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1、什么是戰(zhàn)略?第一部分:主要理論介紹取得卓越業(yè)績是所有企業(yè)的首要目標,運營效益(operational effectiveness)和戰(zhàn)略(strategy)是實現(xiàn)這一目標的兩個關(guān)鍵因素,但人們往往混淆了這兩個最基本的概念。運營效益意味著相似的運營活動能比競爭對手做得更好。戰(zhàn)略定位(strategic positioning)則意味著運營活動有別于競爭對手,或者雖然類似,但是其實施方式有別于競爭對手。 幾乎沒有企業(yè)能一直憑借運營效益方面的優(yōu)勢立于不敗之地。運營效益代替戰(zhàn)略的最終結(jié)果必然是零和競爭(zero-sum competition)、一成不變或不斷下跌的價格,以及不斷上升的成本壓力。

2、60; 所謂的競爭戰(zhàn)略就是創(chuàng)造差異性,即有目的地選擇一整套不同的運營活動以創(chuàng)造一種獨特的價值組合。戰(zhàn)略定位有三個不同的原點,一是基于種類的定位(variety-based positioning);二是基于需求的定位(needs-based positioning);三是基于接觸途徑的定位(access-based positioning)。 在對定位進行明確定義后,我們現(xiàn)在可以回答“什么是戰(zhàn)略”的問題了。戰(zhàn)略就是創(chuàng)造一種獨特、有利的定位,涉及各種不同的運營活動。 然而,選擇一個獨特的定位并不能保證獲得持久優(yōu)勢。一個有價值的定位會引起他人的爭相仿效。除非公司做出一定的取舍(

3、trade-offs),否則,任何一種戰(zhàn)略定位都不可能持久。  因此,對“什么是戰(zhàn)略”這一問題的回答又增加了一個新視角取舍。戰(zhàn)略就是在競爭中做出取舍,其實質(zhì)就是選擇不做哪些事情。 定位選擇不僅決定公司應該開展哪些運營活動、如何設(shè)計各項活動,而且還決定各項活動之間如何關(guān)聯(lián)。戰(zhàn)略配稱是創(chuàng)造競爭優(yōu)勢最核心的因素,它可以建立一個環(huán)環(huán)相扣、緊密聯(lián)接的鏈,將模仿者拒之門外。配稱可以分為三類,第一層面的配稱是保持各運營活動或各職能部門與總體戰(zhàn)略之間的簡單一致性(simple consistency)。第二層面的配稱是各項活動之間的相互加強。第三層面的配稱已經(jīng)超越了各項活動之間的相互加強,

4、我把它稱為“投入最優(yōu)化”(optimization of effort)。  在三種類型的配稱中,整體作戰(zhàn)比任何一項單獨活動都來得重要與有效。競爭優(yōu)勢來自各項活動形成的整體系統(tǒng)(entire system)。將有競爭力的企業(yè)的成功歸因于個別的優(yōu)勢、核心競爭力或者關(guān)鍵資源都是極其錯誤的。試圖模仿整個運營活動系統(tǒng)的競爭對手,如果僅僅復制某些活動而非整個系統(tǒng),最后收效必然甚微。  現(xiàn)在,對于戰(zhàn)略是什么,我們已經(jīng)有了一個完整的答案。所謂戰(zhàn)略,就是在企業(yè)的各項運營活動之間建立一種配稱。 在影響戰(zhàn)略的諸多因素中,強烈的增長欲望也許是最危險的。追求增長的努力往往會淡化企業(yè)的獨特

5、性,以致產(chǎn)生妥協(xié)、破壞配稱,并最終削弱公司的競爭優(yōu)勢。增長手段應該集中于對現(xiàn)有戰(zhàn)略定位進行深化而不是拓寬和妥協(xié)。  制定或重建一個清晰的戰(zhàn)略,在很大程度上取決于組織的領(lǐng)導者。最高管理層不僅僅是每個職能部門的總指揮,其核心任務應該是制定戰(zhàn)略:界定并宣傳公司獨特的定位,進行戰(zhàn)略取舍,在各項運營活動之間建立配稱關(guān)系。 改善運營效益是管理中必不可少的一部分,但這并不是戰(zhàn)略。運營效益討論的是持續(xù)變革、組織彈性以及如何實現(xiàn)最佳實踐,而戰(zhàn)略討論的是如何界定獨特的定位、如何做出明確的取舍、如何加強各項活動之間的配稱性。 第二部分:具體案例分析一、宜家案例宜家家居(IKEA)于19

6、43年創(chuàng)建于瑞典,“為大多數(shù)人創(chuàng)造更加美好的日常生活”是宜家公司自創(chuàng)立以來一直努力的方向。宜家品牌始終和提高人們的生活質(zhì)量聯(lián)系在一起并秉承“為盡可能多的顧客提供他們能夠負擔,設(shè)計精良,功能齊全,價格低廉的家居用品”的經(jīng)營宗旨。 在提供種類繁多,美觀實用,老百姓買得起的家居用品的同時,宜家努力創(chuàng)造以客戶和社會利益為中心的經(jīng)營方式,致力于環(huán)保及社會責任問題。今天,瑞典宜家集團已成為全球最大的家具家居用品商家,銷售主要包括座椅/沙發(fā)系列,辦公用品,臥室系列,廚房系列,照明系列,紡織品,炊具系列,房屋儲藏系列,兒童產(chǎn)品系列等約10,000個產(chǎn)品。目前宜家家居在全球38個國家和地區(qū)擁有310個商場,其中

7、有11家在中國大陸,分別在北京、天津、上海(兩家)、廣州、成都、深圳、南京、無錫、大連、沈陽。宜家的采購模式是全球化的采購模式,它在全球設(shè)立了16個采購貿(mào)易區(qū)域,其中有3個在中國大陸,分別為:華南區(qū),華中區(qū)和華北區(qū)。目前宜家在中國的采購量已占到總量的18%,在宜家采購國家中排名第一。根據(jù)規(guī)劃,至2012年,宜家在中國內(nèi)地的零售商場將達到11家,所需倉儲容量將由現(xiàn)在的10萬立方米擴大到30萬立方米以上。中國已成為宜家最大的采購市場和業(yè)務增長最重要的空間之一,在宜家的全球戰(zhàn)略中具有舉足輕重的地位。宜家成功營銷的策略1:巧妙命名。IKEA 這個名字,是由創(chuàng)始人英格瓦·坎普拉德名字的首寫字母

8、(IK)和他所在農(nóng)場(Elmtaryd )以及村莊(Agunnaryd)的第一個字母組合而成的。更為巧妙的是,中文的“宜家”既與IKEA 諧音,又有了成語“宜室宜家”的美好寓意。夫妻和順,家庭美滿,是每一個人的夢想。再加上宜家的種種經(jīng)營優(yōu)勢,宜家產(chǎn)品在中國,尤其是年輕人心目中已經(jīng)成為時尚生活的標志。 2:獨特設(shè)計。宜家產(chǎn)品充分體現(xiàn)了為大眾設(shè)計的理念價廉、耐用、簡單、自然,不能成為生活的束縛,還要能夠滿足全球化生產(chǎn)的需要。宜家將塑料、層板和松木作為基本的家具材料,通過對顏色和材料的精心選擇搭配,使其產(chǎn)品既現(xiàn)代、美觀,又實用、環(huán)保;既以人為本,又凸顯地域特色,很好地表現(xiàn)出了那種源自瑞典南部斯莫蘭自

9、然、清新、健康的生活方式。這些產(chǎn)品與斯莫蘭民眾勤勞、節(jié)儉和對有限資源最大程度地加以利用的美德緊密相連,極易引起消費者的認同和好感。 3:品種齊全。在宜家商場里,沙發(fā)、床、桌子、椅子、紡織品、廚房餐具、地板、地毯、廚房家具、浴室用品、燈具及植物等家居用品應有盡有。而且,宜家產(chǎn)品風格多樣,浪漫主義者與簡約主義者到宜家,都能乘興而來、滿意而歸。 4:拆裝便利。 1955 年,宜家一位員工突發(fā)靈感,決定把桌腿卸掉,以方便裝車,并避免運輸過程中的損壞。沒想到,這種平板式包裝,成了宜家節(jié)省生產(chǎn)和運輸成本的重要手段。更為重要的是,在自己動手(DIY )漸成時尚的情況下,這些拆裝便利的家具大受歡迎。那些尤其喜

10、歡自己動手的德國人,往往不惜在宜家的收款臺前排上個把小時的長隊,回家再拼命地擰幾個螺絲,把那些零散部件裝配成書架、柜子或者別的什么。 5:開放銷售。 1965 年,宜家開辦了斯德哥爾摩商場,引來數(shù)千人排隊等候開業(yè)。由于顧客太多,員工嚴重不足。后來,宜家決定開放倉庫,讓顧客自提貨品。這種開放式銷售方式從此成為宜家概念的重要組成部分。開放式銷售使消費者可以仔細打量產(chǎn)品,并大大降低運輸成本,它甚至導致了家具零售和制造業(yè)的革命,同時也極大地推進了宜家走向世界的速度。 6:低價入市。宜家的經(jīng)營宗旨是:“提供種類繁多、美觀實用、老百姓買得起的家居用品”。為打造低價商品,宜家在大力降低生產(chǎn)成本、采用平板式包

11、裝和自選購物方式的同時,還通過大批量采購盡可能降低采購成本。 7:特色文化。在宜家文化中,除其具有瑞典自然、簡樸特點的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計以及人性化的開放式銷售外,還有三點不得不提:一是溫馨餐廳。宜家的餐廳類似于“店中店”,顧客可以根據(jù)自己需要隨時選擇就餐或休息。二是關(guān)愛兒童。為滿足孩子們的特殊需要,宜家開發(fā)了一批既能吸引兒童興趣,又能提高孩子運動能力和創(chuàng)造力等的產(chǎn)品,開發(fā)了兒童游戲區(qū)、兒童樣板間,餐廳專門備有兒童食品等。再有一點,就是“透明營銷”。宜家始終堅持向消費者提供關(guān)于產(chǎn)品、價格、功能等方面的全部真實信息,使顧客能在充分掌握有關(guān)信息的前提下,自主作出合理的購物選擇。宜家認為,如果你是最好的,就不會

12、害怕讓顧客知道。顧客知道得越多,只會增加對產(chǎn)品的信賴和喜愛。宜家告訴顧客,在宜家購物,除了可以通過自己動手組裝家具外,也可以預約宜家的室內(nèi)裝飾建筑師和設(shè)計師,請他們幫助你設(shè)計新房、改造舊居。宜家就是要讓你盡可能享受到全面、優(yōu)質(zhì)而又低價的服務。二、露得清案例作為全球高效總部設(shè)于加州洛杉磯的Neutrogena,其創(chuàng)辦人Emanuel Stolaroff于1930年開設(shè)了一家小型專業(yè)化妝品公司- Natone。Natone早期只提供產(chǎn)品給專業(yè)電影片廠合作的美容沙龍,自1940年起,它開始量產(chǎn)并鋪貨于一般的銷售通路。1954年,Stolaroff在一次赴歐洲出差的機會中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊由比利時的化學家博士

13、Edmond Fromont所發(fā)明的獨特洗面皂,外觀透明、質(zhì)地非常溫和,能充分洗凈,不殘留任何皂劑于肌膚上。洗臉后約10分鐘,肌膚就能恢復自然的PH值。Stolaroff將這塊洗面皂命名為Neutrogena并引進美國販售。Neutrogena香皂儼然成為公司形象的代名詞,于是Natone公司于1962年正式更名為Neutrogena。1967年Neutrogena總裁Lioyd Cotsen做了一項對Neutrogena公司影響深遠的決策-將Neutrogena洗面皂的優(yōu)點推薦給專業(yè)的醫(yī)    露得清界人士。在Neutrogena香皂贏得醫(yī)學界的特別青睞的同時,Neutr

14、ogena也在行銷與研究方面下功夫,以求開發(fā)出安全、溫和與優(yōu)質(zhì)護膚保養(yǎng)品。Neutrogena公司后來在1973年上市。 露得清Neutrogena與皮膚科醫(yī)生的良好連結(jié),贏得了大眾的高度推崇及信任,Neutrogena也自此風行于全球85個國家。1994年Johnson & Johnson嬌生公司將Neutrogena納入旗下,在獲得更多跨國企業(yè)資源的同時,Neutrogena仍然保留了她原有的品牌風格-Neutrogena way。我在競爭戰(zhàn)略(1980年出版)一書中,提出了通行戰(zhàn)略(generic strategies)概念成本領(lǐng)先、差異化和業(yè)務聚焦來表示行業(yè)中可選的戰(zhàn)略定位。在

15、最簡單和廣泛層面上,通行戰(zhàn)略仍然能有效地代表戰(zhàn)略定位。例如,先鋒集團就是成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略的例子;宜家家居則專注于狹窄的客戶群,采用的是以低成本為基礎(chǔ)的業(yè)務聚焦戰(zhàn)略;露得清公司則是業(yè)務聚焦兼差異化戰(zhàn)略。定位的基點品類、需求和接觸途徑把對通行戰(zhàn)略的理解提升到了更為深刻的水平。戰(zhàn)略定位的基點首先,定位可以基于提供某行業(yè)的某個子類產(chǎn)品或服務。我把它稱為基于品類的定位(variety-based positioning),因為這是基于產(chǎn)品或服務品類的選擇而不是基于客戶細分進行戰(zhàn)略定位。捷飛絡(luò)國際公司(Jiffy Lube International)就專營汽車潤滑油,不提供其他的汽車維修與保養(yǎng)服務。定位的第

16、二個基點是滿足某類特定客戶群的大部分或者所有需求。我把它稱為基于需求的定位(needs-based positioning),這和瞄準某個客戶細分市場的傳統(tǒng)概念相接近。當客戶群各有不同的需求,而一套與競爭對手不同的運營活動能夠最佳地滿足這些需求時,基于需求的定位就成立。有些客戶群比其他客戶群對價格更敏感,需要不同的產(chǎn)品特性,需要不同量的信息、支持和服務。宜家家居的顧客就是這類顧客群的一個很好例子。宜家家居力求滿足其目標客戶的所有家具布置方面的需求,而不只是其中的某個子類。貝西默信托公司(Bessemer Trust Company)的目標客戶,是那些可投資資產(chǎn)不少于500萬美元的家庭,這類家庭

17、既想要儲蓄資金,又想要積累財富?;ㄆ煦y行(Citibank)的個人銀行服務針對個人資產(chǎn)不低于25萬美元的客戶,他們與貝西默的客戶正好相反,想要方便地得到貸款從高額抵押貸款到交易融資。定位的第三個基點是依據(jù)不同的接觸途徑細分客戶。雖然這些客戶的需求是相似的,但是接觸他們的最佳運營活動配置具有競爭差異性。我把它稱為基于接觸途徑的定位(access-based positioning)。接觸途徑可以根據(jù)客戶地理位置或客戶規(guī)模來設(shè)定,或者根據(jù)需要一套不同的運營活動才能最佳地接觸到顧客的其它因素來設(shè)定。根據(jù)接觸途徑進行市場細分比前兩種戰(zhàn)略定位少見,相比之下也未被很好地理解。美國卡麥克院線(Carmike

18、 Cinemas)只在人口不到20萬的小城鎮(zhèn)運營電影院。在規(guī)模如此之小且不能承受大城市票價的市場中,卡麥克是如何實現(xiàn)贏利的呢?那就是通過一套能實現(xiàn)最低成本結(jié)構(gòu)的運營活動。它通過標準化、低成本的影院設(shè)施為小城鎮(zhèn)的觀眾提供服務,每一個影院僅需一名經(jīng)理,而無需其他行政管理人員。此外,集中采購、廉價的租金和勞動力成本(由于影院都在小城鎮(zhèn))以及極低的經(jīng)營管理費用(僅為2%,而行業(yè)平均水平為5%)也為卡麥克創(chuàng)造了優(yōu)勢。此外,在小社區(qū)中運營也讓卡麥克可以采取一種更個人化的營銷方式影院經(jīng)理認識每一個主顧,并通過個人接觸來提高上座率。持久的戰(zhàn)略定位需要取舍取舍不僅使選擇成為一種必要,而且還能為競爭對手重新定位和

19、騎墻(straddling)設(shè)置障礙。騎墻這希望在受益于成功的新的定位的同時,又能保持其現(xiàn)有的定位。它把新性能、新特點、新服務或新技術(shù)嫁接到原有的運營活動上。目標:打造醫(yī)用清潔用品形象以露得清(Neutrogena)洗面皂為例,它的種類定位是提供一種對皮膚溫和,不留殘余物、酸堿度平衡的洗面皂。露得清有一支龐大的銷售隊伍去拜訪皮膚科醫(yī)生,因此其營銷策略看上去更像是醫(yī)藥公司采用的,而非制皂商所為。它在醫(yī)學雜志上刊登廣告,向醫(yī)生寄送直郵廣告,參加醫(yī)學會議,并且在自己的皮膚護理研究中心開展研究工作。為了強化定位,早期的露得清將通路集中在藥房、不做價格促銷,而且使用比較慢、比較貴的制程來凝固肥皂。在這樣

20、定位選擇下,露得清舍棄了許多消費者喜歡的香味與柔膚成分。它放棄了超市通路和價格促銷可能帶來的可觀銷售量。為了肥皂特色,它也犧牲了制造上的效率。在它的原始定位中,露得清做了這么多的取舍,而這些取舍也保護它遠離競爭者的模仿。例如:象牙香皂,其定位是基本的、廉價的日用香皂,如果它想重新塑造其形象,使自己的名聲與“療效”卓著的露得清香皂相媲美,免不了會歷盡艱難,付出很大很大的代價。配稱推動競爭優(yōu)勢和可持續(xù)性定位選擇不僅決定企業(yè)將開展哪些運營活動、如何配置各項活動,而且還決定各項活動之間如何關(guān)聯(lián)。運營效益涉及如何在單項活動或單項職能中實現(xiàn)卓越,而戰(zhàn)略是關(guān)于如何將所有活動整合在一起。配稱的種類配稱有三類,

21、不過它們并不相互排斥。第一層面的配稱是讓各運營活動(職能部門)與總體戰(zhàn)略之間保持簡單一致性(simple consistency)。例如,先鋒集團圍繞它的低成本戰(zhàn)略開展各項活動。它將投資組合周轉(zhuǎn)率降至最低,不需要支付高薪的資金經(jīng)理人。它直接發(fā)行基金,因此避免了經(jīng)紀人傭金。它限制廣告數(shù)量,而主要依靠公關(guān)和口碑推薦。此外,先鋒集團還把員工的獎金與節(jié)約成本掛鉤起來。第二層面的配稱是指活動之間相互加強。例如,露得清公司針對高級酒店營銷自己的產(chǎn)品,這些酒店渴望向客人提供由皮膚專家推薦的香皂。酒店給予露得清使用自己原包裝的特權(quán),而要求其他香皂在包裝上打上酒店的名字。一旦客人在某豪華酒店使用過露得清香皂,他

22、們就很可能會去藥店購買,或者征詢醫(yī)生對這種香皂的看法。這樣一來,露得清公司針對醫(yī)生的營銷活動和針對酒店的營銷活動就起到了相互加強的作用,從而降低了公司的營銷總成本。第三層面的配稱突破了各項活動之間的相互加強,我把它稱為投入最優(yōu)化(optimization of effort)。Gap是一家休閑服飾零售商,它把店內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的可獲得性視為自己戰(zhàn)略的最重要元素。Gap可以通過在店內(nèi)囤貨或者從倉庫補貨來保證產(chǎn)品的供應。Gap對這些活動的投入進行了優(yōu)化,它幾乎每天都從3個倉庫為它的基本服飾進行補貨,這樣店內(nèi)的囤貨需要就被降至最低。Gap公司之所以強調(diào)從倉庫補貨,是因為它的商品策略是鎖定在顏色品種相對較少的基

23、本貨物上。其他具有比較性的零售商每年的庫存周轉(zhuǎn)是34次,而Gap達到7.5次。此外,由于Gap實施的是短周期服裝更新(每68周就更新一次),所以從倉庫快速補貨還可以降低此項活動的成本。在所有影響戰(zhàn)略的因素中,增長欲望對戰(zhàn)略負面影響最大。取舍和限制初看起來會制約企業(yè)增長。比如,為一個顧客群服務而將其他顧客群排除在外,會對收入增長構(gòu)成實際或意想的限制。面向廣普顧客群的低價戰(zhàn)略會導致失去那些注重產(chǎn)品性能和服務的顧客。實施差異化戰(zhàn)略,又丟掉那些在乎價格的顧客。管理者常常難抵誘惑,想逐步突破以上那些限制,結(jié)果卻使企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略定位更加模糊不清。露得清也落入了相同的陷阱。20世紀90年代初,它在美國的經(jīng)銷渠道

24、設(shè)置覆蓋到了沃爾瑪這樣的大眾化商家。在露得清這一品牌下,公司的產(chǎn)品種類不斷擴展,連眼部卸妝液和洗發(fā)液都納入其中。這些產(chǎn)品不僅沒有什么獨到之處,而且還稀釋了公司的品牌價值,最終公司不得不轉(zhuǎn)向價格戰(zhàn)。追求增長的過程中出現(xiàn)的折中和前后不一致,將侵蝕企業(yè)最初的產(chǎn)品種類或目標客戶帶來的競爭優(yōu)勢。試圖同時以多種方式展開競爭,會導致混亂,并且破壞組織的積極性和焦點。什么樣的增長方式能維護并強化戰(zhàn)略呢?一般來說,正確的增長之道在于深化既有的戰(zhàn)略定位,而不是拓寬定位或采取折中行為。一種方式是尋求戰(zhàn)略延伸,即利用既有的運營活動系統(tǒng),為客戶提供單獨展開同類業(yè)務的競爭對手無法復制或者需要付出高昂代價才能復制的功能或服

25、務。換言之,管理者可以自問,由于既有活動的補充,哪些活動、哪些產(chǎn)品性能或哪種競爭形式是可行的或者可以因此降低成本。深化定位包括讓企業(yè)的運營活動更獨特,加強配稱,并更好地向那些認可定位的客戶宣傳自己的戰(zhàn)略。如果企業(yè)能在自己具有獨特性的需求滿足或者產(chǎn)品品類上進行滲透,就能比進入缺乏獨特性的高增長領(lǐng)域獲得更快的增長和更加豐厚的利潤。(三)西南航空案例Business Strategy:Southwests business strategy concentrates on airports that are underutilized and close to metropolitan areas.

26、 The fleet of aircraft they use are fuel efficient 737s. Their service is based on frequent, on-time departures and low cost fares. The airline emphasizes point to point routes, with no central hub. Key to the success of Southwest is that they compete against surface transportation companies, r

27、ather than other airlines. In changing their business model, they changed their competitive threat.Competitive Advantage:Southwest has managed to stay ahead of the game and maintain a competitive advantage by focusing on 3 key areas:1. Salaries: Employees are paid a lower salary than competitor

28、s and work more hours. Southwest however offer collective rewards involving profit sharing and stock ownership. Pilots and flight attendants are paid by trip, with flight attendants the second highest paid group in the industry. Seniority brings higher salaries. The CEOs pay is one of the lowest in

29、Dallas. Southwest offers employees a discounted stock purchase programme in which 85-90% of employees own stock i.e. 12% of Southwests total share.2. Utilization: Each plane in the fleet flies extra flights per day, saving on maintenance and training costs. Utilization of cost effecti

30、ve revenue streams have been critical to their success. Southwest were one of the first airlines to have a website in early 1995. In 2006 70% of Southwests revenue were generated from bookings online.  Southwest gained a reputation for outside the box thinking and proactive risk management, inc

31、luding the use of fuel hedging to insulate against fuel price fluctuation. From a cost point of view, Southwest have maintained a cost per seat mile of $0.12, which is around 25% cheaper than competitors.  Aircraft turnaround time is 15 minutes, this is facilitated by multi tasking crews, with

32、pilots and air crew cleaning the plan while on the ground. On average there are 94 employees per aircraft in contrast to competitors who have 130, and the south west staff serve on average 2500 passengers per year compared to competitors 1000.3. Customer Service: Southwest still dominates the t

33、riple crown awards in that they deliver the best on time performance, fewest lost bags and fewest customer complaints. Fares are kept simple, with no interline connections however code share has been introduced in recent years.People:Central to Southwests success has been the people to run the airli

34、ne, in order to maintain their position, Southwest need to recruit the best to the industry. This is done through an extraordinarily selective process. Typically there are 200,000 applications for roles. Of these 35,000 are interviewed and 4,000 are hired. The focus of interviews is attitude and tea

35、mwork with an emphasis on peer recruiting. There is a preference for those without extensive industry experience, where nepotism is encouraged. Southwest was also one of the first companies to introduce employee referrals. Once in the door training takes over, where the emphasis is on doing things b

36、etter, faster, cheaper. In doing this each employee is expected to understand other colleagues jobs in order to delivery an outstanding customer experience, which in turn keeps the culture of South West alive.From a labor relations point of view, Southwest have an interesting model. It is the most u

37、nionized airline in the US with 84% membership. They have in place a 10 year agreement with emphasis in gaining stock rather than wages, there are no work rules in the union contract. Southwest has ranked in Fortunes Best Companies to work for in America (1st in 97, 98, 2nd in 99 and 4th&#

38、160;in 2000, however since then they have not entered).Conclusion:Southwest is a great case study of how to get employee buy in, to a growth developing business. The key to the success of the southwest model has been asset utilization and low variable costs, married with strong company culture to al

39、igning values, systems, structures and strategy. By doing this Southwest has been able to sustain competitive advantage by unleashing the potential in their workforce. Could this be developed and maintained in other organizations? I believe so.Southwest Airlines and Target PricingMost pricing strate

40、gists would agree that having a low price does not, in and of itself, constitute a competitive advantage.  In fact, thinking that low prices are always a good strategy for competition is deeply misguided.  However, at times, targeting low prices can lead to a strategic focus which delivers

41、 tremendous results.  For example, Ikea, Wal-Mart (WMT), and Southwest Airlines (LUV) all have low prices and profitably take market share.  In this article, we will examine the flaws of assuming low prices leads to a competitive advantage, then demonstrate how one firm, Southwes

42、t Airlines, redefined the product through target pricing to win the market profitably.Why Low Prices Alone Is Not a Competitive AdvantageIn studying competitive advantage, we have gone a long distance from Porters three generic strategies of niche, mass, and low-cost.  Modern competit

43、ive strategy will often examine firms from a resource based view.  According to the resource based view, competitive advantage derives from leveraging an inimitable resource to deliver value at a lower cost than the competitors.Price is a completely imitable resource.  Any company can matc

44、h the prices of its competitor if it so chooses.  Hence, arguing that a low price is a strategic resource, or that it leads to a competitive advantage in and of itself, is illogical.Observation supports the viewpoint that price is inherently imitable and therefore not a competitive advantage.&#

45、160; Though low prices may deliver a large market share, that market share usually comes at the cost of profits.  Given the choice between being big but unprofitable, and being small but profitable, a wise businessperson would choose the latter.Herb Kelleher, Former CEO, Southwest Airlines, sta

46、ted a similarly:  “Market Share has nothing to do with Profitability.  Market share says we just want to be big: we dont care if we make money doing it.  Thats what misled much of the airline industry for fifteen years after deregulation.  In order to get an additional 5% of the

47、market, some companies increased their cost 25%. Thats really incongruous if profitability is your purpose.”Likewise, Sergio Marchionne, the Chief Executive of Chrysler, noted, “Unprofitable volume is not volume I want We have a very good track record on how to destroy an industry run the plants jus

48、t for the hell of volume, and youre finished.”The Importance of the Marketing Orientation of the FirmWe should also note that Herb Kelleher was a master at achieving low prices.  Moreover, low prices are a core part of Southwest Airlines strategy.  It has permeated and stayed with Southwes

49、t Airlines for over 4 decades and has delivered both growth and market share.To make low prices work towards a firms advantage, the firm must redefine the product using the marketing orientation.According to the marketing orientation, firms exist to serve customer needs profitably.  This market

50、ing orientation is in contrast with the production and sales orientation of the firm.· In the production orientation, firms attract customers and succeed because they can produce the product.  However, in todays capital market, this claim is relatively ridiculous.  Anyone with capital

51、 can start an airline, and there are enough people with enough capital to do so.  Hence, owning and utilizing the means of production alone doesnt deliver a competitive advantage or ensure success.· In the sales orientation, firms attract customers and succeed because they can advertise an

52、d sell to convince customers to buy.  But again, in todays marketing communication markets, anyone can hire a good marketing communications team to produce a catchy advertisement and get the word out regarding a product.  Hence, selling and marketing communications alone doesnt deliver a c

53、ompetitive advantage or ensure success.· In the marketing orientation of the firm, every aspect of the firm is focused on serving a specific customer need, and serving that need better than all alternatives.  Rather than relying solely on firm directed communications, the firm will encoura

54、ge peer to peer communications between customers to get the word out regarding the product.  Because the firm is serving a specific need better than its competition, customers will gladly exhibit both loyalty and a willingness to promote that firm.  This leads to success, but only as long

55、as the firm can continue to satisfy that specific customer need better than the alternatives.   In this sense, the strategic resource of a firm is its customers and its ability to construct an operation which effectively fits together to serve those customers specific need.The Marketing Or

56、ientation and Value Based PricingThe pricing difference between these production and sales orientations versus the marketing orientation were well captured by Nagel & Holden in discussing the difference between cost-based pricing and value-based pricing.Cost-based pricing derives from a producti

57、on and/or sales orientation, wherein the firm begins with its product, determined the cost to produce, adds an acceptable markup, and then uses selling pressure to get customers to buy.Cost-Based PricingProduct >> Cost >> Price >> Value >> CustomersIn contrast, value based pr

58、icing begins by seeking to understand the value customers demand and the price they are willing to pay to achieve that set of benefits.  Only after the price is determined does the firm then work to uncover means to produce the product at a cost below the willingness to pay of its customers.Val

59、ue Based PricingCustomers >> Value >> Price >> Cost >> ProductIn the marketing orientation of the firm, the firm exists only to serve a customer need profitably.  If it cannot serve that need profitably, the firm will either not enter that industry or choose to exit the

60、industry if it is already in it.Target PricingIn keeping with the marketing orientation of the firm, the price of a product will guide the definition and development of the product.  This is sometimes known as target pricing, where the price becomes the target and the product is then designed to fit that target profitably.To enable a product to hit its p

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