美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)大綱

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上一：作家作品1. Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小鎮(zhèn)畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(雞蛋的勝利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(憤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年獲普利策獎（Pulitzer Prize),1962年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎theforemostnovelistoftheAmericanDepression.美國大蕭條時期最杰出的小說家。代表作：“OfMiceandMen”人鼠之間port

2、rayedthetragicfriendshipbetweentwomigrantworkers“TheGrapesofWrath”憤怒的葡萄regardedasmasterpiece,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. T

3、heme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2. John Dos Passos: 約翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利堅)-The 42nd Parallel(北緯42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。三個士兵。 Experimental writing skills(實驗性寫作技巧)3. F. Scott Fitzgerald: he began as a spokesman for

4、the jazz age and became its symbol.爵士年代的代言人This Side of Paradise(1920), Tales of the Jazz Age(爵士時代的故事,1922,作品：“This Side of Paradise”人間天堂，the first novel. “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的蓋茨比Jay Gatz Daisy. Tom Buchanan . novel .theme: the hollowness of the upper class; the meaning of the past . desire inevit

5、ably invited disappointment, for the gap between actuality and possibility was only rarely bridge in his world. “Tender Is the Night” 夜色溫柔 novel 第二本小說的開展過程：dream夢想 Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我為中心 disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因階級差異)夢想破滅 sense of failure and despair (light)失敗和絕望 Ash 灰(象征) forest樹

6、木，西部開發(fā)，樹木變成灰了 limited point of view有限視角 suspense懸念 + mystery神秘真實性reliable可信的，不偏，不評價4. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms(1929,救護(hù)車司機和一個英國護(hù)士之間的悲劇愛情), The Sun Also Rises(1926,反法西斯小說，歌頌兄弟般的友誼), For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940), The Old Man and the Sea(1952),硬漢形象(tough guy image),冰山原則風(fēng)格(the iceberg princi

7、ple),生活態(tài)度：壓力下的風(fēng)度，失敗者的尊嚴(yán)grace under pressure.5. William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury(喧嘩與騷動,1929),Benjy:a moaning, speechless idiot.Quentin, Tason.Absalom, Absalom(押沙龍，押沙龍),1950年獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(Nobel Prize in Literature)，意識流(stream of consciousness)、世系小說(Yoknapatawpha country) Light in August, Joe Christm

8、as.6. Katherine Anne Porter: Ship of Fools(愚人船,1962，諷刺納粹主義Nazism興起)7. Carson McCullers: The Member of the Wedding(1946-1950),人類精神的孤寂8. Eudora Welty: The Optimists Daughter(1972,Pulitzer Prize)9. A Good is Hard to Find(1955),南方哥特式風(fēng)格Ezra Pound: The Cantos(1925),美國現(xiàn)代詩歌之父Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot

9、 became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 龐德和愛略特都是運用意象主義作為文學(xué)表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。 major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”11.Robert Frost: New Hampshire(1923)對人類悲劇的恐懼，對復(fù)雜人生的態(tài)度，對生活負(fù)擔(dān)的坦然羅伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主義詩人 poet 詩歌特點和內(nèi)容：(1)rejected th

10、e revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative. (2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol. (3)His concern

11、with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed. he become a national bard美國民族詩人的翹首, win f

12、our Pulitzer Prizes獲得了四次普利茲獎. “The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑10. Langston Hughes: New Negro Renaissance哈林文藝復(fù)興運動(Harlem Renaissance)中的重要作家和思想家，頌揚黑人生活11. Richard Wright: The Outsider(1953)Cross Damon, Native son(1940), Bigger Thomas .Black Boy(1945)autobiog

13、raphic .12. Eugene ONeil: 4次普利策，一次諾貝爾。Beyond the Horizon(1920),在天邊外，表現(xiàn)主義，美國的莎翁(William Shakespeare) George Bernard Shaw.蕭伯納 Three greatest playwrights in English language theatre. Desire under the elms,榆樹下的欲望。The Iceman Cometh.送冰的人來了。Long Days Journey into Night.進(jìn)入黑夜的漫長旅程, 代表作。James Tyrone Sr. his w

14、ife, Mary.13. Joseph Heller: Catch-22(1961)第二十二條軍規(guī)。Non-chronological style. self-contradictory. What is right to do in a basic moral, social, prisoners dilemma .14. Kurt Vonnegut: Slaughterhouse-Five(1969)第五號屠宰場 Billy Pilgrim.15. Thomas Ruggles Pynchon托馬斯魯格斯品欽 Gravitys Rainbow 萬有引力之虹。Four parts: bey

15、ond the zero, un perms au casino Hermann goering, in the zone, the counter force.16. J.D.Salinger: The Cather in the Rye 麥田的守望者。Holden Caulfield, 16,Phoebe妹妹。Major theme of alienation as a form of self-protection, the painfulness of growing up and the phoniness of the adult world.17. Allen Ginsberg:

16、 Howl 嚎叫。Three sections. 金斯伯格被奉為“”之父，18. Saul bellow: The Victim(1947) The adventures of augie march (1953) Herzog (1964) Humboldts Gift.洪堡的禮物,諾貝爾獎和普利策獎。Seize the day .19. Toni Morrison: Song of Solomon (1977),Native Son. Invisible Man. milestone.The Bluest Eye(1970) .Beloved 1987,寵兒Sethe is a proud

17、 and noble woman. Magic realism 20. Alice Walker: The Color Purple(1982,普利策獎), 女權(quán)主義 ,黑人女性主義者womanism 。The color purple. Heroine is Celie ,Nettie is sister.Shug. theme: African womens growth against the backdrop of social and familial oppression.21. Amy Tan: The Joy Luck Club(1989)喜福會mother-daughter

18、relationship . jin-mei anh her mother suyuan woo.22. Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman(1949)推銷員之死 Willy Loman 主角。Biff 大兒子。ALL My Sons. The crucible . after the fall. Pulitzer prize for drama .二：術(shù)語1. The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代): The Beat Generation applied to certain American artists and writers who

19、were popular during the 1950s. Essentially anarchic, members of the beat generation rejected traditional social and artistic forms. The beats sought immediate expression in multiple, intense experiences and beatific illumination like that of some Eastern religions. In literature they adopted rhythms

20、 of simple American speech and of jazz. Among those associated with the movement were the novelists Jack Kerouac and numerous poets as Allen Ginsburg, and Gregory Corso, and others, many of whom worked in and around San Francisco.垮掉的一代是指一個出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)50年代的美國藝術(shù)家和作家群體。他們骨子里崇尚無政府主義，拒絕傳統(tǒng)社會和藝術(shù)形式?？宓舻囊淮鷮で笾苯颖磉_(dá)自己

21、經(jīng)歷情感的方式，追求的快樂的啟迪例如一些東方宗教。在文學(xué)上，他們采用簡單的美國對話及爵士音樂。著名的有杰克.克魯亞克、艾倫.金斯堡、威廉.巴羅斯、格雷戈里.柯爾索等，及其他在舊金山周邊工作的人。2. Black Humor(黑色幽默): Black Humor, in literature, is drama, novel, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern word. Ordinary char

22、acters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic farce. The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joesph Heller, and Philip Roth con

23、tain elements of black humor.在文學(xué)上，黑色幽默是指在戲劇、小說、電影、奇異故事里運用的病態(tài)的幽默。黑色幽默突出描寫現(xiàn)代人物周圍世界的荒謬和麻木，矛盾和殘酷將普通的場景加以放大、扭曲，變成畸形，使他們顯得更加荒誕不經(jīng)，滑稽可笑，體現(xiàn)出悲劇性。此流派重要的代表作家有巴思、海勒、馮內(nèi)古特等人。3. Expressionism(表現(xiàn)主義): In literature, expressionism is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, seeking to achieve a psycho

24、logical or spiritual reality rather than record external events in logical sequence. In the novel, the term is closely allied to the writing of Franz Kafka and Jams Joyce. The movement, though short-lived, gave impetus to a free form of writing and of production in modern theater.在文學(xué)上，表現(xiàn)主義一般被認(rèn)為是對現(xiàn)實主

25、義和自然主義的反駁，與這兩者客觀記錄事實不同，表現(xiàn)主義試圖描述心理和精神的現(xiàn)實。在小說中，這一概念在弗蘭茲.卡夫卡、詹姆斯.喬伊斯的作品中表現(xiàn)的最為明顯，這場運動雖然持續(xù)時間不長，卻促進(jìn)了一種更自由的寫作風(fēng)格以及現(xiàn)代戲劇的發(fā)展。4. Imagism(意象主義):Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favoured precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The imagists wanted “direct treatment o

26、f the thing” and a rhythm like that of a musical phase. Instead of having the poet tell us what we should be feeling, Pound and his colleagues wanted an image to produce the emotion, to “speak for itself”.意象主義是20世紀(jì)初期英美詩歌界掀起的一場運動，這場運動提倡詩歌應(yīng)遵循意象的準(zhǔn)確性，使用清洗準(zhǔn)確的語言。意象主義者提倡直接反映事物，詩韻應(yīng)有樂感。龐德以及他的跟隨者認(rèn)為應(yīng)由意象產(chǎn)生情感，而不

27、是作者告訴讀者應(yīng)有何種情感。5. Modernism(現(xiàn)代主義):The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on

28、the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.從1910到1930年這一段時間被稱作現(xiàn)代主義時期，因為在這一時期，不論是在美國還是在歐洲人們都認(rèn)識到一種強烈的與過去的“決裂”，新藝術(shù)家們都渴望反映現(xiàn)代生活的復(fù)雜性，都渴望通過重新構(gòu)建，有時候甚至放棄19世紀(jì)的思想和習(xí)慣來聚焦于20世紀(jì)的多樣性

29、和困惑之上。6. Postmodernism(后現(xiàn)代主義):It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. Postmodernism may be seen as a continuation of modernisms alienated mood and disorienting techniques and at the same time as an abandonment of its determined que

30、st for artistic coherences a fragmented world greets the absurd or meaningless confusion of contemporary existence with a certain numbed or flippant indifference.這個具有爭議的名詞概念是從20世紀(jì)80年代早期應(yīng)用于近幾十年的現(xiàn)代文化領(lǐng)域。后現(xiàn)代主義被認(rèn)為繼承了現(xiàn)代主義異化和雜亂無章的技巧，同時現(xiàn)代主義藝術(shù)家或作家還試圖從深化、象征、或復(fù)雜的形式中找尋意義。7. 現(xiàn)代主義和后現(xiàn)代主義的區(qū)別：后現(xiàn)代主義是對于現(xiàn)代主義的一種裝飾性(deco

31、rative)發(fā)展，不單單強調(diào)現(xiàn)代主義中的功能性，更以裝飾手法達(dá)到視覺上的豐富。但后現(xiàn)代主義是對現(xiàn)代主義形式(form)內(nèi)容的批判，并不是對其思想(thought)的挑戰(zhàn)。8.the Jazz Age(爵士樂時代）享樂時代、when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New Yorks Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Ag

32、e as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.9.Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）、Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywereaLostGeneration, devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyofexpatriates orexile

33、s.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.10. Metafiction :is a type of fiction that self-consciously addresses the devices of fiction, exposing the fictional illusion. It is the literary term describing fictional writing that se