介詞和介詞短語(知識梳理)

1、.介詞和介詞短語真題再現(xiàn)：1. They believe that there are transport developments _ that will bring a lot of changes for the better.A. out of date B. out of order C. around the clock D. around the corner2. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 _ the average. A. below B. on C. at D.

2、 above3. Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea? A. about B. to C. with D. over4. Most people work because its unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work. A. As a result B. In addition C. By contrast D. In conclusion5. These comments came spe

3、cific questions often asked by local newsmen. A. in memory of B. in response to C. in touch with D. in possession of6. Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around _ Thomas Edison. A. thanks to B. regardless of C. aside from D. but for7. This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would

4、 like to warn you _ that if you smoked here you would be fined. A. in advance B. in detail C. in total D. in general8. Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live nature. A. in view of B. in need of C. in touch with D. in harmony with9. The little

5、 pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street. A. on B. by C. in D. at110. A common memory they all have_ their school days is the school uniform. A. of B. on C. to D. with答案與解析：1.解析: D。此題考察的是介詞短語，A選項過時的，B選項無秩序，C選項夜以繼日地，D選項即將到來。根據(jù)語意, 應選：D2. 解析：D。此題考察的知識點是介詞。on record 有記載的，below th

6、e average平均程度以下，above the average平均程度以上，on the average平均來說。故D正確。3. 解析：B。句意：你是否有聽說過樹是陸上動物和海上動物的家？home to sth. 固定搭配，“是什么的家園的意思。該句是一個疑問句，其中還含有一個定語從句。4. 解析：C。句意：很多人工作是因為這是不可防止的，相反，有一些人是確實喜歡工作的。根據(jù)前后的意思，可以知道前后是表示比照。A意為“結(jié)果， B意為“此外， C意為“相反， D意為“結(jié)論?！安豢煞乐贡硎龅揭环N無奈，也就是說，很多人是不得不工作的。后句的表達是“事實上有些人喜歡工作， “喜歡和“不得不剛好構(gòu)成

7、一種否認，所以答案只能是選C。5. 解析：B。句意：這些評論是對某些經(jīng)常被當?shù)赜浾邌柕降膯栴}的回應。in memory of意為“紀念，in response to意為“回應，in touch with意為“聯(lián)絡，in possession of意為“擁有。分析句子成分知道空格處充當介詞短語作狀語的作用，根據(jù)常識和句意，評論應該是對問題的回應。6. 解析：D。此題考察虛擬語氣but for的用法，句意為：假如沒有Thomas，對我們有好處的很多東西就不會來到我們身邊。7. 解析：A?？疾旖樵~短語辨析。句意：這個會議室是非吸煙區(qū)。我要提早提醒你，假如你在這里吸煙，你會被罰款的。8. 解析：D。i

8、n view of在眼里；in need of需要；in touch with和接觸；in harmony with與和諧相處。這四個短語后面都應該接名詞，該句意思為：人的生活是自然的一部分，因此，我們生存下來的唯一的方法就是與自然和諧相處。根據(jù)句意，應選D。9. 解析：B。句意：這個小學生拉住他奶奶的膀子和她一起穿過街道。take sb. by the arm拉住某人的膀子，所以選B。10. 解析：A。of關于，表示附屬關系；on在之上；to對于；with和在一起。該句意思為：他們共有的關于他們學校的記憶是校服。應選A。難點是介詞放在定語從句部分考察。語法講解：介詞主要考察近義詞的用法區(qū)別、

9、介詞的特定含義、介詞和連詞易混淆的工程、介詞的固定用法等。在歷年全國各地高考試題中，都涉及到介詞的考察，不僅在單項填空中進展考察，在短文改錯題中，對于介詞的有無、介詞與其他詞的固定搭配的考察尤為頻繁。 介詞是英語中比較活潑的詞，中學階段所學的介詞有40多個。它與名詞、形容詞、副詞和動詞等構(gòu)成搭配時用法靈敏，意義豐富。搭配比較活潑的介詞主要有in，out，up，down，on，off，to，from，for，over，with等。介詞的考察將以介詞的固定短語和介詞辨析為主。介詞的定義及分類介詞又叫前置詞，屬于虛詞，后面必須接名詞、代詞或相當于名詞或代詞的詞、短語、句子作賓語。介詞本身數(shù)量不大，但

10、它與動詞、形容詞和名詞等實詞的搭配力極強。 介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為：簡單介詞，即一個介詞，如about，at，in，of，since等。復合介詞，由兩個介詞組成，如as for，as to，out of等。二重介詞，由兩個介詞搭配而成，但沒有復合介詞那樣固定，如from under，from behind，until after，except in等。短語介詞，由短語構(gòu)成，如according to，because of，in spite of，on behalf of，with reference to等。分詞介詞，由如今分詞構(gòu)成，如regarding，concerning，including等

11、。“動詞+介詞短語舉例：look after sb/sth 照顧，看管look at sb/sth 注視，著眼于 look for sb/sth 尋找；期待，期望look forward to sth/doing sth 盼望，期待look into sth 窺視；調(diào)查；閱讀look like sb/sth 看起來像look up sth查閱 “形容詞+介詞 短語舉例：be afraid of sth.害怕某事be curious about 對什么好奇be different from 與什么不同be interested in sth. /sb. 對某人或某物很感興趣be proud of

12、 驕傲，自豪 be similar to 與相似be strict with 對嚴格要求“名詞+介詞短語舉例：attitude to/towards 態(tài)度，看法belief in sth./sb.相信某人或某事congratulation on sth 對表示祝賀interestn.in sth 對的興趣respectn.for sb/sth.對的尊敬satisfaction with sb/sth 對滿意“介詞+名詞短語舉例：at hand 在手邊，在附近by accident 偶爾beyond doubt 毫無疑問in addition 另外for the moment 如今，暫時 fro

13、m time to time 有時，不時 with the purpose of 為了常見介詞用法againstNobody has got anything against you at all. 反對He saw a girl sitting alone on a bench against the wall. 靠著We have saved some money against old age. 防范The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods. 在映襯下atThey left their luggage

14、at the station. at后接地點At noon there was still no news. at后接時間What are you laughing at? at后接原因I was surprised at his words.at強調(diào)引起某種情感的原因I came here at her invitation/request. at表示“應要求、懇求等When I arrived, they were at their meal. at固定搭配，吃飯I am rather slow at drawing. at強調(diào)在某方面I wont buy it at that price

15、. at后接價格beyondHe saw a house beyond the woods. 在那邊It was quite beyond me. 超出才能、范圍等byHe left by the nearest exit.通過We traveled by sea/plane to save time. 表示手段、方式，無冠詞By next Friday I will have finished the job. 到為止He taught himself English by practicing all day long. by doing表示手段、方式He took her by the

16、hand. by the “身體部位I did that by accident/mistake/nature. 固定搭配Sugar is sold by the pound/weight. by the詳細單位/重量、面積等He is older than Mike by five years. 表示差距The room is forty feet by twenty. 表示乘號withWho is that with brown hair? 表示伴隨特征He was asleep with his head on his arms. 表示伴隨動作Weather changes with t

17、he season.隨著above1.表示位置、年齡、職位、數(shù)量：在上面，在之上above the sea level 海平面以上 two degrees above zero零上二度2.表示品質(zhì)、行為、才能等“超出之外The maths problem is above beyond me. 這個問題我解決不了。He is a man beyond personal interests. 他是一個超越個人利益的人。across1.表示動作的方向、位置：穿過、橫過push the cart across the bridge 把車子推過橋fly across the Atlantic 飛越大西

18、洋2.表示地點：在對面across the room 在房間另一頭主要介詞區(qū)別表示時間的at, in, on：at表示片刻的時間，如：at 8 oclock ，常用詞組有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的時間，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 2019, in summ

19、er, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following day, on May Day, on a warm morning等。over, above, onover, on 和 above 都可表示“在上面，但詳細含義不同。Over 表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。above 也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On 指兩個物體外表接觸，一個在另一個的上面。 There is a bridge over the riv

20、er. We flew above the clouds. They put some flowers on the teachers desk. 表示時間的since和from：since表示從過去到如今的一段時間的過程，常與如今完成時連用。from表示從時間的某一點開場，不涉及與如今的關系。一般多與如今時、過去時、將來時連用。I hope to do morning exercises from today.We have not seen each other since 2019.表示時間的in和after：兩者都表示“在某個時間之后，區(qū)別在于in表示“在一段時間之后，而after那么

21、表示“在某一詳細時間點之后；in短語和將來時態(tài)連用，after短語和過去時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)連用。Well be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation? 注意：after有時也可以表示在一段時間之后常用在過去時里。After two months he returned.within與inwithin 和in 后都必須跟時間段。within 強調(diào)“在時間之內(nèi)，沒有時態(tài)的限制；in 是以如今為基準，in an hour 是指從如今起1小時之后，所以一般用于將來時：H

22、e will be back in five hours. They worked hard. They finished the work within 2 days at last. I must finish painting the cat within/in five minutes.表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某范圍之外。Changchun is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.表示

23、“在上的on和in：on只表示在某物的外表上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 There is a book on the piece of paper.There is an interesting article in the newspaper.He dug a hole in the wall.表示“穿過的through和across：through表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in 有關；across那么表示從一端至另一端在外表上的通過，與on有關。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street. until, t

24、ill, tountil/till 指“直到為止，until 和till可以通用。until/till seven oclock直到7點由until/till形成的句子，句中的動詞假如是短暫性動詞，那么必須用否認句：Ill wait for him until he comes here.wait是延續(xù)動詞，用肯定式We didnt begin to watch TV until/till nine oclock.begin是短暫性動詞，所以用否認式in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；o

25、n the corner表示“在角上，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角處，at指的是拐角外面附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后、“終于解，可單獨使用，后不接介詞of； at the end of 表示“在末梢，“到盡頭，既可指時間，也可

26、以指地點或物體，不可單獨使用；by the end of 作“在完畢時，“到末為止解，只能指時間，不可單獨使用。In the end they reached a place of safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.表示“關于的about 和on：兩者都有“關于的意思，不過前者為一般用詞，而

27、后者為較正式的“闡述。He came to tell me about something important.He wrote a book on science.between, among：一般說來，between表示兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his classmates.但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西，假如強調(diào)的是兩兩互相間接關系，適用于between。Agreements were made between the differ

28、ent countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分別位于兩邊時用between。The little valley lies between high mountains.。在談事物間的差異時，總是用between。They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了還有，再加上。except指“除了，減去什么，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 與except意思近似，表示“除

29、了外經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問詞后面。except for表示“如無就，只是說明理由細節(jié)。Nobody but you could be so selfish.He could do little except write.He had other people to take care of besides me.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.but和except在表示“除了以外時可以通用，但應注意以下三點：前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多

30、用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait. 前有do,后省to；but與一些固定構(gòu)造連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事；can not but do sth.不得不；can not help but do sth.不得不；but for.如不是表示“用的in和with：表示工具的“用，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語言、聲音等的“用，用in。He is

31、writing a letter with a pen.He wrote the letter in pencil.We measured it in pounds.Read the text in a loud voice.Tell me the story in English.as, like：as作“作為、“以地位或身份解。Let me speak to you as a father.事實是父親；like作“象一樣解。Let me speak to you like a father.事實上不是父親。in, into：into表示動作的方向，不表示動作的目的地或位置。如：We wal

32、ked into the park.in通常表示位置。 We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等終止性動詞連用時，也可以表示動向。I have put the coin in into my pocket. 介詞短語與短語介詞介詞 + 名詞或者代詞，或者相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語、從句= 介詞短語。如：in the morning 在早晨 under the tree 在樹下 from China 來自中國，介詞短語是可以單獨作為句子成分；而短語介詞是一個相當于介詞的短語，不能單獨作為句子成分。如：according to

33、根據(jù) ahead of 在之前 apart from 在之外 because of 由于 by means of 以之手段 by way of 通過的方式介詞短語的句法功能作表語The book you want is on the table.作賓補I saw a tall man under the tree.作定語后置定語The man under the tree is my father.作狀語1. 作地點狀語We live in Hangzhou.2. 作時間狀語She got here at four.3. 作方式狀語They came here by train.4. 作原因狀

34、語The game was postponed because of rain.5. 作條件狀語There will be no living things without water.6. 作目的狀語He ran for shelter.7. 作讓步狀語They play football in spite of the rain.8. 作程度狀語To what extent would you trust them?注意：1. 介詞一般放在名詞之前，但它后面的介詞賓語是疑問代詞、疑問副詞、關系代詞或被動語態(tài)時，這些詞提到了前面而只剩下介詞在后了。2. over可表位置，意為“在上方，越過；遮住，蓋住，也可表時間，意為“在期間，多年以來等，它還有“在問題上，對某事等引申意義。 You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtitll look terrible你不能在那件襯衣外