WHO西太區(qū)與“世界中醫(yī)藥學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)”中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較研究：五行學(xué)說部分

1、WHO西太區(qū)與“世界中醫(yī)藥學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)”中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較研究：五行學(xué)說部分         09-08-14 10:11:00     作者：李照國    編輯：studa20【關(guān)鍵詞】  語言學(xué) 科學(xué)術(shù)語 翻譯 英語 中醫(yī)名詞 五行學(xué)說    Keywords: linguistics; terminology; translation; English; terms, tradition

2、al Chinese medicine; five elements theory    WHO西太區(qū)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名詞術(shù)語1中，一共收錄了51條有關(guān)五行學(xué)說的術(shù)語，“世界中醫(yī)藥學(xué)會(huì)聯(lián)合會(huì)”（以下簡稱世中聯(lián)）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中醫(yī)基本名詞術(shù)語中英對(duì)照國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2中則收錄了103條。這些術(shù)語的翻譯與通行譯法基本一致，如將木、火、土、金、水譯為wood，fire，earth，metal，water。但一些關(guān)鍵詞語的翻譯卻多參照海外譯法而行，如將“五行”譯為five phases（同時(shí)也羅列出了five elements這一通行譯法），將“生”譯作engender，將“乘”譯作ov

3、erwhelming，將“侮”譯作rebellion。將“克”譯作restrain，倒與通行譯法相近。下面試結(jié)合“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)WHO方案中有關(guān)五行學(xué)說主要概念的翻譯問題加以分析比較。    五行five phases the five phases: wood, fire, earth, metal and water, and their movements and changes, also known as five elements.    木wood one of the five phases, with which

4、 the season spring, the color blue or green, the taste sourness, and the liver and gallbladder in the body are associated.    火fire one of the five phases, with which the season summer, the color red, the taste bitterness, and the heart and small intestine in the body are associated.&

5、#160;   土earth one of the five phases, with which the season of late summer, the color yellow, the taste sweetness, and the spleen and stomach in the body are associated.    金metal one of the five phases, with which the season autumn, the color white, the taste acriditypunge

6、nt, and the lung and large intestine in the body are associated.    水water (1) one of the five phases, with which the season winter, the color black, the taste saltiness, and the kidney and bladder in the body are associated; (2) pathologic aspect of body fluid.    “五行”

7、一般有3種譯法：five elements, five phases, wuxing。從目前的使用情況來看，five elements 最為流行，且有約定俗成之勢，值得采用?！笆乐新?lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中就是將five elements作為首選譯語，這與WHO的做法剛好相反。    “五行”中的“木、火、土、金、水”一般直譯為wood, fire, earth, metal, water。對(duì)于“木”的翻譯，以前也有過不同的意見。比如有的人認(rèn)為，wood指木材，意即砍倒的樹木；而“五行”的“木”則是指生長中的“樹木”，所以建議用tree來翻譯“木”。其實(shí)wood在英語中并不一定

8、就是指經(jīng)過加工的木材。    朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典（Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English）給wood下的第一個(gè)定義就是“the material of which trunks and branches of trees are made, which is cut and dried in various forms for making material, for burning, for making paper or furniture, etc.”（構(gòu)成樹木主干和枝節(jié)的材料，可以用不同的方式砍倒和晾干，用以

9、制作材料、燃料、紙張或家具等）。    五行歸類categorization according to the five phases classification of material things and phenomena into five categories by comparing their structures, properties and actions with the five phases.    在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，無“五行歸類”一詞，但有“別異比類”，譯作analogy。所謂“別異比類”，大約指的是

10、中醫(yī)學(xué)中“取象比類”吧。    相生engendering the relationship in which each phase and its associated phenomena give rise to or promote another sequential phase, also the same as generating.    木生火wood engenders fire the category of wood generates or promotes the category of fire, also

11、 the same as wood generating fire.    火生土fire engenders earth the category of fire generates or promotes the category of earth, also called fire generating earth.    土生金earth engenders metal the category of earth generates or promotes the category of metal, also called

12、earth generating metal.    金生水metal engenders water the category of metal generates or promotes the category of water, also called metal generating water.    水生木water engenders wood the category of water generates or promotes the category of wood, also called water gene

13、rating wood.    在五行學(xué)說中，“相生”指事物之間具有相互資生、相互促進(jìn)的一面。常譯作mutual promotion, mutual generation或interpromotion, intergeneration。mutual和inter都表示相互的意思，只是mutual可以作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的詞語來使用，而inter則不能作為獨(dú)立詞語使用，只能作為一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分使用?！跋嗌边€有人譯作engendering，WHO方案中就采用了這種譯法。在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，“相生”則一律使用generate，反映了這一概念英語翻譯的基本趨向。 

14、0;  相克restraining the relationship in which each phase and its associated phenomena restrict/check/control another phase.    木克土wood restrains earth the category of wood restricts or checks the category of earth, also called wood controlling earth.    火克金fire restr

15、ains metal the category of fire restricts or checks the category of metal, also called fire controlling metal.    土克水earth restrains water the category of earth restricts or checks the category of water, also called earth controlling water.    水克火water restrains fire th

16、e category of water restricts or checks the category of fire, also called water controlling fire.    金克木metal restrains wood the category of metal restricts or checks the category of wood, also called metal controlling wood.    在五行學(xué)說中，“相克”指事物間具有相互制約、相互排斥的一面，常譯作mutual re

17、straint, mutual restriction, mutual inhibition或interrestraint, interrestriction, interinhibition。從目前的使用情況來看，mutual (inter) restraint和mutual (inter) restriction使用得最為普遍，雖然mutual (inter) inhibition在語義上也有可取之處，但其使用范圍遠(yuǎn)不及前兩種譯法廣泛。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，也有人不用mutual和inter，而直接使用restraint或restriction。在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，“相克”一概譯作restric

18、t。    相乘overwhelming abnormally severe restraining of the five phases in the same sequence as normal restraining, also known as overacting.    “相乘”指克制太過，超過了正常的制約程度，常見的譯法有overrestraint, overrestriction，也有譯作subjugation。個(gè)別西方譯者將“相乘”譯作overwhelming。在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，“相乘”譯為overrestri

19、ction，與現(xiàn)行流行譯法一致。    相侮 rebellion restraining opposite to that of the normal restraining sequence of the five phases, also known as insulting.    “相侮”指相反方向的克制，常譯作counterrestraint, counterrestriction或reverse restraint, reverse restriction。國外也有譯作rebellion，顯然是意譯了。還有譯作interi

20、nsult，有點(diǎn)直譯太過。在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，“相侮”的譯文是counterrestriction，與現(xiàn)行譯法保持一致。    五常five constants a collective term referring to wood, fire, earth, metal and water in normal movement.    “五?！敝改?、火、土、金、水五類物質(zhì)的正常運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以常譯作motion of the five elements或normal motion of the five elements。這里譯作fiv

21、e constants（五個(gè)常數(shù)）似乎有些不太恰當(dāng)。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z中，constant指數(shù)學(xué)中的常數(shù)和物理學(xué)中的恒量，很難用以表達(dá)五行的正常運(yùn)動(dòng)。     09-08-14 10:11:00     作者：李照國    編輯：studa20    制化inhibition and generation the engendering and restraining for maintaining a relative balance coordina

22、tion in the five phase theory relationships and normal.    “制化”指五行之間既相互制約，又相互生化的關(guān)系，常譯作restriction and generation, restraint and promotion, inhibition and generation等，意思基本一致。“世中聯(lián)”采用了restriction and generation來翻譯“制化”。    亢害承制harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition

23、 one of the principles of the five phase theory indicating that hyperactivity of any phase is harmful, and its restriction will restore the normal balance.    所謂“亢害承制”，指五行有相互促進(jìn)的一面，也有制約的一面。如只有促進(jìn)而無制約,就會(huì)造成亢盛為害。因此必須抵御亢盛令其克制，才能維持五行的正常運(yùn)動(dòng)。所以早期的譯者將其譯作：Hyperactivity of the five elements causin

24、g damages should be suppressed，意思自然是比較準(zhǔn)確的。有的詞典也將其譯作：Because excess brings harm, it should be restrained，語義上略微有點(diǎn)泛。WHO和“世中聯(lián)”將其譯作：Harmful hyperactivity and responding inhibition，含義似乎也不是非常明確?！翱汉Τ兄啤敝械摹昂Α焙汀爸啤倍际莿?dòng)詞，“亢”和“承”則是名詞，即內(nèi)經(jīng)·六微旨大論所說的“亢則害，承則制”。按照內(nèi)經(jīng)的解釋，“亢害承制”的意思是：Hyperactivity among the five elemen

25、ts will bring on harm and therefore has to be inhibited。對(duì)于這樣的中醫(yī)經(jīng)典成語，譯作名詞短語，有時(shí)很難說得清楚。    母氣mother qi qi of the viscus that engenders in the engendering sequential relationship of the five phases.    子氣child qi qi of the viscus that is engendered in the engendering sequen

26、tial relationship of the five phases.    在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，“母氣”和“子氣”分別譯作mother element/phase/qi和child element/phase/qi，似不及WHO的譯法簡潔。另外，“子氣”還有另外一層含義，即孕婦腿部水腫（edema of legs in pregnancy）。    母子相及mother and child affecting each other influence of one phase exerted on the phase that

27、 it engenders or that engenders it sequentially.    “世中聯(lián)”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有關(guān)五行學(xué)說及其相關(guān)概念的翻譯，多與通行譯法一致（如將“生”譯作generating，將“克”譯作restricting，將“乘”譯作overrestriction，將“侮”譯作counterrestriction等），且在數(shù)量上多于WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中所羅列的用語。有些概念是WHO方案中所沒有收錄的，如“木曰曲直”（wood characterized by bending and straightening）、“火曰炎上”（fire characte

28、rized by flaring up）、“土爰稼穡”（earth characterized by sowing and reaping）、“土生萬物”（earth producing myriads of things）、“金曰從革”（metal characterized by changing）、“金氣蕭殺”（metal characterized by clearing and downward）、“水曰潤下”（water characterized by moistening and descending）    根據(jù)筆者對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化“概念”的分析3，似乎

29、可以不必將“木曰曲直”這樣一些中醫(yī)常用語作為名詞術(shù)語去翻譯并對(duì)其翻譯進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。因?yàn)檫@些常用語其實(shí)就是一個(gè)個(gè)陳述句或判斷句，一般不會(huì)按名詞術(shù)語的要求去翻譯。如“木曰曲直”雖然在“世中聯(lián)”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中被譯為wood characterized by bending and straightening，但也完全可以翻譯成wood tends to grow freely。另外，“金氣蕭殺”譯作metal characterized by clearing and downward，似乎不是很完整，因?yàn)閐ownward可以作形容詞或副詞，但卻不能作名詞。    天人相應(yīng)correspondence between nature and hum