句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)

1、英語(yǔ)句子成分和簡(jiǎn)單句五種基本句型句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種：主語(yǔ)（subject）、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）、表語(yǔ)（predicative）、賓語(yǔ)（object）、定語(yǔ)（attribute）、狀語(yǔ)(adverbial) 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（complement）。英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。 基本句型 一： （主謂）主語(yǔ)：可以作主語(yǔ)的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等等。主語(yǔ)一般在句首。謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語(yǔ)之后。不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

2、， （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter.4. They talked for half an hour.5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞, 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等?；揪湫?二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, lo

3、ok, keep, seem等，表情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表變化。be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義,只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好, sound nice/聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺(jué)好，smell bad/難聞 （是系動(dòng)詞） （表語(yǔ)）1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He

4、is growing tall and strong.6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個(gè)男孩。）前一個(gè)there無(wú)實(shí)意，后一個(gè)there為副詞那里?；揪湫?三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)

5、詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 （及物動(dòng)詞） （賓語(yǔ)）1. Who knows the answer?2. He has refused to help them.3. He enjoys reading.4. He said "Good morning."5. He admits that he was mistaken基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，eg：give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語(yǔ))；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語(yǔ))。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr.

6、 Smith.-Bring it to me, please （及物）（多指人） （多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress.2. He brought you a dictionary.3. I showed him my pictures.4. I told him that the bus was late.5. He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

7、：位于賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分?？梢杂米髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞，形容詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road. （及物） （賓語(yǔ)） （賓補(bǔ)）1. They painted the door green.2. This set them thinking.3. They

8、 found the house deserted.4. He asked me to come back soon.5. I saw them getting on the bus.但常用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）短語(yǔ)（主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)）。我們稱之為：定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)The little boy needs a blue pen.定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，譯為的定語(yǔ)通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（s

9、omething/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語(yǔ)/從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在名詞之后。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom.狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分，說(shuō)明方式、

10、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作狀語(yǔ)的有副詞,不定式，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，從句等。1.介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。 （地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語(yǔ))On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間

11、狀語(yǔ)) 2.分詞（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語(yǔ)）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無(wú)聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語(yǔ)）2.不定式作狀語(yǔ)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫(xiě)家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語(yǔ)）To make his dream come true, To

12、m becomes very interested in business.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.3.狀語(yǔ)從句：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 方式狀語(yǔ)從句-We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ) 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子成分用來(lái)說(shuō)明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的同位語(yǔ)。We students should study hard.(student

13、s是we的同位語(yǔ)，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students.(all是we的同位語(yǔ)，都指同樣的我們）獨(dú)立成分與全句沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等?？隙ㄔ~:yes否定詞:no稱呼語(yǔ)：稱呼人的用語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)結(jié)束. 練習(xí)1.劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) My brother hasn't done his homework. People all o

14、ver the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.2.劃出下列句中的表語(yǔ) The old man was feeling very tired. The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became intereste

15、d in the subject.3.劃出下列句中的定語(yǔ)What is your given name?I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!4.劃出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the b

16、oy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.5.劃出下列句中的狀語(yǔ) There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. Wi

17、th the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.基礎(chǔ)專練：同學(xué)們看完以上的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句是否有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)，趕快來(lái)做練習(xí)驗(yàn)證一下吧。1)用公式標(biāo)出下面簡(jiǎn)單句的類型。1. Anna speaks Russi

18、an.2. Daddy bought Tom a new dictionary.3. Kate calls her cat Mimi.4. Polly laughed.5. Lily felt cold.6. The picture looks beautiful.7. Jim brought me my English books.8. It is dangerous.9. You must wait.10. Mr Green can't keep the house tidy.2)選擇正確答案11Look ! There _ some apples in that tree.A i

19、s B was C are D were12. The ground must be just right _ too wet _ too dry.A. either; or B. both; and C. between; and D. neither; nor13. He _ coffee at all. He _ tea.A. doesn't like, prefers B. likes, doesn't preferC. would like, not prefers D. prefers, is not food of14. We _ happy about the

20、price of meat.A. don't B. are not C. won't D. weren't being15. I _ trouble finding the place.A. didn't have many B. haven't a great deal ofC. didn't have much D. hadn't a lot of16. _ of us likes the film.A. Both B. All C. Neither D. Some17. They_lunch at home every day.A.

21、 have not B. didn't have C. don't have D. have not any18. They are _ young _ carry the box onto the table.A. enough; too B. too; toC. so; to D. very; to19. The two girls are only two years old. This girl is _ than that one.A. not taller B. as tall C. so tall D. more taller20. Some apples are

22、 _ than these oranges.A. not bigger B. big C. small D. much big5.典型例題：1. I don't know how I can talk to my new friend.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)I don't know _ _ _ _ my new friend.此題主要考察簡(jiǎn)單句同復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，尤其是賓語(yǔ)從句中由how what where等引導(dǎo)的，多考慮把賓語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)成疑問(wèn)詞加不定式的形式。所以此題答案位how to talk to2 He told me how I could send an e-mail.(改

23、為同意句) 此題同上3 My sweater is like my sister's(同義句)My sweater and my sister's _ _ _.此題答案為are the same, my sweater and my sister's 雖為兩個(gè)物品，但他們由and連接作為主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)。4_ do you mind _ this place?_ Better not. It's for Mr. Smith.A. take B. to take C. took D. my taking答案D mind 只能以動(dòng)名詞為賓語(yǔ)。5.I hear the gi

24、rl sing the song every day.變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The girl _ _ _ sing the song every day.答案為 is heard to 句子里hear 是感官動(dòng)詞，主動(dòng)句里不帶to 但是變被動(dòng)時(shí)要帶to.6.考點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)：結(jié)合中考說(shuō)明和中考模擬題，簡(jiǎn)單句在中考題里除單選外，還會(huì)以完成句子和句子翻譯這樣的題型出現(xiàn)。根據(jù)中文意思完成下了句子，每空一詞。1.展出的小汽車都是中國(guó)制造的。The cars _ _ are all made in China.2.開(kāi)車只需半個(gè)小時(shí)就可以到達(dá)購(gòu)物中心。It's half an _ _ to get to the sh

25、opping center.3.這個(gè)主意聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，我會(huì)考慮的。This idea _ _ a good one . I will think about it.4.是我們努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候了。It is _ for us _ study hard.5.早飯你想吃什么，雞蛋面包還是面條？What would you like to have _ _ eggs, bread or noodles?7.專項(xiàng)練習(xí)題單項(xiàng)選擇1. On Sunday I often stay at home and do some _.A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read2. My mother often asks me _ early.A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up3. The teacher told her students _ in public.A. not to shout B. didn't shout