定語從句(高考復(fù)習(xí)完整版)

1、定語從句一、定義及特點(diǎn) :在復(fù)合句中用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。其特點(diǎn)是定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是先行詞的替身，既起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又充當(dāng)定語從句的一個(gè)成分，所以掌握定語從句的關(guān)鍵在于：弄清楚其先行詞的所指、所作成分和可否省略。二、分類及區(qū)別：定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。它們的區(qū)別有四點(diǎn)：1、從重要性上看：限制性定語從句在整個(gè)句子中比較重要，省去后會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子意思的表達(dá)；而非限制性定語從句則反之。2、從句子形式上看：限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞前面無逗號(hào)，而非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞前面有逗號(hào)。3、從引導(dǎo)詞上看：that, why可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，但卻不可以引導(dǎo)非限制性

2、定語從句。4、從引導(dǎo)詞可否省略上看：在限制性定語從句中作賓語的引導(dǎo)詞可以省略，而在非限制性定語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞無論作什么成分都不可以省略。三、用法（詳解）一、限制性定語從句的用法：（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。1、關(guān)系代詞that , which, who , whom , whose, as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的用法 。that可以指人，也可以指事物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語（作賓語時(shí)可以省略）。如： Who is the man that is reading a newspaper there ?（作主語指人）The girl （that） we saw yesterday is Jim'

3、;s sister.（作賓語指事物）A dolphin is an animal that lives in the sea.（作主語指事物）The moon cakes that mother cooked taste nice.（作賓語指事物）（2）which指事物，在定語從句中作中語或賓語（作賓語時(shí)可以省略）。如：The silk which is produced in Suzhou sells well.（作主語指事物）The song （which） the singer sang were very popular.（作賓語指事物）who, whom 指人：who, whom 在

4、定語從句中分別作主語或賓語 （who 也可以作賓語， who/whom 作賓語時(shí)可以省略） ； whose 可以中旨人（=of whom） 或事物（=of which ） 不可以 省略）。如：The student who sits on my left is an American.（作主語指人）The person （who/whom ） you just talked to is our headmaster.（作賓語指人）I know the woman whose daughter studies abroad.（作定語指人）as指物，常用于 such- as, the sameas

5、 asas結(jié)構(gòu)中,在定語從句中作賓語、表語、定語和狀語，不可以省略。如：This is not such a book as I expected.（作賓語指物）It is the same place as it used to be.（作表語指物）I like the same book as you do.（作定語指物）I shall do it in the same way as you did.（作狀語指物）（二）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。1、關(guān)系副詞 when , where , why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句的用法。when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語，不可以省略。如：We sti

6、ll remember the years when/during which we studied together.where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，不可以省略。如：This is the place where/in which he lives.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語，不可以省略。如：Do you know the reason why/for which I was late for class ?定語從句考點(diǎn)講解根據(jù)定語從句先行詞的所指（指人/物/時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/原因）、先行詞的所做成分、及其可否省略，三個(gè)因素來綜合確定定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。一、四個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞1 .只用t

7、hat引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，只能用 that。如：They talked about the things and persons that they remembered in the school.當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞或all, much, little, everything , anything , nothing, none, the one 等指物的不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that。如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are

8、still alive.I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me.注意：當(dāng)先行詞是 something時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that/which都可以；當(dāng)先行詞是 someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, all, those, one (s)指人時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞用that, who, whom都可以。當(dāng)先行詞被 all, much, some, any, (a) few , (a) little, no, none, no one 等修飾時(shí)，只

9、能用that。如：I have done all the things that he told us to do. He has no books that I need.當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只能用that。如：He was the first (person) that got to the top of the Mount Qomolangma.He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen.I like the tallest ( person) that was asked t

10、o come here.當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only , the last修飾時(shí)，只能用 that。如：It is the very book that I am looking for.當(dāng)主句主語為 what, who , which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)，只能用that。如：Who is the boy that was here just now ?Which is the bike that you lost ? 主句是There/Here be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，當(dāng)主語指物時(shí)，修飾其主語的定語從句用that弓I導(dǎo)；同時(shí)，定語從句部分是there be 句型時(shí)，也只能用that弓I

11、導(dǎo)。如：There is still a seat that is free.He asks for a book that there is on the subject.當(dāng)句子中有兩個(gè)以上從句，其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了which時(shí)，只能用that。如：Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.當(dāng)先行詞是主句的表語而引導(dǎo)詞又在定語從句中作表語時(shí)，只能用that。如：China is no longer the country that it used to be.2 .只用which

12、引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：作介詞的賓語且介詞提前的時(shí)候(此時(shí)which不可省略)。如：This is the house of whichthe windows face south.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的時(shí)候(此時(shí)which不可省略)。如：His dog, which was very old ,became ill.一個(gè)句子有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，一個(gè)用that引導(dǎo)，另一個(gè)用which引導(dǎo)。如： He built up a factory that produce things which had never been seen before.先行詞為that/those時(shí)。如:What

13、 was that which we saw last night?先行詞后面有插入語時(shí)。如：The book, I thought, which you lent me yesterday is very expensive.3 . as 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：as 可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句， as 在從句中作主語、表語和賓語。如： We have found such materials as are used in their factory. （as 作主語 ）These houses are sold at such a low price as people

14、 expected. （as作賓語）He is not the same man as he was. （as作表語）as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的情況：a.當(dāng)先行詞被such, so, as修飾的時(shí)候，常用as引導(dǎo)定語從句。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意與such/so - that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句區(qū)別開來。如：He is such a good person as I always dream of making friends with. （ as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句）He is such a good person that I always dream of making friends with him.（s

15、uchthat 弓I導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句）He is so clever a boy as everyone likes. （as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 ）He is so clever a boy that every one likes him. （as 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句 ）b.注意the same - as與the same- that弓I導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)另1J：如：This is the same pen as I lent to you. （ 這和我借給你的那支筆相似。 ）This is the same pen that I lent to you. （ 這就是我借給你的那支筆。 ）c.注意：

16、.such as結(jié)構(gòu)中，such為代詞，意為這樣的人或物，as在從句中作成分，修飾先行詞 such 的用法。.如： The book is not such as I expect. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)與 which 的區(qū)別：a. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，可以位于主句前面、中間或后面；而 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，不能位于主句前面。如：As anybody can see， this elephant is like a snake.= This elephant is like a snake ， as anybody can see.He is from Amer

17、ica ， which I know from his composition.b. as 通常用于一些常用結(jié)構(gòu)或習(xí)慣用語中： as be known /expected /reported /announced/shown, as is well-known, as is known to all, as has been pointed out, as has been said, as is mentioned above, as anybody can see, as often happens等。如：As is shown in the chart, the private cars

18、 are more and more in our country.c. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞只能是主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容；而which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞既可以使整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容，也可以是主句中的一個(gè)詞。如：He is a famous scientist, as/which we all know.He has a beautiful house, which is very expensive.d. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，仍然保持作連詞的某種含義。如：He is tall, as are my brothers. （as 正如.，像一樣）She oppose

19、d the idea, as could be expected. （as正如）e. 非限制性定語從句表否定或否定含義時(shí)多用 which 。如：It will rain tomorrow, as we all know now.His father is a robber, which isn t a secret.f. 引導(dǎo)詞在非限制性定語從句中作主語時(shí)，如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般用which引導(dǎo)；如果后面常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，多用as引導(dǎo)。如：be known, be said, be reported,be announced 等。如： It will rain tomorrow,

20、 as is known to all now. It will rain tomorrow, which makes us very happy.g. 當(dāng)非限制性定語從句的謂語是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：Betty always tells a lie, which her parents found strange.4 . where 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況： where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，其前面一般不加介詞，但from where 是個(gè)例外。如：They stood near the window, from where he can see the whole ya

21、rd. （where 指 near the window）注意 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別：如：Beijing is a city where there is a beautiful lake. （ 定語從句 ）The trees should be planted where there is a beautiful lake. （ 地點(diǎn)狀語從句）You d better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. （定語從句You d better make a mark where you have any

22、 questions. （地點(diǎn)狀語從句 ）高考試題中對(duì)于where 的用法趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞為 “明顯的地點(diǎn) ”轉(zhuǎn)為 “地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人、物得situation,或某事物發(fā)展的stage或表達(dá)某事物的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可以用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如:They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.注意這種用法不是僅僅限于定語從句，特殊疑問句中的 where,名詞性從句中的 where都有這種用法。如：Where will all th

23、is trouble lead? That is where you are mistaken.二.四種結(jié)構(gòu)1 .when =適當(dāng)介詞（in/at/during 等）+which , where =適當(dāng)介詞（in/at/on/under 等 + which , why = for which 。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，可以變成介，+關(guān)系代詞（which ）”結(jié)構(gòu)UI導(dǎo)定語從句。如：We still remember the day when/on which we met for the first time.This is the place where/in

24、 which he lives.Do you know the reason why/for which I was late for class ?2 .介詞+關(guān)系代詞（which/whom/whose ）.此結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。注意此結(jié)構(gòu)常有兩種考法：一是考查介詞（即介詞的確定或錯(cuò)用）；二是考查關(guān)系代詞（即關(guān)系代詞的確定或錯(cuò)用）此結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定方法（可以根據(jù)定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞、引導(dǎo)詞和句子意思確定）。a.根據(jù)與定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配習(xí)慣選用介詞。如：6n which I spent five yuan.for which I paid five yuan.This is the

25、 book <from which I leornLa lot.about which Tom often talks.b.根據(jù)與先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣選用介詞。如：the day on which I joined the army.I still remember the days during which I lived in the country.he years jn which I stayed there.Yesterday, on which I saw you , is Monday.Shanghai, in which I was born , is very beaut

26、iful.c.同時(shí)考慮先行詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系以及介詞和定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系選用介詞。如：He made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.d.根據(jù)句子意思確定介詞。如：The brave man by whom the tiger was shot is a good hunter.The clever boy made a hole in the wall , through which he could see the garden.注意：當(dāng)介詞和定語

27、從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成固定的不可分割的短語時(shí)，不能將介詞拆開來提到引導(dǎo)詞 which, whom , whose +名詞前面來。(動(dòng)詞短語是否可以拆分，關(guān)鍵看拆 分后與拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不變，便可以拆分，否則不行。)如：The girl whom (who) I am looking for is my sister. (look for 為 尋找“，拆開后 look 為 看“， 兩者意思不同，所以不可以將for拆開來放在引導(dǎo)詞前面)此結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系代詞的考查：先行詞指人時(shí)多用whom/whose ,先行詞指物時(shí)多用which。注意此結(jié)構(gòu)中不可用 that,并且引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。如：Th

28、e man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine.= The man whom I borrowed an umbrella from is a friend of mine. Yesterday, on which I saw you, is Monday. Shanghai, in which I was born , is very beautiful.3 . whose +名詞(指人時(shí)) =the +名詞 + of whom; whose +名詞(指物時(shí)) =the + 名詞 + of which.I know Tom

29、 whose father is a scientist. = I know Tom, the father of whom is a scientist.This is the house whose door is red.= This is the house, the door of which is red.4 .數(shù)量t( one third, three fourths 等)，形容詞最高級(jí)(the tallest, the earliest 等)，代 詞(all, both, some, most, several, (a) few, (a) little, many, much,

30、 none, half 等)+ of whom/which結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)定語從句常常表示整體與部分關(guān)系。如：There are about 1,000 people here, many of whom are workers.I have a lot of books, most of which are well worth reading.三、與三類先行詞的關(guān)系1 .先行詞是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不一定必須用when,where , why （當(dāng)它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中作狀語時(shí)，分別用when, where ,why ;當(dāng)它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，只能用that/w

31、hich ）。如:I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.(Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake.Hangzhou is a beautiful city that/which has a beautiful lake.The reason why he was late for school is that he was ill.The re

32、ason that/which he gave isn't believable.2 .先行詞是 case, condition, situation, position, point, stage 等名詞表示情況、 方面、 處 境，并且在定于從句中作狀語時(shí)，常用 where引導(dǎo)定語從句；在定語從句中作主語、賓語 時(shí)，常用which/that引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：I met the situation where I can ' t find my direction.I met the situation that/which I havenever met before.3 .

33、先行詞為way時(shí)，在定語從句作狀語時(shí)，常用that/in which引導(dǎo)，或者省略引導(dǎo)詞；當(dāng)先行詞time表次數(shù)時(shí)用that引導(dǎo)定語從句(that可以省略),表一段時(shí)間時(shí)用 when (或 at/during + which )引導(dǎo)定語從句。 如：Can you tell me the way (that/in which) you solve the problem?( 指代 way 的先行詞在定語從句 中作狀語)Can you tell me the way (that/which) you solve the problem with?( 指代 way 的先行詞在定語從 句中作賓語)Th

34、is is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) I ve failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones and no TV sets.四、與三種句型的關(guān)系1 .限制性定語從句與同位語從句的關(guān)系。定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別：定語從句的先行詞在定語從句中要作成分，而同位語從句的先行詞在同位語從句中不作成分。定語

35、從句的先行詞可以是人，也可以是物，而同位語從句的先行詞一般是表示抽象概念的名詞 (fact, idea, belief, information , news, message, question, answer, reply , thought, hope, doubt等)。定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞要受先行詞的限制(與先行詞保持一致)，而同位 語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不受先行詞的限制，只根據(jù)從句表達(dá)的意思選擇。如：We all know the fact that is explained in the paper.（定語從句）We all know the fact that the earth moves

36、 around the sun.（同位語從句）2 .限制性定語從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的關(guān)系。高考時(shí)，常將定語從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型相結(jié)合，應(yīng)特別注意。It is the house where I live that is very beautiful.3 .非限制性定語從句與并列舉的關(guān)系。注意區(qū)別其結(jié)構(gòu)。He has three sons, two of whom are teachers.（非限制性定語從句 ）He has three sons, and two of them are teachers.（并歹U句）He has three sons; two of them are teachers.（

37、并歹峋 ）五、其他1 .定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的可省與不可省。關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語且介詞未提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可以省略；當(dāng)介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不可以省略，非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。如：We can borrow the pen （that/which ） Mr. Smith write with.We can borrow the pen with which Mr. Smith write with.The man from whom I borrowed an umbrella is a friend of mine. = The man whom I borro

38、wed an umbrella from is a friend of mine. He is from America , which I know from his composition.2 .定語從句的主謂一致情況：當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，應(yīng)注意定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與前面的先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。尤其注意如下結(jié)構(gòu)：one of/not the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系代詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞； the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +關(guān)系代詞 +單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。如：He gave me five yuan that/which isn 't enough fo

39、r me.He gave me two apples that/which are enough for me.He is one of the students who/that have passed the examination.He is the only one of the students who/that has passed the examination.3 . that, why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，分別用 which, for which 代替。如:I had told him the reason, for which I didn 't attend

40、the meeting.4 . which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替前面整個(gè)主句時(shí)，which = and this 。如:The teacher turned out to be very good, which=and this was more that we could expect.5 .“復(fù)合介詞短語+ which ”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)隔開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。如：He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.6 .“介詞 + whom/which + 不定式”

41、。如：The poor man has no house in which to live. = The poor man has no house to live in. = The poor man has no house in which he can live.附：1、定語從句的考點(diǎn)錯(cuò)用引導(dǎo)詞This is the book who.he is looking for. ( x)This is the book that/which he is looking for. (Vj定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞由先行詞決定，當(dāng)先行詞 為人時(shí)用 who, that, whom或whose;當(dāng)先行詞為事物

42、時(shí)用that, which。You can tell me anything whichdon ' t know. ( X)You can tell me anything that I don ' t know. (Vj 定語從句的先行詞為anything , nothing 等表示事物的不定代詞時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。I like the book from, that I borrowed the library. ( x)I like the book from which I borrowed the library. (Vj定語從句作介詞的賓語且介詞提前

43、時(shí)， 只能用 which , whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。I still remember the days when.we spent together.( X)J still remember the days that/which we spent together. (Vj 表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因的先行詞在 定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語時(shí)才能用when, where, why;當(dāng)這些先行詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)用that/which。This is the most popular film , that I saw yesterday. ( X)This is the most popular

44、film , which I saw yesterday. (Vj that, why 不可以弓I導(dǎo)非限制性定 語從句。錯(cuò)省引導(dǎo)詞The boy is standing there is my brother. ( x)The boy who/that is standing there is my brother. ( V 關(guān)系代詞做主語時(shí)不可以省略。The place in (which ) I live is very quiet. ( x)The place in which I live is very quiet. (.當(dāng)介詞提前時(shí)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不能省略。He is from

45、America , (which ) I know from his composition. ( x)He is from America , which I know from his composition. (非限制性定語從句的弓I導(dǎo)詞不能省略。錯(cuò)用、遺漏介詞或動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞被拆開The pen by which I write a letter is on the table. ( x)【The pen with which I write a letter is on the table. (Vj 錯(cuò)用介詞The place which I live is very quiet. (X)The place in which I live is very quiet.