商務(wù)英語入門術(shù)語匯編

1、商務(wù)英語入門術(shù)語匯編Chapter 1：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯sole proprietorshipAn organization that is owned, and usually managed, by one person is called a sole proprietorship.個人獨(dú)資企業(yè)partnershipA partnership is a legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated business.合伙企業(yè)general partnershipA

2、general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business.普通合伙general partner主要合伙人limited partnershipA limited partnership is an arrangement where a person can contribute a business without being involved in the affairs of the partn

3、ership.有限合伙limited partner有限合伙人investor投資者creditor債權(quán)人liability債務(wù)責(zé)任corporationThe corporation is a legal entity（法人實體），allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders or members, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives. （股份制）公司for-profit comp

4、any營利性公司non-profit company非營利性公司limited liability有限責(zé)任（以出資額為限）unlimited liability無線責(zé)任（個人財產(chǎn)也要用于清算）double taxationThe corporation has to pay taxes on its profits. The stockholders mush also pay income tax on the dividends they receive through ownership.雙重課稅joint ventureA joint venture is the pooling of

5、 resources and expertise by two or more businesses, typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal.合資公司limited liability companies（LLC）A limited liability company(LLC) is a type of business ownership combining several features of corporation and partnership structures.有限責(zé)任公

6、司minute會議記錄mergerA merger is the result of the combination of two or more companies to form a new company.兼并acquisitionAn acquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company.收購horizontal mergerA horizontal merger joins firms in the same industry and allows them to diver

7、sity or expand their products.橫向兼并vertical mergerA vertical is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of related businesses a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products, or a manufacturer merging with a distributor of its products.縱向兼并conglomerate mergerA conglomerate

8、merger unites firms in completely unrelated industries.混合兼并franchiseA franchise is the right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory.特許franchising特許經(jīng)營franchiserthe person who sells a franchise特許者franchiseethe person who buys a franchise被特許者C

9、hapter 2：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯bandwagon effect從眾效應(yīng)market assessment市場評估m(xù)arket niche縫隙市場market research市場調(diào)查business planBusiness plan is a detailed written document that defines the goals of your business and describes the means you will use to attain those goals, the advantages the business wi

10、ll have in relation to competition, and the resources and qualifications of the owners.企業(yè)計劃書，企劃書lease agreementA lease agreement is a contract between you and the owner of the property.租賃協(xié)議general business licenseA general business license is assessed annually for the privilege of operating a busine

11、ss in the jurisdiction.普通經(jīng)營許可證special licenseA special license is one that is issued to a business that will provide products or services that require regulation.特殊經(jīng)營許可證cash float現(xiàn)金流overdraft透支bank statement銀行結(jié)單Chapter 3：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯fringe benefits附加福利corporate ethicscorporate ethics

12、are the evaluation of corporate activities and behavior as right or wrong.企業(yè)道德ethical dilemma道德困境corporate social responsibility（CSR）Corporate social responsibility is the awareness that business activities have an impact on society, and the consideration of that impact by firms in decision making.企

13、業(yè)社會責(zé)任corporate cultureCorporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, including such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.企業(yè)文化core values核心價值觀risk-taking personality喜歡冒險的個性attention-to-detail personalities注重細(xì)節(jié)的個性outcome-oriented personali

14、ties注重結(jié)果的個性customer service客服people-oriented personality以人為本的個性team-oriented personality注重團(tuán)隊合作的個性aggressive personality積極進(jìn)取的個性non-stable personality不求穩(wěn)的個性codes of ethics道德規(guī)范corporate climate企業(yè)氛圍Chapter 4：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯managementManagement is defined as the application of planning, organ

15、izing, directing, and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives.管理planningPlanning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks and use of resources needed to a

16、ttain them.計劃strategic planning / long-range planningStrategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies, procedures, and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃/長期規(guī)劃tactical planning / short-range planningTactical planning is th

17、e process of developing detailed, short-term strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.戰(zhàn)術(shù)規(guī)劃/短期規(guī)劃operational planningOperational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical objectives. 運(yùn)營規(guī)劃contingency plannin

18、gContingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans dont achieve the organizations objectives.應(yīng)急計劃organizingOrganizing is a management function that typically follows planning and reflects how the organization tries to accomplish the

19、plan.組織structural reorganization結(jié)構(gòu)重組directingdirecting is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，指揮autocratic leadershipAutocratic leadership, the close style of supervision, means providing subordinates with detailed job instructions.專制型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)democratic leadership

20、Democratic leadership, the general supervision, is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities, problems, and corrective actions.民主性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)controllingControlling is a management function that involves verifying that actual performance matches the plan.控制organiz

21、ational structureOrganizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.組織結(jié)構(gòu)top-level managersTop managers are those who take the responsibility of setting organizational goals, defining strategies for achieving them, monitoring and

22、interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect the entire organization.高層管理者middle-level managersMiddle-level managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies, missions, and objectives from top-level managers and translate them into specific action programs.中層管理者f

23、irst-level managersFirst-level managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals.基層管理者supervisor主管（基層管理者）managerial roles經(jīng)理人角色figurehead roleThe manager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for the department or organization.名譽(yù)領(lǐng)

24、袖角色liaison roleThe manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization.聯(lián)絡(luò)人角色leader roleThe leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人角色monitor roleThe manager receives and collects information from many sour

25、ces.監(jiān)聽者角色disseminator roleThe manager transmits special information into the organization.傳播者角色spokesperson roleThe manager disseminates the organizations information into its environment.發(fā)言人角色entrepreneur roleThe manager initiates change.企業(yè)家角色disturbance handler roleThe manager resolves conflicts a

26、mong subordinates or between his/her department and other departments.障礙排除者resource allocator roleThe resource allocator role is about decisions of allocating people, time, equipment, budget, and other resources to attain desired outcomes.資源分配者negotiator roleThe manager negotiates on behalf of the o

27、rganization.談判者conceptual skillconceptual skill is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts.概念技能human skillHuman skill is the managers ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a group member.人際技能technical skillTechn

28、ical skill is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks.技術(shù)技能/業(yè)務(wù)技能Chapter 5：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯productionProduction is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services.生產(chǎn)manufacturingManufacturing is one part of p

29、roduction which means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining and fishing).制造operationOperations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan.運(yùn)作inpu

30、tsInputs to the production process are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services.投入品transformationTransformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output.改造，轉(zhuǎn)換outputsThe output is the fi

31、nal result of the production process.產(chǎn)品plant locationPlant location can mean the difference between profit and loss for a firm.廠址的選定production process生產(chǎn)工藝manufacturing process制造工藝assembly process裝配工藝synthetic process合成工藝analytic process分解工藝continuous process連續(xù)性生產(chǎn)工藝intermittent process機(jī)械性生產(chǎn)工藝material

32、s management物料管理materials requirements planning (MRP)MRP is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time.物料需求計劃manufacturing resource planning （MRPII）MRPII is an advanced version of MRP that allows

33、plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product.制造資源計劃enterprise resource planning （ERP）ERP is a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.企業(yè)資源計劃purchasingPurchasing is the function in the company t

34、hat searches for quality material resources.采購inventory Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock.庫存inventory control庫存控制manufacturer制造商distributor分銷商wholesaler批發(fā)商retailer零售商Just-in-time（JIT） inventory control The idea is to have suppliers deliver their products “just

35、 in time” to go on the assembly line.準(zhǔn)時庫存控制JIT II準(zhǔn)時庫存控制二代job scheduleA job schedule is the plan for a particular job.工作計劃schedulingScheduling amalgamate several job schedules.制訂計劃production schedule / factory schedule生產(chǎn)計劃/工廠計劃master production schedule主生產(chǎn)計劃cross-training workers綜合訓(xùn)練的工人program evalua

36、tion and review technique (PERT) chart項目評估與審查技術(shù)路線圖critical path關(guān)鍵路徑flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)柔性制造系統(tǒng)computer-aided design（CAD）計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計computer-aided manufacturing （CAM）計算機(jī)輔助生產(chǎn)computer-aided engineering （CAE）計算機(jī)輔助工程lean manufacturingLean manufacturing is the production of goods using less of

37、everything compared to mass production.精益生產(chǎn)modular construction組合生產(chǎn)productivityProductivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources used.生產(chǎn)率productivity measurement生產(chǎn)率衡量performance evaluation業(yè)績評估qualityThe quality of a product or service is a customers perception of the

38、degree to which the product or service meets his/her expectations.質(zhì)量quality managementQuality management is concerned with controlling activities with the aim of ensuring that products and services are fit for purpose and meet the specifications.質(zhì)量管理quality control （QC）QC is the measurement of produ

39、cts and services against set standards.質(zhì)量控制quality assurance （QA）QA is about how a business can design the way a product or service is produced or delivered to minimize the chances that output will be sub-standard.質(zhì)量保證total quality management（TQM）TQM infuses the concept of quality throughout every a

40、ctivity in a company.全面質(zhì)量管理quality circles（QCs）A quality circle is a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting their common work activities.質(zhì)量管理小組benchmarkingbenchmarking is the continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices ag

41、ainst the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders.標(biāo)桿分析法continuous improvementContinuous improvement is a preferred method of innovation and produces effective results.持續(xù)改進(jìn)Chapter 10：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻譯international tradeThe exchange of goods and services across

42、 international borders國際貿(mào)易domestic tradeThe exchange of goods and services within the border國內(nèi)貿(mào)易absolute advantageA country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it絕對優(yōu)勢comparative advantagethe ability of a country to pr

43、oduce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost over another country相對優(yōu)勢exchange rateThe price at which one currency exchanges for another is called exchange rate.匯率currency depreciationA fall in the value of one currency in terms of another currency貨幣貶值currency appreciationA rise in value of on

44、e currency in terms of another currency貨幣升值BOP (Balance of Payments)A nations balance of payments (BOP) the sum of all the transactions that take place between its residents and the residents of all foreign nations.國際收支the current accountIt refers to the net flow of current transactions, including g

45、oods, services, and interest payments, between countries. 經(jīng)常賬戶the capital accountIt reflects the net change in national ownership of assets.資本賬戶the official reserves accountThe central banks hold quantities of foreign currencies called official reserves.官方儲備賬戶sum to zerono overall surplus or deficit

46、, that is, the sum of the three components of the BOP must equal zero.余額歸零surplusA countrys BOP is said to be in surplus by a certain amount if sources of funds exceed uses of funds by that amount.順差deficitA countrys BOP is said to be in deficit by a certain amount if sources of funds are less than

47、uses of funds by that amount.逆差international trade settlementWays of payments in the international trade國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算letter of credit (L/C)信用證Bill of ladingThe bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise.提貨單Draft / Bill of exchangeIt refers to the instrument

48、normally used in international commerce to effect payment.匯票credit check信用核查tariffIt is a tax levied on imports.關(guān)稅revenue tariffprotective tariff保護(hù)性關(guān)稅quotaAn import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country.進(jìn)口配額voluntary restraint agreementsTo avo

49、id the imposition of new tariffs on their goods, countries often voluntarily restrict their exports, which is called voluntary restraint agreements.自愿限制協(xié)定embargoIt is a total restriction on the import or export of a good.禁運(yùn)regulatory trade restrictionsRegulatory trade restrictions are indirect metho

50、ds adopted by the government to impose procedural rules that limit imports.政府監(jiān)管貿(mào)易限制capitalist economy 資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)collective economy 集體經(jīng)濟(jì)planned economy 計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)controlled economy 管制經(jīng)濟(jì)rural economics 農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)liberal economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟(jì)political economy 政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)protectionism 保護(hù)主義autarchy 閉關(guān)自守primary sector 初

51、級成分private sector 私營成分私營部門public sector 公共部門公共成分economic channels 經(jīng)濟(jì)渠道economic balance 經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡economic fluctuation 經(jīng)濟(jì)波動economic depression 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退economic stability 經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定economic policy 經(jīng)濟(jì)政策economic recovery 經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)原understanding 約定holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特爾rate of growth 增長economic trend 經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢econ

52、omic situation 經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢infrastructure 基本建設(shè)standard of living 生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生活水平purchasing power, buying power 購買力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滯蕭條,不景氣underdevelopment 不發(fā)達(dá)underdeveloped 不發(fā)達(dá)的developing 發(fā)展中的initial capital 創(chuàng)辦資本frozen capital 凍結(jié)資金frozen assets 凍結(jié)資產(chǎn)fixed assets 固定資產(chǎn)real estate 不動產(chǎn),房地產(chǎn)circulating capital, wor

53、king capital 流動資本available capital 可用資產(chǎn)capital goods 資本貨物reserve 準(zhǔn)備金儲備金calling up of capital 催繳資本allocation of funds 資金分配contribution of funds 資金捐獻(xiàn)working capital fund 周轉(zhuǎn)基金revolving fund 循環(huán)基金 周轉(zhuǎn)性基金contingency fund 意外開支準(zhǔn)備金reserve fund 準(zhǔn)備金buffer fund 緩沖基金平準(zhǔn)基金sinking fund 償債基金investment 投資資產(chǎn)investor 投資

54、人self-financing 自籌經(jīng)費(fèi) 經(jīng)費(fèi)自給bank 銀行current account 經(jīng)常帳戶（美作:checking account）current-account holder 支票帳戶（美作:checking-account holdercheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 無記名支票 來人支票crossed cheque劃線支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook支票簿支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement背書transfer 轉(zhuǎn)讓,轉(zhuǎn)帳過戶

55、money 貨幣issue 發(fā)行ready money 現(xiàn)錢cash 現(xiàn)金ready money business, no credit given 現(xiàn)金交易概不賒欠change 零錢 banknote, note 鈔票紙幣（美作:billto pay incash付現(xiàn)金domestic currency, local currency 本國貨幣convertibility 可兌換性convertible currencies 可兌換貨幣exchange rate 匯率兌換率foreign exchange 外匯floating exchange rate 浮動匯率free exchange rates 匯兌市場foreign exchange certificate外匯兌換券hard currency 硬通貨speculation投機(jī)saving 儲裝 存款depreciation 減價,貶值devaluation （貨幣）貶值revaluation 重估價runaway inflation 無法控制的通貨膨脹deflation 通貨緊縮capital flight 資本外逃securities business 證券市場stoc