需要注意的是，這類問題一般都具有一定的迷惑性。 例1(1995年考題第3篇59題 In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off,

5、 and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended

6、family must be consciously learned. The word “it” (line 3, para. 2most probably refers to . A the lack of stable communities B the breakdown of informal information channels C the increased mobility of families D the growing number of people moving from place to place 要 正確判斷it在文中的所指，關(guān)鍵在于分析該句的結(jié)構(gòu)。本句是個

7、復(fù)合句，前半部分“As families move away from their，their extended family relationships,”是狀語從句，主句是后半部分中的“the informal flow of information is cut off”。而后半部分中的“wity it the confidence that informationreliable”又與“the informal flow of information is cut off”緊密相關(guān)，因?yàn)樵摼浔砻婵瓷先ゲ煌暾瑃hat引導(dǎo)的從句只是“confidence”的同位語，那么句中沒有謂語。而實(shí)

8、際上，該句暗含了一個完整的句子，即：指代詞“it”代替前面所說的“the informal flow of information is cut off.”因此，正確答案選B項(xiàng)。 例2(1995年考題第2篇57題 In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselve

9、s as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to

10、 move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, pa

11、ra. 3, he is referring to A a new approach to experiencing the world B a new way of taking risks C A new method of perceiving ourselves D a new system of adapting to change 該題的關(guān)鍵在于對“being”一詞的理解?！癏ow we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow”是該段的主題句，概括性比較強(qiáng)，“bei

12、ng”具體指何事物可以從主題句后的幾個例子中加以判斷。下文的三個例子都圍繞一個中心，即：我們的態(tài)度決定著我們的生活方式，那么“being”就是指“生存、存在”。“a new way of being”是說“一種新的體驗(yàn)世界的生存方式”。 第三節(jié) 文章各段落之間的關(guān)系 一篇文章各段落之間都存在著一定的邏輯聯(lián)系，而這種邏輯聯(lián)系通常情況下都體現(xiàn)在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾。這種類型的題目一般要求考生根據(jù)所閱讀的短文推測出該文章的前一段或后一段的內(nèi)容。這類測試題難度較大，需要考生充分理解測試材料、分析語篇特點(diǎn)、仔細(xì)尋找解題依據(jù)。如果問題要求考生猜測短文之前的內(nèi)容，考生就必須注意短文的開頭部分；如果問題要求考生猜

13、測短文之后的內(nèi)容，考生就必須注意短文的結(jié)尾部分。 值得一提的是，在尋求解題依據(jù)時，千萬不可忽視對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。例如：論說文是用理由 、論據(jù)來說明作者觀點(diǎn)的，如果所選段落僅敘述其中一點(diǎn)，那么該段落的上、下文可能是對另一點(diǎn)的敘述。如果是用比較對比的手法來組織的文章，所選段落僅論述比較，則該文的上、下文可能論述對比。 例1 By about A.D 500 the Mound Builder culture was declined, perhaps because of attacks from other tribes or perhaps because of severe climatic

14、 changes that undermined agriculture. To the west another culture, based on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath presentday St. Louis, and it radiated out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tennessee. T

15、housands of villages were included in its orbit. The paragraph preceding this one most probably discussed . A the Mound Builder culture B warfare in A.D 500. C the geography of the Mississippi area D agriculture near the Mississippi River 本題就是一個典型的例子。文章各段落間的邏輯關(guān)系一般情況下都體現(xiàn)在段落的開頭或結(jié)尾。本題要求考生根據(jù)下文已知信息，對上文可能

16、出現(xiàn)的信息加以推測。解答這類題型時，要充分理解所讀文章，特別注意文章的開頭部分，借助于標(biāo)題、主題句進(jìn)行推測。本篇文章一開始便談到“By about A.D. 500 the Mound Bwilder culture was declined”。接著又告訴讀者這種文化衰退的兩個可能性的因素。進(jìn)而又講述了另一種文化的繁榮。因此，我們可以判斷出：第一句是個過渡句，起到承上啟下的作用，前一段肯定是關(guān)于the Mound Builder Culture，甚至是這種文化的繁榮景象。因此，這一題的正確答案是A項(xiàng)。 例2 A hearing test that analyzes brain waves fo

17、r subconscious responses to sound has recently been devised by a team of specialists at the University of Iowa. Instead of depending on the patient to indicate when he hears a laboratorycontrolled noise, as in the traditional form of testing, this new method, called electric response audiometry, ena

18、bles audiologists to trace the noise's path directly from the ear to the brain while the patient relaxes or sleeps. Although brain responses have been used in other auditory tests for some time, the university of Iowa specialists are the only scientists to date who analyze simultaneously three c

19、omponents of hearingthe responses of the middle ear, the auditory nerve, and the brain stem. This information helps to identify the precise location of a hearing problem and, at the same time, to measure its severity. While electric response audiometry is not meant to replace conventional means of t

20、esting, it is especially effective in diagnosing hearing problems in very young children multiply handicapped individuals, and psychologically disturbed persons because it does not require the patient's active participation. The paragraph following this one would most likely de al with . A why s

21、ome people can hear better than others B what can be done to help the hearing impaired C how this new auditory test is conducted D which hearing problems are the most severe 本題要求考生預(yù)測短文之后可能講座的內(nèi)容，解這類題型考生要特別注意文章結(jié)尾部分，找出作者在結(jié)尾部分埋下的伏筆，同時要根據(jù)文章的中心思想來進(jìn)行推測。本文的主題是渥太華大學(xué)的一組科學(xué)家為了分析對聲音下意識做出反應(yīng)的腦電波聽力測驗(yàn)。他們一改過去那種傳統(tǒng)的測試方

22、法，而采用“electric response audiometry”。這樣，就是在病人休息的時候，聽覺矯治專家就可以直接監(jiān)測，跟蹤聲音從耳朵進(jìn)入大腦的線路。接下來的內(nèi)容都是關(guān)于這一重大突破的意義。在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，我們再仔細(xì)體會結(jié)尾部分的內(nèi)容，結(jié)尾句告訴我們這種新的方法被證明用在診斷小孩、殘疾人、或是精神疾病的患者身上尤為有效，因?yàn)樗⒉惶貏e要求病人的主動參與。顯然，下一段作者就要敘述如何進(jìn)行這種聽覺測試。因此，正確答案為C項(xiàng)。 在判斷文章上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系時，要特別注意過渡性詞語的使用。過渡性詞語是一種關(guān)系指引詞，用其作為連接手段，能使文章保持連貫、通順。它們不僅能承上啟下，還能轉(zhuǎn)折上

23、、下文的語氣。 (常用的過渡詞語請見本篇概論部分 例3 Dr. Trounson has gone one step further than the “testtube”fertilization(授孕technique, first employed successfully in 1978 and since emulated in such places as the United States, South Africa, Britain, and Australia, by setting up an “embryo bank” to keep a supply of frozen

24、, fertilized eggs available indefinitely. In case the first fertilized egg failed to lead to pregnancy when transplanted back into the mother, or possibly into another woman, another of the stored eggs, which had been taken from the mother and fertilized by the father at the same time as the first,

25、could be withdrawn from the “bank” for a second attempt. The pioneers of successful “testtube” births, Steptoe and Edwards, had been the first to come up with this storage idea but they had been forced to withdraw their plan because of the controversy it aroused. The problem in both countries was, o

26、f course, one of morality, although that should not be taken to imply that there is necessarily more morality in Great Britain than in Australia. The concern has been that the embryo bank might be exploited by the unscrupulous, or that conception(懷孕might precede birth by nine or even ninety years, r

27、ather than by nine months. As happened some years ago with heart transplants, and as will doubtless happen again, the present situation as far as embryo banks are concerned appears to be that “the technology has outrun the morality.” The paragraph preceding this passage prob ably discussed A the int

28、ended recipientB Dr. Trounson C embryo banksD Steptoe and Edwards 本題要求預(yù)測上文可能談到的內(nèi)容。判斷文章上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系時，過渡性詞語也起著重要的作用，它是一種關(guān)系指引詞，使文章保持連貫、通順。我們知道，推測上文信息，文章的第一句很重要。該文第一句講“Dr. Trounson has gone one step further than the “testtube” fertilization technique”，句中的過渡詞語“further”表示進(jìn)一步說明，與上文屬于遞進(jìn)邏輯關(guān)系。既然第一句敘述Dr. Trounso

29、n在研究試管受精技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上又進(jìn)一步建立了“胚胎庫”或“精子庫”，由此我們可以推測其前文很可能是有關(guān)Dr. Trounson和試管受精技術(shù)。故正確答案是B項(xiàng)。 例4 When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they becam

30、e capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to

31、farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of

32、 cities. The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about A fire B hunting C farming D urbanization 該題要求預(yù)測短文之后可能討論的內(nèi)容。解這種題時，可以先回顧一下全文的主題思想及相關(guān)的信息，也可以根據(jù)結(jié)尾句的過渡性詞語的使用判斷下文信息。文章的結(jié)尾講“Only when the process of meeting the basic need forwas it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such a

33、s the founding of cities.”(只有在滿足對食物基本需求的過程達(dá)到一定的精細(xì)程度時，人類才有可能去從事建造城市等其他的追求。該句中出現(xiàn)過渡詞“such as”，它表示下文要引出的例子。因此，我們說本文后的段落很可能是關(guān)系人們的追求，而放在首位的，則是從事建造城市的追求。故正確答案是D項(xiàng)。 第四節(jié) 專項(xiàng)閱讀練習(xí) Passage 1 Rhythm in literature is a more or less regular occurrence of certain elements of writing： a word, a phrase, an idea, a soun

34、d, or a grammatical construction. We are also accustomed to this recurrence in the alternate heavy and light beats in music. Our love for rhythm seems to be innate： witness the responses of a small child to lively music. Children love to beat on toy drums or empty boxes. They stamp th eir feet and c

35、hant nursery rhymes or nonsense syllables, not unlike primitive dancers. As children grow older, they are taught to restrain their responses to rhythm, but our love of rhythm remains. We live in rhythms； in fact we are governed by rhythms. Physiologically, we are rhythmical. We must eat, sleep, brea

36、the, and play regularly to maintain good health. Emotionally we are rhythmical, too, for psychologists say that all of us feel alternate periods of relative depression and exhilaration. Intellectually we are also rhythmical, for we must have periods of relaxation following periods of concentration.

37、It naturally follows then that rhythm, a fundamental aspect of our lives, must be a part of any good literary workwhether poetry or prose. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A Rhythmic patterns in literature are helpful to physicians and psychologists. B Rhythmic patterns in literature are amo

38、ng the natural manifestations of rhythm in all facets of life. C Rhythm tends to be more accentuated in music than in poetry. D Rhythm tends to be more regular in literature than in other facets of life. 2. According to the passage, an adult's reaction to rhythm in music would probably be . A un

39、inhibited B indifferent C restrained D responsible 3. According to the passage, which of the following pairs of activities best illustrates intellectual rhythm? A Studying a science book and then studying a psychology book B Learning a poem and then taking a nap CPlaying ball at the beach and then g

40、oing swimming D Solving a math problem and then solving a chemistry problem 4. What would the next paragraph probably discuss? A How to write poetry B How to understand rhythm in music C The kinds of rhythm found in good literature D The importance of rhythm in planning our lives Passage 2 It has be

41、en thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find th

42、at we have become largely a society of music spectators. Music is important to us, but most of us can considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture

43、 it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute and drum ensemble is performing,“Anybody can take part.”This is true, but Kasena musicians r

44、ecognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the Music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer ca n play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by oth

45、ers who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult t

46、o draw from point of view. 1. The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that . A we are the audience and they are the additional performers B we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians C most of us are passive spectators while they are active spe

47、ctators D all of us are consumers while all of them are producers of music 2. The word “such”(line 8 refers to the fact that . A music is performed with the participation of the audience B people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers C music performed without the participation of the

48、audience D people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs 3. The word “nucleus”(line 15 probably refers to . A musicians famous in Africa B musicians at the centre C active participants in a musical performance D musicians acting as the core in a performance 4. The bes

49、t title for this passage would be . A The Importance of Musicians to African People B A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances C The Relationship Between Musicians and Their Audience D Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries Passage 3 There are two ways to crea

50、te colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the

51、one desired. In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about onethird of the wavelengths in the total spectrum. Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green a

52、nd red light mix to produce yellow: red and blue light mix to produce magenta: green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of these primarycolored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye. In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint

53、 or color photographic materials absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green magenta (a purplish pink and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting th

54、em from white ligh t. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light. producing black: But mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.

55、Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques,

56、 has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films. 1. The word “one” in line 4 refers to . A color Bmethod C mixture D light 2. What color filter would absorb red wavelengths? A Red B Cyan C Magenta D Yellow 3. Which of the following is NOT a pair of additive and subtra

57、ctive primary colors? A Yellow and blueB Magenta and green C Black and whiteD Cyan and red 4. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films? A Subtractive colors are more B The subtractive process is more efficient. C Additive chemical techniques are too compl

58、ex. D The additive process is still being developed. Passage 4 Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, churchconnected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throu

59、ghout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them retu