大學英語自學教程下

1、大學英語自學教程下.doc大學英語自學教程下大學英語自學教程是由北大、清華、人大等名校百名命題專家，嚴格按照最新自考大綱及最新教材精心編寫而成的。下面是給大家整理的大學英語自學教程下，供大家參閱!大學英語自學教程內(nèi)容簡介1. 本系列試卷由北大、清華、人大等名校百名命題專家，嚴格按照最新自考大綱及最新教材精心編寫而成，并輔以部分閱卷教師的指點和參與，從而有著極強的標準性、權威性、預測性;2. 本系列試卷注重考前模擬循序漸進、階次提高，從而逐步進入最佳臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài);本套試卷共十份，建議每周做一份，切忌一曝十寒;3. 最好按正式考試時間（上午或下午，150分鐘）不間斷地獨自完成所有試題，盡量不要超過時間

2、，不要急于看答案，以達到真正的模擬考核;4. 做完一套試題后，請對比試卷后的答案及評分標準給自己評定一個分數(shù)，最后認真研究試題解析，弄懂每一道題的解題思路，不要背題目、背答案，題目做錯了，要深究做錯的原因，同樣的錯誤只同意犯一次，最好找到教材或同步輔導的相關章節(jié)進行有針對地復習，以達到舉一反三、融會貫穿效果;5. 本系列試卷為完全標準預測，分值權重、題型題量、題的難易度、時間安排等均與最新真題一致，所以考生在進行自測時，最好有意識地調(diào)整做題心態(tài)，以逐步養(yǎng)成良好的考場狀態(tài);6. 考生應及時總結(jié)每套試卷在模擬考核中的得與失，力爭做一套就有收獲，每做一套就有提高，日積月累，就會有質(zhì)的突破;7. 本系

3、列試卷后附有最新真題及答案，考生可在做完預測試卷后，試著做真題，逐步掌握考試命題規(guī)律，以便在考場上能做到駕輕就熟，成竹在胸。大學英語自學教程下冊decisionischoicemdefrommonglterntivecoursesofctionthtrevilble.Thepurposeofmkingdecisionistoestblishndchieveorgniztionlgolsndobjectives.Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists,golsorobjectivesrewrong,orsomethingisstndinginthew

4、yofccomplishingthem.Thusthedecision-mkingprocessisfundmentltomngement.lmosteverythingmngerdoesinvolvesdecisions,indeed,somesuggestthtthemngementprocessisdecisionmking.lthoughmngerscnnotpredictthefuture,mnyoftheirdecisionsrequirethttheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmngersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefu

5、turewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce,hutsinceuncertintyislwysthere,riskccompniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofpoordecisionreslight;tothertimestheyreserious.Choiceistheopportunitytoselectmonglterntives.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemde.Decisionmkingistheprocessofchoosing,ndmnyd

6、ecisionshvebrodrngeofchoice.Forexmple,studentmybebletochoosemongnumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtincollegedegree.Formngers,everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies,procedures,lws,precedents,ndthelike.Theseconstrintsexisttlllevelsoftheorgniztion.lterntivesrethepossiblecourseso

7、fctionfromwhichchoicescnbemde.Ifthererenolterntives,thereisnochoicend,therefore,nodecision.Ifnolterntivesreseen,oftenitmensthtthoroughjobofexminingtheproblemshsnotbeendone.Forexmple,mngerssometimestretproblemsinneither/orfshion;thisistheirwyofsimplifyingcomplexproblems.Butthetendencytosimplifyblinds

8、themtootherlterntives.tthemngerillevel,decisionmkingincludeslimitinglterntivesswellsidentifyingthem,ndtherngeisfromhighlylimitedtoprcticllyunlimited.Decisionmkersmusthvesomewyofdeterminingwhichofseverllterntivesisbest-thtis,whichcontributesthemosttothechievementoforgniztionlgols.norgniztionlgolisnen

9、dorstteofffirstheorgniztionseekstorech.Becuseindividuls(ndorgniztions)frequentlyhvedifferentidesbouthowtottinthegols,thebestchoicemydependonwhomkesthedecision.Frequently,deprtmentsorunitswithinnorgniztionmkedecisionsthtregoodforthemindividullybutthtrelessthnoptimlforthelrgerorgniztion.Clledsuboptimi

10、ztion,thisistrde-offthtincresesthedvntgestooneunitorfunctionbutdecresesthedvntgestonotherunitorfunction.Forexmple,themrketingmngermyrgueeffectivelyfornincreseddvertisingbudget.Inthelrgerschemeofthings,however,incresedfundingforreserchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficiltotheorgniztion.Thesetrde-

11、offsoccurbecusethereremnyobjectivesthtorgniztionswishtottinsimultneously.Someoftheseobjectivesremoreimportntthnothers,buttheordernddegreeofimportnceoftenvryfrompersontopersonndfromdeprtmenttodeprtment.Differentmngersdefinethesmeproblemindifferentterms.Whenpresentedwithcommoncse,slesmngerstendtoseesl

12、esproblems,productionmngersseeproductionproblems,ndsoon.Theorderingndimportnceofmultipleobjectivesislsobsed,inprt,onthevluesofthedecisionmker.Suchvluesrepersonl;theyrehrdtounderstnd,evenbytheindividul,becusetheyresodynmicndcomplex.Inmnybusinesssitutionsdifferentpeoplesvluesboutcceptbledegreesofriskn

13、dprofitbilitycusedisgreementboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.Peopleoftenssumethtdecisionisnisoltedphenomenon.Butfromsystemspointofview,problemshvemultiplecuses,nddecisionshveintendedndunintendedconsequences.norgniztionisnongoingentity,nddecisionmdetodymyhveconsequencesfrintothefuture.Thustheskilledmnge

14、rlookstowrdthefutureconsequencesofcurrentdecisions.Thesubjectoftodystlkisinterviews.Thekeywordshererepreprtionndconfidence,whichwillcrryyoufr.Doyourhomeworkfirst.Findoutllyoucnboutthejobyourepplyingforndtheorgniztionyouhopetoworkfor.MnyoftheemployersIinterviewedmdethesmecriticismofcndidtes.Theyhveno

15、idewhtthedytodyworkofthejobbringsbout.Theyhvevguenotionsoffurtheringthecompnysprospectsorofservingthecommunity,buthvenevertkenthetroubletofindoutthectultskstheywillberequiredtodo.Donotletthisbesidofyou.Itshowsnunttrctiveindifferencetoyouremployerndtoyourjob.Tkethetimetoputyourselfintotheinterviewers

16、plce.Hewntssomebodywhoishrd-workingwithplesntpersonlityndrelinterestinthejob.nythingthtyoufindoutbouttheprospectiveemployercnbeusedtoyourdvntgeduringtheinterviewtoshowthtyouhvebotheredtomstersomefctsboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.Writedown(ndremember)thequestionsyouwnttosktheinterviewer(s)sothtyou

17、renotspeechlesswhentheyinviteyourquestions.Mkesureththolidysndpyrenotthefirstthingsyouskbout.Ifllyourquestionshvebeennsweredduringtheinterview,reply:Infct,Ididhveseverlquestions,butyouhvelredynsweredthemll.Donotbefridtoskforclrifictionofsomethingththsbeensidduringtheinterviewifyouwnttobesurewhtwsimp

18、lied,butdobepolite.Justbeforeyougototheinterview,lookginttheoriginldvertisementthtyounswered,nycorrespondencefromyourprospectiveemployer,photocopiesofyourletterofpplictionorpplictionformndyourresume.Thenyouwillrememberwhtyousidndwhttheywnt.Thisisveryimportntifyouhveppliedformnyjobsinshorttimesitises

19、ytobecomeconfusedndgivenimpressionofinefficiency.Mkesureyouknowwherendwhenyouhvetoreportfortheinterview.Gotothebuilding(butnotinsidetheoffice)dyortwobefore,ifnecessry,tofindouthowlongthejourneytkesndwhereexctlytheplceis.imtorrivefiveortenminuteserlyforthectulinterview,thenyouwillhvelittletimeinhndnd

20、youwillnotpnicifyouredelyed.Youstrttdisdvntgeifyourriveworriedndtenminuteslte.Dressinclen,net,conservtiveclothes.NowisNOTthetimetoexperimentwiththepunklookor(girls)towerlow-cutdresseswithminiskirts.Mkesurethtyourshoes,hndsndhir(ndteeth)reclenndnet.Hvetheletterinvitingyouforninterviewredytoshowincset

21、hereisnydifficultyincommuniction.Youmyfindyourselffcingoneinterviewerorpnel.Theltterisfrmoreintimidting,butdonotletitworryyoutoomuch.Theinterviewerwillprobblyhvetbleinfrontofhim/her.Donotputyourthingsorrmsonit.Ifyouhvebgorcse,putitonthefloorbesideyourchir.Donotclutchitnervouslyor,worsestill,dropit,s

22、pillingeverything.Shkehndsiftheintervieweroffershishndfirst.Thereislittlelikelihoodthtpneloffivewntstogothoughtheprocessofllshkinghndswithyouinturn.Soyoudonotbeupsetifnooneoffers.Shkehndsfirmly-wekhndsuggestswekpersonlity,ndcrushinggripisobviouslypinful.Donotdropthehndssoonsyourshstoucheditsthiswill

23、seemtoshowyoudonotliketheotherperson.Spekpolitelyndnturllyevenifyourefeelingshy.Thinkbeforeyounswernyquestions.Ifyoucnnotunderstnd,sk:Wouldyoumindrephrsingthequestion,plese?Thequestionwillthenberepetedindifferentwords.Ifyourenotdefinitelycceptedorturneddownonthespot,sk:WhenmyIexpecttohertheresultsof

24、thisinterview?Ifyoudoreceiveletterofferingyouthejob,youmustreplybyletter(keepphotocopy)ssoonspossible.Goodluck!大學英語自學教程(下冊)教案講義一TextWhtIsDecision?I.課文內(nèi)容簡介決策的目的是制定和實現(xiàn)組織目標。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標或目的的實現(xiàn)。作決策的過程對治理人員來說至關重要。決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價值觀。今天所作的決策可能會對將來產(chǎn)生深遠

25、的影響。因此，有經(jīng)驗的治理者能從當前決策看到將來的效果。段落大意：課文分成三部分第一、二段：決策的定義Thedefinitionofdecision第三、四段：作決策的一般過程Thegenerlprocessofmkingdecision第五至九段：在治理層次上，多種因素影響決策的制定VriousfctorsinfluencingdecisionmkingtthemngerillevelII.NewWords詞匯精講1 .goln.目標，進球，球門（同義詞：im，end，purpose，objective）Hergolisplcetuniversity.她的目標是在大學任教。2 .object

26、ive：n./.目的;目標（尤指較長遠的目標）;宗旨/客觀的，如實的派生詞：objectn.物體反義詞：subjectiven./.主語;主觀事物;/主觀的，用法：Herobjectiveistogetcollegeeduction.她的目標是接受大學教育。Ifyoudontworkhrd，youllneverchieveyourobjectives.假如你不努力工作，你將永遠達不到目的。chieve表示較難達到的目標。Itisnobjectivereport.這是一篇如實的報道。3 .ccomplishv.完成（任務）等Thestudentsccomplishedthetskinlessth

27、ntenminutes.學生們在不到10分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務。4 .predict：v預言，預示，預告同義詞：forecstv.預測，預報Itshrdtopredictwhenitwillhppen.很難預見這件事何時發(fā)生。5 .ccompny：v.伴隨，陪同Thelonelyoldmnisccompniedbyhisdog.這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗做伴。llordersmustbeccompniedwithcsh.所有的訂貨單必須隨付現(xiàn)金。派生詞：compnyn.公司;v.陪伴6 .implementv.實施，履行（諾言）等Thecommitteessuggestionswillbeimpleme

28、ntedimmeditely.委員會的意見將馬上貫徹執(zhí)行。Thechngestothentionlhelthsystemwillbeimplementednextyer.對全國醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進行。7 .constrintn.限制，約束Theytoldthetruthbutonlyunderconstrint.Constrintontherulesofgrmmer他們說了實話但是有所保留（是被迫的）。語法規(guī)則的限制（約束）8 .tendencyn.趨勢，傾向Thereisgrowingtendencyforpeopletoworkthomeinstedofinoffices.人們在家里而

29、不是在辦公室里工作的趨勢日益增長。派生詞：tendv.趨向，傾向用法：tendtodosth.Hetendstogetngrywhenpeopledisgreewithhim.當人們不同意他的意見時，他很容易生氣。9 .chievementn.完成，成就，nOlympicsilvermedlisremrkblechievementforonesoyoung.對一個如此年輕的人來說，獲得奧運會銀牌是個了不起的成就。派生詞：chievev.完成，做到，達到（目的），實現(xiàn)，獲得Hewillneverchievehisobjectivesifhedoesntworkhrd.如果他不努力，將會永遠達不到

30、目的。10 .ttin：v.達到;獲得（長期努力后而獲得）同義詞：obtin，get用法：Shehsmdeuphermindtottinhergolinlife.她下定決心要達到生活中的目標。Theppletreehsttinedtogretheight.蘋果樹已長得很高了。11 .optimldj最佳的Thesilorsrewitingforoptimlwetherconditionsbefore tking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。12 .rgue：vt./vi.爭辯，爭論，辯論用法：作不及物動詞用時，后邊可以接with，bout或over（就爭論），for（贊成）或g

31、inst（反對）Sheislwysredytorgueoverthesmllestissues.她總喜歡為極小的問題進行爭論。HeoftenrguesphilosophywithJmes.他常和詹姆斯討論哲學。Herguedforimmeditection.他主張馬上行動。Theyrguedginstsuchpolicy.他們反對這種政策。作及物動詞時，表示說服、用辯論證明的意思Irguedhimoutgoingonsuchdngerousjourney.我說服他不做這樣危險的旅行。Herguedthtmnwsdescendedfrompes.他論證人類的祖先是猿。13 .schemen計劃方

32、案Hehsgotcrzyschemeforgettingrichbeforeheis20.他制定了一個在20歲之前發(fā)財?shù)寞偪裼媱潯?4 .multipledj多樣的復合的Whtthepersondoesnextistheresultofthemultipleinfluencestowhichtheyhvebeenexposed.一個人下一步會做什么是他受到的多種影響的結(jié)果。15 .ongoingdj進行中的，前進的Nogreementhsyetbeenrechedndthenegotitionsonestillongoing.目前還沒有達成任何協(xié)議，談判仍在進行。16 .entityn存在實體

33、Heregrdedthenorthofthecountrysseprteculturlentity.他把這個GJ的北方看成一個單獨的文化實體。17 .skilleddj熟練的，有技能的Mymotherisveryskilledt/indress-mking.我母親非常擅長做衣服。PhrsesndExpressions1 .（stnd，get，be）inthewy礙事，擋道的;阻礙人的Ifyourenotgoingtohelp，tlestdontgetinthewy!如果你不愿幫忙，至少別阻礙人家。Thechirisinthewy，plesemoveitwy.這把椅子擋著路，請把它移開。相關短語

34、：inwy在某種程度上;在某些方面;從某一點上看innowy決不;一點也不;inthewyof按照;就。而言bywyof取道，經(jīng)由bythewy順便問一下2 .tomkeguesst推測Youmighthvebeenbletomkeguesstwhoshews.你本來能夠猜到她是誰。Cnyoumkeguessttheprice?你猜得出價錢嗎?3 .toseekto(inf)尋求，爭取Powersttionsreseekingtoreducetheiruseofoil.發(fā)電站正在設法減少石油的使用4 .inprt：部分地;有些部分;在某種程度上Thiswsinprtduetofinncildi

35、fficulties.部分是由于財政困難。Theresponsibilitywsinprtbecuseofme.部分責任在我。5 .pointofview視點，視角Thebooklookstcollegelifefromstudentspointofview.這本書從一個學生的視角來看大學生活。6 .tovryfromto從到不同，因而異Slrysclesvryfromsttetostte.工資級別因州而異。7 .contributeto把貢獻給。Wellcontributeourselvestothiscreerfterwegrdute.我們畢業(yè)后將為此事業(yè)作貢獻。contributeto導

36、致Smokingistheminfctorcontributingtolungcncer.吸煙是導致肺癌的主要因素。8.be beneficil to對有利Joggingisbeneficiltoourhelth.慢跑有利于我們的健康。RecitingpssgesisbeneficiltoimprovingorlEnglish.朗讀（背誦）短文段落對提高英語口語有利。III.課文精講第一部分Pr.1decisionischoicemdefrommonglterntivecoursesofctionthtrevilble.Thepurposeofmkingdecisionistoestblish

37、ndchieveorgniztionlgolsndobjectives.Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists，golsorobjectivesrewrong，orsomethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem.1 .mdefrommonglterntivecoursesofction是過去分詞短語作定語coursesofction行動方針thtrevilble是定語從句，修飾概念短語行動方針2 .Theresonformkingdecisionisthtproblemexists，golsorobjecti

38、vesrewrong，orsomethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem.此句是由tht引導的表語從句，表語從句由problemexist;golsofobjectivesrewrong;及somethingisstndinginthewyofccomplishingthem三個并列句構(gòu)成。Theresonforistht是一個常用的句子。例：Theresonforcncelingthetrvelisthttheylckofmoney.取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。Theresonwhy是另外一個常用的句子。例：Therere3resonswhythey

39、reunwillingtodiscussinsurnce.他們不情愿談論保險的原因有三個。Pr.2Thusthedecision-mkingprocessisfundmentltomngement.lmosteverythingmngerdoesinvolvesdecisions，indeed，somesuggestthtthemngementprocessisdecisionmking.lthoughmngerscnnotpredictthefuture，mnyoftheirdecisionsrequirethttheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.Oftenmn

40、gersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefuturewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce，butsinceuncertintyislwysthere，riskccompniesdecisions.Sometimestheconsequencesofpoordecisionreslight;tothertimestheyreserious.3 .mngerdoes是省略tht的定語從句，修飾先行詞everything當先行詞為everything，something，nything，nothing等不定代詞時定語從句引導詞不可用which

41、，此句的后半部分somesuggesttht是賓語從句suggestv.認為，提出，建議（其后的賓語從句多用于虛擬語氣）1.1 thoughconj.雖然，盡管引導讓步狀語從句it still runs very well .例如：lthoughmycrisveryold雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。requirevt.要求，需要后邊由tht引導一個賓語從句1.2 ftenmngersmustmkebestguesstwhtthefuturewillbendtrytoleveslittlespossibletochnce，butsinceuncertintyislwysthere，ris

42、kccompniesdecisions.mkebestguesst作出最佳推測，t表示動作或行為的方向和目標，如：lookt（看），imt（瞄準，目的是），throw（stone）t（向擲石頭），shoott（射擊），lught（嘲笑）本句中 wht the future will be介詞 t 的賓語 ）;to leve sth. to chnce聽其自然進展s + 形容詞 （或副詞 ）+ s possible 能少 I tried to be s friendly s possible.是一個介詞賓語從句，（作憑運氣， 聽任命運的安排，意思是盡可能地; 盡量可我盡量地表示友好。Comesq

43、uicklyspossible.盡快來。sinceuncertintyislwysthere是一個原因狀語從句。riskccompniesdecisions.風險伴隨著決策1.50 metimestothertimes有時，而有時則poordecision一個不良決策第二部分Pr.3Choiceistheopportunitytoselectmonglterntives.Ifthereisnochoice，thereisnodecisiontobemde.Decisionmkingistheprocessofchoosing，ndmnydecisionshvebrodrngeofchoice.

44、Forexmple，studentmybebletochoosemongnumberofdifferentcoursesinordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtincollegedegree.Formngers，everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies，procedures，lws，precedents，ndthelike.Theseconstrintsexisttlllevelsoftheorgniztion.7 .選擇三個詞的區(qū)別：lterntivedj.兩者或多于兩者選一個，供選擇的，n.替代物choice選自己喜歡的，挑

45、由，選由select選出最好的，篩選、精選8 .由if引導的條件狀語從句，主句中的不定式被動態(tài)tobemde作定語，修飾decision9 .rngen.范圍brodrngeofchoice一個很廣的選擇范圍10 .Formngers，everydecisionhsconstrintsbsedonpolicies，procedures，lws，precedents，ndthelike.本句中bsedon是一個過去分詞作定語修飾constrints.bebsedon表示建立在基礎上大學英語自主聽力4關于大學英語自主聽力4這本聽力書籍，倒是可以幫助大家鞏固一下聽力方面的知識。下面是給大家整理的大學

46、英語自主聽力4，供大家參閱!大學英語自主聽力4簡介大學英語自主聽力4突出語料的真實性和語境的有用性。大量語料選自英、美人的日常生活會話，真實自然，便于學生今后對外交流時直接應用。注重文化信息。在注重英語語言基礎知識和基本技能訓練的同時，注意將文化內(nèi)容與語言材料相融合，話題覆蓋英美文化生活的方方面面。融教學與考查為一體。除了課文訓練之外，本教材還有期中、期末自測題，供學生自我檢查學習效果。大學英語自主聽力4目錄Unit1StudyingbrodPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtEFunTimeUn

47、it2PersonlFinncesPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunTimeUnit3EntertinmentPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionLnguge FocusPrtEFunTimeUnit4SympthyndConsoltionPrtPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDict

48、tionPrtEFunTimeUnit5HometownPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDicttionUnit6HistoriclEventsPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromTVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunTimeUnit7utomobilesPrtLngugeFocusPrtButhenticConverstionsPrtCTlksfromRdio/TVProgrmsPrtDDicttionPrtEFunT

49、ime8)Unit8gingTestYourself(Units1Unit9GrowingPinsUnit10TechnologyUnit15EmergencyUnit16TlkingbouttheFutureTestYourself(Units916)ppendixKeytoExercises大學英語聽力自主練習題聽力真題：ConverstionTwo23.Hewntstogethismoneybck.B. Hewntstoexchngethesweterfornotherone.C. HewntstheclerktohelphimredChineseinstructionsonthesweter.D. Hewntstoseewhythecolorofthesweterchnged.24.Itisthewrongsize.B. Thefbriciscomingprt.C. Itisstined.D. Itshrinkslot.25.Thecustomerdidntfollowtheinstructionsfor