禁忌語(yǔ)與委婉語(yǔ)

1、1）定義：在語(yǔ)言交際中，有一些詞語(yǔ)是不能隨便說(shuō)的，說(shuō)出來(lái)就可能會(huì)引起聽(tīng)話人的不快和反感，這就是語(yǔ)言學(xué)上所說(shuō)的“禁忌語(yǔ)”。禁忌語(yǔ)指人們?cè)谡f(shuō)話時(shí)，由于某種原因，不能、不敢或不愿說(shuō)出某些具有不愉快的聯(lián)想色彩的詞語(yǔ)。而以之代替的詞語(yǔ)，如把親屬或別人死亡說(shuō)成“逝世”，“升天”之類；把“上廁所”說(shuō)成“方便”等，還有人名禁忌，生理缺陷禁忌等。2）產(chǎn)生禁忌語(yǔ)本是古時(shí)人們的迷信的說(shuō)法，在不同的場(chǎng)合，就會(huì)有不同的禁忌，如果不慎說(shuō)出，則會(huì)有相應(yīng)的報(bào)應(yīng)之說(shuō)。不同的地域有不同的禁忌語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樽诮绦叛?，民俗生活以及教育領(lǐng)域等的不同影響，致使人們對(duì)于生活中的禁忌語(yǔ)不斷地完善，至今，禁忌語(yǔ)也成了一種語(yǔ)言上的文化遺產(chǎn)。1）常見(jiàn)英

2、文禁忌詞語(yǔ)：Common offensive English wordsGod, Jesus, hell, bastardrascal, shit, a bit of shit, pigs, prick, gosh, boshto hell with it!to make love to sb; have sex with sb.fuck, tits, Jesus Christ, Holy Mary, son of a bitchDamn. Damn it. HellYou chicken! That cur! Son of bitch!Youre the fat.2)英文中令人窘迫的話語(yǔ)（A

3、wful questions in English）How old are you?Whats your religion?How much do you make?How much did the dress cost you?Do you go to church?Are you a Catholic?Are you married or single?Are you a Republican or a Democrat?Why did you vote for -?So youre divorced. Whats the reason?How to deal with English T

4、aboos在英美人士的眼里，薪水、房租、財(cái)產(chǎn)、年齡、婚姻、健康狀況等都屬于個(gè)人隱私范疇，日常交際中很少提及。然而有些情況下，這方面的話題會(huì)不可避免地牽涉到。比如在就業(yè)面試、入境檢查、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)或是戶籍登記等一些公共場(chǎng)合，詢問(wèn)年齡就事出必然，非問(wèn)不可，怎么辦？即使在這些場(chǎng)合，詢問(wèn)也應(yīng)客氣得體，常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)法有如下幾種：Your age, please?Whats your age, please?May I know your age?Id like to know your age.Could you let me know your age?Please tell me your age.此外，

5、比較麻煩的就是有關(guān)健康方面的表達(dá)。假如明顯見(jiàn)到對(duì)方重病在身，自己不得不談起對(duì)方的健康狀況時(shí)，該如何開(kāi)口呢？不妨選用以下提法：Are you feeling better?Try and give you some rest.Have you been to the doctor?I do hope youll better soon.Look after. Take care of yourself.3)常見(jiàn)英國(guó)傳統(tǒng)迷信禁忌There must be a pot of gold or treasure at the end of a rainbow.One should make a wish

6、 on a falling star.When someone sneezes, you should say “God bless you!”If someone sees only one cricket in his house, it must be very lucky.If one breaks a mirror, he or she is believed to be unlucky.A black cat cannot be given as a present, because the black cat is regarded as an omen of bad luck.4)禁忌詞語(yǔ)的分類：a. 與神靈、宗教有關(guān)b. 涉及到某些身體部位的c. 與生老病死有關(guān)的d. 與傳說(shuō)有關(guān)的e. 與性別歧視有關(guān)的1）定義：委婉，是用語(yǔ)言來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)人際關(guān)系的一個(gè)重要手段。委婉語(yǔ)也是人類語(yǔ)言中的一種普遍現(xiàn)象。首先，委婉語(yǔ)是一種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，是人們?cè)谝欢ǖ膱?chǎng)合用以交際的重要手段，人們通常盡力避免使用引起雙方不快