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1、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))外文翻譯題 目: 面對(duì)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘升級(jí) 系部名稱: 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理系 專業(yè)班級(jí): 國(guó)貿(mào)08 學(xué)生姓名: 潘 學(xué) 號(hào): 200880514 指導(dǎo)教師: 教師職稱: 副教授 2011年12月30日面對(duì)綠色貿(mào)壁壘升級(jí)薩金特摘要:今年五月,歐盟在簽發(fā)符合RoHS,WEEE,EUP的法令,REACH法規(guī)和規(guī)章和綠色貿(mào)易措施,提出并實(shí)施了DMF的順序 法令;DMF的命令禁止有“二甲酯”產(chǎn)品的流向和銷售導(dǎo)歐盟市場(chǎng),然而,3個(gè)月后執(zhí)行的命令,讓不少企業(yè)都受到影響,特別是 金融危機(jī)的背景下的中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)業(yè) 。一些專家指出,綠色貿(mào)易壁壘成為繼匯率影響外貿(mào)的又一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。關(guān)鍵詞: 歐盟、綠色貿(mào)易壁壘、中國(guó)

2、一、不可避免的“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘” 近年來,由于歐洲和美洲國(guó)家綠色貿(mào)易壁壘不斷升級(jí);跨越關(guān)稅壁壘后,另一種非關(guān)稅的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘等待像中國(guó)這樣的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。 從2009年2月至4月,歐盟非食品類產(chǎn)品快速預(yù)警系統(tǒng)(RAPEX)發(fā)布了30條關(guān)于對(duì)中國(guó)鞋和玩具產(chǎn)品的信息,德國(guó)、西班牙和法國(guó)召回,因?yàn)楹蠨MF。 2009年3月28日,山西檢驗(yàn)檢疫局工作組從企業(yè)收到一份報(bào)告,說是遏制拖拉機(jī)備用零件出口到意大利,由于使用木質(zhì)包裝已沒有“自由DMF”的證明號(hào)碼。 從2009年7月開始,廣州芳村的包裝材料制造商受到的退貨和返工,因?yàn)樵谄洚a(chǎn)品中二甲基甲酰胺。 近年來,為什么綠色貿(mào)易壁壘在廣泛領(lǐng)域的頻率使用,它背后有

3、一個(gè)深層次的原因。例如,全球環(huán)境惡化,如:臭氧損耗,全球變暖,生物多樣性喪失和其他問題,直接影響到人們的消費(fèi)觀念和價(jià)值觀念,特別是在歐洲和美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,消費(fèi)者的'綠色價(jià)值觀已經(jīng)形成,并顯示他們對(duì)綠色產(chǎn)品的需求和喜好,這也提供了綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的形成條件和機(jī)會(huì)。 此外,傳統(tǒng)的非關(guān)稅越來越多地被譴責(zé),在這種情況下,出于自身利益的歐洲,美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家開始尋求新的貿(mào)易保護(hù)措施。此外,在國(guó)家環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差異,以及當(dāng)前的國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則和協(xié)議是不完整的provids綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的借口。 中國(guó)環(huán)境標(biāo)志產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證委員會(huì)秘書處主任,教授夏青表示,'綠色貿(mào)易壁壘'是不可避免的,任何國(guó)家在保護(hù)國(guó)家安全

4、,動(dòng)物和植物的安全,公眾健康,環(huán)境,防止欺詐行為的期限,將提請(qǐng)了相關(guān)規(guī)定,發(fā)布有關(guān)規(guī)章制度,并采取技術(shù)防范措施。他們提出的測(cè)試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的規(guī)定,構(gòu)成了一系列可能的'綠色壁壘'。不過,也有“綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”本身也有差異,這導(dǎo)致歐盟的產(chǎn)品被出口,而中國(guó)的一些產(chǎn)品不能進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)中。 二、樹起“綠色壁壘”,加劇貿(mào)易摩擦 在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程中,以達(dá)到保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的目的,歐盟和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家采取更多和更加隱蔽的措施,對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)要求越來越嚴(yán)格,以及配套的法律法規(guī)相繼出臺(tái)。例如:2007年6月起,歐盟全面實(shí)施REACH法規(guī),要求企業(yè)申請(qǐng)授權(quán),通知15項(xiàng)高度關(guān)注物質(zhì)(SVHC),2008年6月歐盟

5、發(fā)出一個(gè)限制使用全氟辛烷磺酸化合物(PFOS)的法令,標(biāo)志著歐盟正式禁止PFOS在商品的使用;中國(guó)的一些出口行業(yè),包括紡織,皮革等出口企業(yè)的影響。作為另一個(gè)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘,將中國(guó)的皮革,家具和其他出口行業(yè)的DMF禁令的實(shí)施。歐盟成員國(guó)以環(huán)保的名義,提出單方面的貿(mào)易措施,限制從國(guó)外進(jìn)口,從而導(dǎo)致越來越多的雙邊或多邊貿(mào)易摩擦。歐盟和北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)成員國(guó)的兩個(gè)大區(qū)域組織基本上都是發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,他們的環(huán)保水平和環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是相似的,而某些個(gè)別成員國(guó)之間的差距也往往要協(xié)調(diào)。因此,他們可以通過區(qū)域自由貿(mào)易的模式,以遏制由于沒有按照他們的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以外地區(qū)的產(chǎn)品。 雖然看似合法的綠色壁壘正在成為流行,但它可能對(duì)發(fā)展中

6、國(guó)家構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重挑戰(zhàn)。據(jù)粗略統(tǒng)計(jì),中國(guó)遭受的綠色壁壘,66.1來自歐盟之間,這一趨勢(shì)可能對(duì)中國(guó)歐盟經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的受到長(zhǎng)期的影響。 三、對(duì)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘積極和客觀的回應(yīng) 中國(guó)和其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家在金融危機(jī)的背景下應(yīng)該怎樣做,作為綠色貿(mào)易壁壘是否應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)據(jù)。有關(guān)業(yè)內(nèi)人士表示,中國(guó)將準(zhǔn)備在不久的中長(zhǎng)期內(nèi)做出回應(yīng)。在短期內(nèi),他們對(duì)紡織品積極響應(yīng),有相關(guān)專業(yè)人士在市對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易局,中國(guó)貿(mào)促會(huì),以及行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),以幫助聯(lián)系律師,并進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào),以使案件應(yīng)訴的準(zhǔn)備。在中期,他們必須加快外貿(mào)人才的儲(chǔ)備,尤其是時(shí)下的貿(mào)易壁壘變更頻繁,外貿(mào)人才的專業(yè)素質(zhì)提出了更高的要求。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,出口企業(yè)應(yīng)加緊努力,以調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu),加快產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí),提

7、高產(chǎn)品科技含量,這樣才能從根本上減少貿(mào)易摩擦。據(jù)悉,中國(guó)政府正在分擔(dān)困難,幫助企業(yè)解決問題;由商務(wù)部主辦,當(dāng)?shù)芈毮懿块T積極發(fā)揮'四體聯(lián)動(dòng)'機(jī)制的作用與商業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)和企業(yè)共同面對(duì)貿(mào)易摩擦;加強(qiáng)貿(mào)易摩擦對(duì)企業(yè)的培訓(xùn)和法律咨詢宣傳,也做了很多的努力,幫助企業(yè)用法律手段來積極應(yīng)對(duì)和回應(yīng)摩擦。其實(shí),從保護(hù)環(huán)境和國(guó)家衛(wèi)生保健的前景來看,所謂的新的壁壘,包括綠色壁壘和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)也有合理的一面,這可能會(huì)促進(jìn)企業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化和升級(jí)。另一個(gè)知情人士認(rèn)為,拿海爾作為一個(gè)例子,從20世紀(jì)80年代末至90年代初,由于歐洲、美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家進(jìn)行立法,以限制或禁止進(jìn)口含有氟氯化碳的冰箱,這使得中國(guó)冰箱出口

8、遭受重大損失,海爾集團(tuán)也沒有例外。然后,海爾冰箱及時(shí)推出一個(gè)“綠色革命”。海爾集團(tuán)在1984年,引進(jìn)德國(guó)技術(shù)和德國(guó)的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)環(huán)保觀念,并不斷努力,以減少氟氯化碳的使用,直到制造無氟冰箱;同時(shí)無氟冰箱也具有顯著的能源節(jié)約功能,超越歐洲節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)20,美國(guó)的18。最終,海爾集團(tuán)在20世紀(jì)90年代初已取得歐盟綠色標(biāo)簽證書,在1992年和1996年先后通過了ISO9001和ISO14000體系認(rèn)證證書。由于采取了一系列環(huán)保措施,海爾集團(tuán)的產(chǎn)品已達(dá)到進(jìn)口國(guó)的環(huán)保要求,在1990年以前扭轉(zhuǎn)小的出口市場(chǎng)和出口量,海爾集團(tuán)在1996年出口21萬臺(tái)冰箱,價(jià)值25.71億美元,從而為海爾成為國(guó)內(nèi)第一出口企業(yè)的地位奠定

9、了基礎(chǔ),在向德國(guó)出口的亞洲公司中海爾排名第一,這也有利于海爾集團(tuán)在全國(guó)500強(qiáng)企業(yè)名單。 四、綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的影響由于綠色貿(mào)易壁壘,中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易額遭受了巨大的損失。2002年,因?yàn)槿毡緡?yán)格的檢查和要求價(jià)格的大幅度降低,臺(tái)州蔬菜被阻止進(jìn)入日本市場(chǎng)。還是在2002年,因?yàn)閷幉ㄊ兴a(chǎn)品不能達(dá)到歐盟所要求的衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而被限制進(jìn)入歐洲聯(lián)盟(歐盟)。由于綠色貿(mào)易壁壘,60種中國(guó)農(nóng)藥被禁止進(jìn)入歐盟市場(chǎng),因?yàn)樗麄儾荒苓_(dá)到歐盟的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì),由于“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘”,在2002年這一年中國(guó)遭受損失74億美元。中國(guó)出口到歐盟,日本,韓國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的跌幅尤其明顯。一般而言,由于嚴(yán)格的綠色壁壘,農(nóng)產(chǎn)

10、品和食品,紡織產(chǎn)品和機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的三個(gè)主要行業(yè)遭受損失最為嚴(yán)重。由于這三大類產(chǎn)品是中國(guó)出口最多的產(chǎn)品,我們可以很容易地得出一個(gè)結(jié)論:“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘”已成為限制中國(guó)產(chǎn)品出口的一個(gè)主要障礙。五、應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的主要對(duì)策 如上所述,這是一個(gè)事實(shí)即中國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品遭受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家綠色壁壘的嚴(yán)重限制,遭受了巨大損失。因此,中國(guó)出口商應(yīng)該仔細(xì)考慮對(duì)策,以消除綠色貿(mào)易壁壘不利影響。首先,我們應(yīng)該充分利用的優(yōu)惠待遇來減少綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的限制。根據(jù)協(xié)議對(duì)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)當(dāng)充分考慮到發(fā)展中國(guó)家的特殊發(fā)展,確保發(fā)展中國(guó)家在財(cái)政和貿(mào)易需要等方面不受綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的限制,確保綠色條款,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和合格

11、評(píng)定程序不給發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)聿槐匾穆闊?,從而保證發(fā)展中國(guó)家的正常出口。因此,作為世界貿(mào)易組織中的一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家,中國(guó)有權(quán)享受這種優(yōu)惠待遇。其次,中國(guó)應(yīng)利用世界貿(mào)易組織的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制來保護(hù)自己的利益。不同于關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定,世貿(mào)組織已成立了一個(gè)更有力的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制來解決世貿(mào)組織的成員之間的糾紛。因此,如果我們的利益受到其他世貿(mào)組織成員不公平的綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的損害,我們可以訴諸爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)來解決這一爭(zhēng)端,并敦促其他成員改變其不公正的做法,以保護(hù)我們的利益。第三,中國(guó)應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境,并采取措施提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平,多出口達(dá)到綠色出口水平的產(chǎn)品,以滿足更高的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這將從根本上解決我過所遭受綠色貿(mào)易壁壘這個(gè)問

12、題。 附注:摘自EUROPECHINA,2009年第10期Facing the Upgrade of Green Trade BarrierThomas J. SargentAbstract :The European Union proposed and implemented DMF order this May after issuing RoHS, WEEE, EUP orders, REACH rules and regulations and green trade measures (TBT); the DMF order bans the product containing

13、dimethylfumarate (hereafter referred as DMF) to flow and sale in the European Union market, however, after 3 months implementation of the order, quite a few enterprises have been affected, especially for Chinas relevant exporting industries under the background of financial crisis. Some expert point

14、s out that green trade barrier become the second crucial factor influencing the foreign trade following the exchange rate. Key words:European Union、Green trade barrier、ChinaUnavoidable Green Trade Barrier In recent years, owning to the European and American countries green trade barrier is upgrading

15、 continuously; after crossing the tariff barrier, there is another non-tariff green trade barrier waiting for developing countries like China there. From February to April of 2009, the EU Rapid Alert System for Non-food Products (RAPEX) released 30 pieces of information on Chinese shoes and toy prod

16、ucts are recalled by Germany, Spain and France because of containing DMF. Jincheng residential working group of Shanxi Inspection and Quarantine Bureau received a report from an enterprises on March 28, 2009, saying that the a number of tractor spare parts exporting to Italian, using wooden packagin

17、g due to have provide no free DMF proof is curbed. Guanzhou Fangchuns packaging materials manufacturer suffered from total return and reproduction on July 2009, because DMF is contained in its products. In recent years, why Green trade barrier is used with increasing frequency in wider fields, there

18、 is a deep-rooted reason behind it. For instance, the world environmental degradation, such as: ozone depletion, global warming, biodiversity loss and other problems which directly affect peoples consumption concept and values; particularly in Europe and the United States and other developed countri

19、es, consumers green values have been formed and show their demands and preferences towards green products, which also provided the conditions and opportunities for the formation of the green trade barriers. In addition, the traditional non-tariff is increasingly being condemned, in such a case, Euro

20、pean, American and other countries for their own interests began to seek new trade protection measures. Moreover, differences in national environmental standards, as well as the current international trade rules and agreements are incomplete provids an excuse for the green trade barriers. Director o

21、f Secretariat of China Certification Committee for Environmental Labeling Products, Professor Xia Qing expresses that green trade barrier is unavoidable, any country in term of protecting national security, animal and plant safety, public health, environment, and preventing fraud, will draw up relev

22、ant provisions, release relevant rules and regulations, and adopt technical preventive measures. They propose testing standards in their provisions, which constitute a series of possible green barriers. However, there are differences in green standard itself, which cause the EU products is liable to

23、 be exported, while some Chinese product cant go to international market. Erected Green Barrier and Intensified Trade Friction In the process of global economic integration, in order to achieve the purpose of protecting the domestic market, the EU and other developed countries resort more and more h

24、idden measures, the technical requirements for imported products become increasingly stringent, and the supporting laws and regulations are issued one after another. For example: since June 2007, the EU fully implemented REACH regulations requiring enterprises to apply for authorization, notify 15-i

25、tem highly concerned materials (SVHC); in June 2008, the EU issued a PFOS order restricting the use of perfluorooctane sulfonate compounds (PFOS), marked the EU officially bans usage of PFOS in the commodities; for which Chinas several exporting industries are effected including the textile, leather

26、 and other export enterprises. The implementation of DMF ban to serves as another green trade barrier for Chinas leather, furniture and other export industries. The EU member states take the name of environmental protection to launch unilateral trade measures to restrict imports from foreign countri

27、es, thus lead to an increasing bilateral or multilateral trade friction. The two large regional organizations of the EU and the North American Free Trade Area member states are basically developed countries, their environmental protection level and environmental standards are similar, while certain

28、gaps between individual member states also tend to be coordinated. So they can adopt regional free trade mode to curb the outside region products due to not in accordance with their environmental standards. While the seemingly legitimate green barrier is becoming popular, it may pose serious challen

29、ges towards the developing countries. According to rough statistics, among Chinas suffering green barrier, 66.1% of that comes from the European Union, this trend may exert long-term influence on China-EU trade and economic relationship.Response Green Trade Barrier Positively and Objectively What Ch

30、ina and other developing countries should do in the context of financial crisis, and as the green trade barriers is intensified? According to relevant insiders that Chinas foreign trade enterprises should be prepared in the near-medium-long term. In the near term, they have to actively respond to su

31、its, there are relevant professionals in the municipal Foreign Economic Trade Bureau, CCPIT, as well as industry associations, who can help to contact lawyers, and coordinate to make preparation for responding to suits. In the medium-term, they have to speed up the reserves of foreign trade talents,

32、 especially nowadays the trade barriers change frequently, which proposes higher requirements of professional quality of the foreign trade talents. In the long term, exporting enterprises should intensify efforts to adjust product structure, speed up industrial upgrading, improving product technolog

33、y content, so as to reduce trade friction fundamentally. It is reported that Chinese government are sharing difficulties and help the enterprises to solve the problems; organized by the Ministry of Commerce, local functional departments actively play the four-body interaction mechanism role to face

34、trade frictions with business associations and enterprises; strengthening the advocacy of training and legal advice of trade frictions to enterprises, as well as having done lots of effort to help the enterprises to use legal means to actively respond to suits. Actually, from the prospect of environ

35、mental protection and national health care, the so-called new barriers including green barrier and intellectual property protection also had a reasonable side, which may urge enterprise to promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Another insider believes that take Haier as

36、 an example: from the late 1980s to early 1990s, due to European, American and other developed countries make legislation to restrict or to prohibit imports of refrigerators containing CFC, which makes Chinas refrigerator export suffer heavy loss, Haier Group is also no exception. Then Haier Refrige

37、rator launches a green revolution in a timely manner. In 1984, Haier Group introduced both German technology and a high level of environmental awareness in Germany, and constantly strived to reduce CFC usage until the Freon-free refrigerators is created; meanwhile the Freon-free refrigerators also h

38、as significant energy saving function, surpassing European standards A - 20% energy-saving, and the U.S. 18% energy-saving. As a result, Haier Group has made the EUs Green Label certificate in the early 1990s, and passed the ISO9001 and ISO14000 system certificates in 1992 and 1996 successively. Own

39、ing to adopting a series of green measures, Haier Group products has met the environmental requirements of importing countries, reversing small exporting market and exporting volume prior to 1990; in 1996 Haier Group exported 210,000 units refrigerators, amounting to 25.71 million dollars, thereby l

40、aying a foundation of first exporting position in Chinas domestic market, and ranking first in Asia to export to Germany, all of which is conducive for Haier Group to crowd in the national top 500 enterprises list.Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign trade China has suffered great los

41、s due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach th

42、e sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barri

43、ers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers.

44、Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countries As mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered g

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