初三中考語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)—名詞

1、權(quán)威專業(yè)規(guī)范好品質(zhì)不怕比！JSuTIIeIjSNEW CONCEPT初三語法專題初三英語專題（一）名詞“、名詞的分類：名詞是表示人、物及抽象概念的名稱的詞?？蓴?shù)Bird, city（個(gè)體名詞）;family,class（集體名詞）不可數(shù)New York, China（專啟名詞）;water, light（物質(zhì)名詞）;music,work （抽象名詞）二、可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:情況構(gòu)成例詞規(guī) 則 變 化一般情況-sfathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananass,x,sh,ch 結(jié)尾-esboxes, gla

2、sses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes輔首字母加y去 y,力口-iesbaby-babies, family-families,duty-duties, comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries, story-stories以。結(jié)尾一般情況-szoo-zoos photo-photos特殊情況-esNegroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, mango（口訣：英雄和黑人喜歡吃西紅柿、土豆和芒果）以f或fe結(jié)尾去 f/fe 加-veswife-wives, knife-knives, wo

3、lf-wolves, thief-thieves, shelf-shelves, self-selves, life-lives, half-halves, leaf-leaves,（口訣：妻亍持刀去宰狼，小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片樹葉遮目光。）直接加-sgulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief（口訣：海灣邊，屋頂上，首領(lǐng)農(nóng)奴兩相望，誰說他們沒有信仰，證據(jù) 就在手帕上）不 規(guī) 則 變 化單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致1、 單復(fù)數(shù)相同: fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese2、只后復(fù)數(shù)： people,

4、 pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks3、集體名詞是單數(shù)也是復(fù)數(shù)：police警察（局）/警察，class班/同學(xué)，family家/家庭成員口訣記憶法：中日同形用小艾，英法同盟變a為e,其他一律加so變內(nèi)部兀音字母foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice力口和/-酬child-children ox-oxen合 成 的 復(fù) 數(shù)1、只力口主要名詞，多為個(gè)單詞。如：action movie/action movies, pen pal/pen

5、 pals;2、如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor/men doctors, woman teacher/women teachers汪思：1、物質(zhì)名詞往往是不可數(shù)名詞，但有些也可作可數(shù)名詞，此時(shí)意義有所不同。如：room （空間）a room （房間）work （工作）a work （著作，工事）paper （紙）a paper （論文，試卷）chicken （雞肉）a chicken （小雞）fish （魚）fishes （魚的種類）orange （橘汁）oranges （橙子）drink （飲料）drinks （飲料的種類）time （時(shí)

6、間）times （時(shí)代/次數(shù)）glass （玻璃）glasses （玻璃杯，眼鏡）wood （木頭）a wood （小森林）2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達(dá)：不可數(shù)名詞雖然本身不可數(shù)，但可借助單位量詞來表示一定的數(shù)量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a(chǎn) bowl of rice 一碗飯a cup of tea 一杯茶a piece of news 貝U新聞a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水a(chǎn) pair of glasses 一副眼鏡3、有些名詞雖以-s結(jié)尾，但它們不是復(fù)數(shù)。如 physics, maths, politics, news4、數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，中間的名

7、詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式而須用單數(shù)形式。如：a five-year-old girl 一個(gè)五歲的女孩a two-metre-long ruler 一把兩米長的尺子a six-foot-deep hole 一個(gè)六英尺深的洞a ten-story-high building 一幢十層高的樓房5、分辨可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的分辨。名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則【速記口訣】單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)，規(guī)則要記??；一般加s,特殊有幾處；/t/、/ /、/s/結(jié)尾，es不離后；末尾字母o,大多加s;兩人有兩菜，es不離口；詞尾f、fe, s前有v和e;沒有規(guī)則詞，必須單獨(dú)記?！久钫Z詮釋】大部分單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)要加s,但如果單詞以/ t/、

8、/ /、/s/發(fā)音結(jié)尾（也就是單詞如果以ch, sh, s, x等結(jié)尾），則一般加es;以。結(jié)尾的單詞除了"兩人"（negro, hero）"兩菜"（tomato,potato）力口 es外，其余一般加s;以f或fe結(jié)尾的單詞一般是把 f, fe變?yōu)関e再加s;英語中還有些單詞沒有 規(guī)貝U,需要特殊記憶。 例如：child-children , mouse-mice,deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-Chinese, ox-oxen, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth

9、。三、名詞所有格：1、名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于物主代詞，在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下:名詞+ 's（有生命的名詞）單數(shù)名詞+ 'sthe boy's mother/Children's Day復(fù)數(shù)名詞（-s或-es結(jié)尾）+the two boys' mother不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 'sthe children's mother幾個(gè)人共有時(shí)在取后 1人名后 + sAlice and Mary 's room各自所有在各名字后+'sAlice's and Mary's rooms名詞+ of +名

10、詞（無生命或后生命）a picture of Li Ping the door of the bedroom the roof of the house2、名詞所有格的用法（1） s所有格常表示有生命的東西，但也可表示時(shí)間、距離、自然現(xiàn)象、國家或城市類實(shí)體、工作群體等無生命的名詞。如：a month s'time 一個(gè)月的時(shí)間the city's parks城市的公園a mile's distance一英里的距離the ship;s crew船上的工作人員the moon's rays 月 光（2）'所有格后的名詞如指商店、住宅等地點(diǎn)時(shí)，該名詞通常省略。

11、如： my aunt '我阿姨家，the doctor診所（3） “of珞詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格，此結(jié)構(gòu)也可由of +名詞性物主代詞構(gòu)成。如：a friend ofmy father 我父親的一位朋友friend of mine 我的一位朋友注意：He is a friend of your father 's.他是你父親的一個(gè)朋友。（強(qiáng)調(diào)父親的朋友不止一個(gè)）He is a friend of your father.他是你父親的朋友。（強(qiáng)調(diào)他對(duì)你父親的友好）3、名詞所有格的作用：除了可以表示所有關(guān)系外，還有以下幾種作用：初三語法專題(1)表示類別。如： Ch

12、ildren's book兒童讀物teachers' college師范學(xué)院(2)表示主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：his mother's request他母親的要求 the help of the worker工人們的幫助(3)表示動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作的承受者。如： the family's support養(yǎng)家糊口the use of computer's電腦的用途名詞所有格用法【速記口訣】名詞所有格，表物是“誰的”；若為生命詞，加s”即可行，詞尾有s,僅把逗號(hào)擇；并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加；若為無生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，

13、此是硬規(guī)則?！久钫Z詮釋】有生命的名詞所有格一般加s,但如果名詞以 s結(jié)尾，則只加；并列名詞所有格表示各自所有時(shí)，分別加s"，如果是共有，則只在最后名詞加s" ；如果是無生命的名詞則用of表示所有格，這里需要注意它們的順序與漢語不同，A of B要翻譯為B的A。四、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：主謂的單復(fù)數(shù)一致，即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.The wateNn the glass is very cold.(2)集體名詞(如 family, class,

14、team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主語時(shí),如果表示整體概念，則謂語用單數(shù)形式，如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí)，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：Class Three have a map of China.(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)，表示許多時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Therejs a sheep in the yard.There are some sheep in the yard.(4)maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾，但

15、不是復(fù)數(shù)，因此謂語仍用單數(shù)： The news is very exciting.(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式，故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(6)a lot of后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式，跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A 10t of students are playing baseball now.A 10t of time was wasted on that work.(7)and連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語原則

16、上用復(fù)數(shù)。但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體概念(即后一個(gè)名詞前五冠詞或其他限定詞時(shí))或主語具雙重身份時(shí)，謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.Fish and chips is very famous food.(8) there be句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定，即“鄰近原則”如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.用both and 連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí)，謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomo

17、rrow.(10)主語中含有with的短語時(shí)，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(11)either ?；蛘遪eithernor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí)，謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.Neither you nor I_am_ going there.（12）表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念白復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.Two thousand k

18、ilometers is quite a long distanc.（13）主語中含有 half of / （three quarters）of / all箭洞the寸，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定 ，如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is_in English.A third of the students were playing near the lake.All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.但是，population 一詞又有特殊情況：What&#

19、39;s the population, of China?（中國人口是多少？）（用單數(shù)）Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs（阿拉伯人）.（這城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人）（用復(fù)數(shù)）五、名詞的句法功能1 .名詞在句中可以作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)定語、定語、狀語、同位語和呼語等。如：Tom was the best student in the class.（主語）I have never heard of the man.（賓語）We elected him monitor of our class .（賓語補(bǔ)足語 ）Th

20、ere is a stone bridge over the fiver .（定語）Peter goes to school at 8 every morning .（狀語）Bush . President of the United states. is coming to China next month .（同位語）Mary , come here quickly .（呼語）2 .名詞作定語時(shí)，表示中心詞的用途：材料、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間等，和形容詞做定語在含義上有所不同。試比較：銀幣 silver coins銀白色的車 a silvery car心臟病 heart trouble熱情的歡迎 a

21、hearty welcome石橋 stone bridge鐵石心腸 stony heart中考英語名詞考點(diǎn)歸納一、名詞的各種分類。單、復(fù)數(shù)的用法及單數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)名詞的方式，包括可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則，少數(shù)不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式及部分單復(fù)、數(shù)同形的名詞。1 . There is good for you. I've found your lost watch. 廣東省A. newsB. ideasC. messagesD. thoughts2 .My uncle will come to my house for dinner . I want to buy some to make a

22、 vegetable salad for him .濟(jì)寧A . meatB. tomatoesC. apple juice3 .The teacher said we needed to choose threefor the school concert. 重慶A. farmersB. doctorsC. driversD. singers4 .At night the koala bear gets up and eats.廣元A. 1eafB. 1eavesC. leafs5 .The PLA man saved three lives in the accident .濟(jì)南A. chi

23、ldren ' sB. childrenC. childD. childs'6 .Come on, children . Help yourselves to some if you like .南通A . fish and chickenB. fishes and chickenC. fish and chickens D . fishes and chickens7 .All the teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th , because it was their own holiday . 重慶A . manB. menC.

24、womanD. women二、不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量的表達(dá)法。用 數(shù)詞或冠詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，量詞可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，但of后面的名詞只能用單數(shù)。1.Mr. Smith always has to tell us .青島A. some good pieces of newsB. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of newesD. some piece of good newes2. Would you like to have a look at some pants?They may fit you wellWel

25、l, I'd like to try those blue.黃岡A . pairsB . oneC. pant3. Would you like some drinks, boys?河北 Yes, please.A. some orangesB. two boxes of chocolates C. some cakes4. exciting news! We will have long holiday after the exam.D. pairD. two bottles of orange黃岡A. What an, aB. What, aC. How an, the D. Ho

26、w, the三、名詞所有格及其用法。以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞加 "'或“構(gòu)成所有格；以-s或-es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞在詞尾加；s兩者或兩者以上共同所有，把“加在最后的名詞上；表示各自擁有某件東西時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞都要用所有格形式。1.fathers are both scientists. 咸寧2.A . Jim's and BobB. Jim's and Bob'sC. Jim and Bob'sD.Jim and Bobroom is big and bright . A . Tom and SamThey like it very m

27、uch .B. Tom's find Sam河北C. Tom and Sam'sD.Tom's and Sam's3.How' s Joy 'A. her sisters skirt?ler skirt is more beautiful thans and Kate, her sister and Kate,蘭州C. her sister and KateD. her sisters and Kate's”來構(gòu)成所有格。如：today's四、表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等無生命東西的名詞，也可以加“newspaper,

28、 ten minutes, walk , China's industry1 . 一 Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?一No, its about浙江寧波）2.A. 7 minutes walkB. 7 minute walkC. 7 minuteswalk D. 7 minutes walkCome and see me inA . two or three days'With pleasure. That's what I'm expecting .哈爾濱8. two or three day'

29、s time C. two or three days' time3.I'm going on holiday on the 12th . I have to be back at work on the 26th.So I've got twoA. weeks五、名詞作主語時(shí)的主謂一致。B. week'sC. weeks'holiday .臨沂 D. week主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)形式，主語為復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù);主語形式上是單數(shù)，但表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義，那么謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式；主語形式上是復(fù)數(shù)形式但表達(dá)單數(shù)意義,則謂語動(dòng)詞也采用單數(shù)形式；謂語

30、動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)由最靠近它的主語決定。六、語境中名詞的選擇。 根據(jù)語境確定名詞的詞義，再根據(jù)句法進(jìn)一步確定詞形。I.Studying in a foreign country is a differentA. eventB. exerciseand you can learn a lot .鹽城 C. experienceD. exhibition2 .-Would you like some?-No, thank you. I'm not hungry at all.陜西省A. teaB. waterC. breadD. coffee3.It's commonthat the

31、Japanese eat Sushi.沈陽A. information4.The thing thatA. mindsB. knowledgeis not whether you fan or not , B. caresC. directionbut whether you try or not . C. matters蘇州D.D.instructionconsiders5.江西I don't know how to use this machine .It doesn't matter. Here is the6.A. instructionB. directionC. i

32、nformationD.advertisementWhat do you know aboutLine drawings that show how something works .沈陽A. pictures七、易混名詞的區(qū)別。B. diagramsC. programmesD. paintings主要是要求區(qū)別一些常見的容易混淆的名詞的用法。1.-Look, the tall building looks very modern.-Yes, and there is a garden on itsA. topB. ground.A garden in the air!河南省C. sideD

33、. floor2. How can I tell one tree from another?You can mostly tell them by theof their leavesA. shape3.-Oh! There isn't enoughB sizefor us in the bus.07武漢市C. ageD color-No hurry. Let's wait for the next.昆明市A. place4.0ur school held an activity called A. noteB. landC. roomD. floor"Recomm

34、enBooks to Your Teachers”. The students made a_of 1 000 books淄博B. 1ineC. menuD. 1ist綜合練習(xí)、語法過關(guān)1. Today is September 10th. It'sDay. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.C. the Teachers'D. Teacher'sA. TeachersB. Teachers'2 .He had something to write down and asked me forA.

35、 a paperB. some papersC some pieces papersD. a piece of paper3. Thenow is that we have lots ofto ask,C question; problemD. problem; questionA. problem; questions B. question; problems4. - Can I just have a try?-Sure. It doesn't if you give a wrong answer.A. matterB. troubleC. mindD. carefor me?A

36、. placeB. seatC. roomD. ground5 .- Could you move over a little and make some -Sure. Please.6. -What would you like to drink, girls?-, please.C. Two cups of coffeeD. Two cup of coffeesA. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs farA. f

37、unB. wishes8. I'd like something to read. Would you please pass me theC. interest?D. thanksA. pen9. September 10th is A. Women's DayB. boxC. rulerD. bookB. Children's DayC. Mid-autumn DayD. Teachers' Day? By bus?10. -How do you get home from-No, I walk. isn't very far.A. school,

38、The school B. the school, The schoolC. the school, SchoolD. school, School二、完形填空(A)Last year my English class was 1 for me. First of all, it wasn' t easy for me to understand theshe 2 to the class. To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn' t 3 every word. Later on, I redoesn '

39、m atter if you don' U nderstand every word, 4 I was afraid to speak in class because I thought my classmates might laugh 5_me. I couldn ' always make complete sentences, either. Then I started to 6 English-language TV. It helped a lot. I think that doing lots of listening practice is one of

40、the secrets of 7 a goodlanguage learner. Another thing that I found very difficult was English 8. So I decided to take lots of grammarnotes in every class.()1.A. luckyB.happyC. difficultD. great.()2.A. talkedB. talkC. singD.sang()3.A. thinkB. believeC. forgetD. understand()4.A. eitherB. neitherC. al

41、soD. too()5.A. toB. withC. atD. in()6.A. watchedB. watchC. watchesD. watching()7. A. makingB. becomingC. changingD. turning()8.A. grammarB. wordsC. pronunciationD. tests三、閱讀理解（A）How I study EnglishI often hear some students say English is difficult, and it gives them a headache. So they can ' t

42、learn it well. But English is very easy for me. I' m good at it. I ' m very glad to tell you something about how I study English.First, I think an interest（愛好）in English is very important. When I was in Grade One, we had a new subject 一 English. It was fresh for me . I was interested in it,

43、so I worked hard at it. Soon we had an English exam and I got a very good mark. How happy I was! After that, I learned English harder and harder. Our English teacher often teaches us English songs, the songs sound nice. I often think how interesting English is!Second, I think English is a foreign la

44、nguage. I should learn it well in the following ways: Listen to the teacher carefully, speak bravely, read aloud and have a good vocabulary（ 詞?匚）.Then practice again and again, never be tired. And I also have a good habit: Asking whenever（ 不論彳sj時(shí) ）I have a question, I must make it clear by asking ou

45、r English teacher. How happy I am when I understand!Besides this, I often read English stories, jokes and easy novels. From these I know English is not only interesting, but also useful. They help me understand a lot of things. So to do more reading is an important way to learn English well.And I al

46、so do some exercises from our class magazines, and I often write English diaries. English has become a close friend of mine.Now I have learned English for more than two years. I always keep the first position in our school. From these words, I hope every student can learn English well.1. Why do some

47、 students often“ have a headache " ?A. Because they are easy to catch cold.B. Because it ' s often very coldC. Because they think English is easy.D. Because they don ' t think English is easy.2. The writer tells us that we should be in English if we want to learn it well.A. interestB. i

48、nterestedC. interestingD. strict3. The sentence “I got a very good mark " means.A.I got a good way.B. I had a good idea.C. I did badly in the exam .D. I did well in the exam.4. The writer thinks English is interesting because.A.English is full of stories.B.English is full of jokes.C.his teacher

49、 often teaches them nice English songs.D.of nothing5. Which of the following is not the way the writer studies by?A. speaking bravelyB. Writing to foreign friendsC. Reading aloudD. Writing English diaries（B）Swimming and English LearningCan you swim? Do you like swimming? Yes? Well, how can you learn

50、 to swim? I think the best way is to go intothe water and learn. I ' m afraid you ' ll never learn to swim just by reading books about swimming or looking at others swimming. It ' s the same with the English study. We must practice, practice and practice.Listening and speaking are very i

51、mportant for beginners. The children in English-speaking countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate and speak. We can listen to English programs on radio. You may just understand a few words. It doesn ' t matter. Just be relaxed, try to catch every. wordSomebody may be a good lis

52、tener. But he dare not speak. He' s afraid of making mistakes. You know we sormake mistakes when we speak Chinese. Don ' t be afraid. We must be brave. If you really want to learn English well, you must try to speak with everyone so long as he knows English. Whether you know him or not is no

53、t important when there 'nsbody to talk with, you can talk to yourself in English. It ; interesting and also a good way to practice your spoken English. Remember, the more you speak, the f ewer mistakes you ' ll make.Reading and writing are more important for senior school students. First we

54、must choose the books we in. A lot of reading will improve your language sense. This is the most important.Keep writing English diaries. We can also write English articles. You may even post them to English magazines.Don' t be afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success.Easier said than

55、done. Well, lets do more practice from now on. I' m sure youll learn English w(1. You can learn to swim by.A. reading books about itC. having lessons on it2. We should learn English byA. listening and speakingC. A and BB. looking at others swimmingD. going into the river and learningB. reading a

56、nd writingD. swimming3. What will you do with mistakes when you speak?A. Don ' t make mistakes.B. Study hardC. Try not to speak EnglishD. Don ' t be afraid.4. What ' s more important for senior school studentA. listeningB. speakingC. reading and writingD. learning5. We can listen to Engl

57、ish, according to the passage.A. by trainB. on the radioC. every minuteD. now and then(C)“Life is speeding up. Everyoneis getting unwell. ”This may sound like something someone would say today. But in fact, an unknown person who lived in Rome in AD53 wrote itWe all love new inventions. They are exciting, amazing and c