高中化學(xué)方程式匯總大全(含離子式)

1、一、非金屬單質(zhì)(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H1、氧化性:F2+H2=2HF (陰暗處爆炸F2+Xe(過量=XeF22F2(過量+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是強(qiáng)氧化劑,能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4 nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金屬2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是還原劑2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(過量+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積=2ClF (ClF屬于類鹵素:ClF+H2O=HF+HClO 3F2(過量+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H

2、2O=3HF+HClO3 Cl2+H2 2HCl (將H2在Cl2點燃;混合點燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸 3Cl2+2P 2PCl3Cl2+PCl3 PCl5Cl2+2Na 2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2Cl2+2I =2Cl +I23Cl2(過量+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5

3、Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3Fe Fe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2 H2S 2S+C CS2S+Zn ZnSS+Fe FeS (既能由單質(zhì)制取,又能由離子制取S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制取3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由單質(zhì)制取,不能由離子制取N2

4、+3H2 2NH3N2+3Mg Mg3N2N2+3Ca Ca3N2N2+3Ba Ba3N2N2+6Na 2Na3N N2+6K 2K3NN2+6Rb 2Rb3N N2+2Al 2AlNP4+6H2 4PH3P+3Na Na3P 2P+3Zn Zn3P2H2+2Li 2LiH2、還原性S+O2 SO2S+H2SO4(濃 3SO2+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃 H2SO4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀 3SO2+4NO+2H2O3S+4H+43SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2 2NO4P+5O2 P4O10(常寫成P2O52P+3X2 2PX3(X表示F

5、2,Cl2,Br2PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(濃 4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2 CF4C+2Cl2 CCl4C+O2(足量 CO2 2C+O2(少量 2COC+CO2 2CO C+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤氣2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅Si(粗+2Cl2 SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2=Si(純+4HClSi(粉+O2 SiO2Si+C SiC(金剛砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 (Si+2OH +H2O= +2H23、歧化反應(yīng)Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO(加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化:(Cl2+H2O H+Cl+HClOCl2+2NaO

6、H=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2OCl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O3Cl2+6KOH(濃 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O (3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O4P+3KOH(濃+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO2 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO CaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO二

7、.金屬單質(zhì)(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu的還原性2Na+H2 2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2 2Na2O22Na+O2 Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H22Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2 MgCl2Mg+Br2 MgBr22Mg+O2 2MgO Mg+S MgS2Cu+S Cu2S (Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備Mg+2H2O Mg(OH2+H22Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl MgCl

8、2+2Rb2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H22Al+3Cl2 2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化,在氧氣中燃燒4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O+4Hg(鋁汞齊4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (鋁熱反應(yīng)2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al

9、2(SO43+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃=Al2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化 Al+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2 Fe3O42Fe+O2 2FeO (煉鋼過程Fe+I2 FeI2Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備,又能由離子制備3Fe+4H2O(g Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2

10、 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三.非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3 金屬氫化物(NaH1、還原性:4HCl(濃+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(濃+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbO2Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g+O2 2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+

11、2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存2H2S+3O2(足量 2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量 2S+2H2O

12、2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(濃=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO43+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+ +2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3

13、Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧 2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NONaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氫劑NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4 Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O(可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2

14、S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HC l (弱酸制強(qiáng)酸的典型反應(yīng)H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO32=PbS+2HNO3 (鉛試紙檢驗空氣中H2SH2S+Pb2+=P bS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因2NH3(液+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH33、NH3的堿性:NH3+HX=NH4X (X:F、Cl、Br、I、SNH3+HNO3=NH4NO3NH

15、3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制堿:用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打,蘇打 NH3+H2S=NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4、不穩(wěn)定性:2HF H2+F22HCl H2+Cl22H2O 2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S H2+S 2NH3 N2+3H22HI H2+I2四.非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO21、低價態(tài)的還原性:(

16、SO2、CO、NO2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4(這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反應(yīng)2SO2+O2 2SO3SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr Br2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2NO+NO2+2OH=2NO22CO+O2 2CO2CO+CuO C

17、u+CO23CO+Fe2O3 2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O CO2+H22、氧化性:SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO24NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu 4CuO+N2N2O+Zn ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg 2MgO+C (CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi)SiO2+2H2 Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg 2MgO+Si3、與水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H+SO423NO2+H2O=2

18、HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐N2O5+H2O=2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3P2O5+H2O(冷水=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱水=2H3PO4 (P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑P2O5+3H2SO4(濃=2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4 Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO44、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH42SO3SO2+(NH42SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH42SO4+2H2O+2SO2(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理SO2+Ca(OH2=

19、CaSO3+H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別 SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過量+H2O=(NH42CO3 (NH42CO3 (NH22CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3 (NH22CO+H2O (工業(yè)制取尿素CO2+2NaOH(過量=Na2CO3+H2O 2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(過量+NaOH=NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3CO2+Ca(OH2(過量=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+2 +CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO32

20、OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO32CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(不足+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+CO32CO2(足+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH3+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH+HCO3SiO2+CaO CaSiO3 (煉鋼造渣SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃SiO2+Na2CO3 Na2SiO3+

21、CO2 (制取玻璃SiO2+CaCO3 CaSiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五.金屬氧化物1、低價態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na 2Na2O(此反應(yīng)用于制備Na2OMgO,Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性,很難被還原為Mg,Al.一般通過電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2

22、 2Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉Fe3O4+4H2 3Fe+4H2O CuO+H2 Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe 3FeO (煉鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑FeO+C Fe+CO (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)C含量2FeO+Si 2Fe+SiO2 (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)Si含量3、與水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na2O2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反應(yīng)分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O

23、2H2O2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng):BaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4+H2O2MgO+H2O=Mg(OH2(緩慢反應(yīng)4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO43+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O

24、(Al2O3兩性氧化物Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六.含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+

25、H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng)2H2SO4(濃+C CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃+S 3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al室溫下鈍化 6H2SO4(濃+2Fe Fe2(SO43+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃+Cu CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃+2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O (不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBrH2SO4(濃+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O (不能用濃硫

26、酸與NaI制取HIH2SO4(稀+Fe=FeSO4+H22H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O4HNO3(濃+C CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃+S H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃+P H3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀+3P+2H2O 3H3PO4+5NO5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O 3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(濃足+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3(濃+Fe(足=Fe(NO32+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過量時再生成Fe2+的鹽 4HNO3(稀足+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O4H+NO3-+

27、Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O30 H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O30 H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀=4Zn(NO32+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀=4Zn(NO32+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH

28、4+5H2O2、還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2,Br2,I2H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+ +SO423、酸性:H2SO4(濃+CaF2CaS

29、O4+2HF (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+NaCl NaHSO4+HCl(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸H2SO4(濃+NaNO3 NaHSO4+HNO3(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸3H2SO4(濃+Ca3(PO42 3CaSO4+2H3PO4(強(qiáng)酸制弱酸酸2H2SO4(濃+Ca3(PO42 2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42 (工業(yè)制磷肥3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO22H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2

30、(用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S,HI,HBr,SO2等還原性氣體4H3PO4+Ca3(PO42 3Ca(H2PO42 (重鈣H3PO4(濃+NaBr NaH2PO4+HBr (不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸 H3PO4(濃+NaI NaH2PO4+HI4、不穩(wěn)定性:2HClO 2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中4HNO3 4NO2+O2+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中H2SO3 H2O+SO2 (在加熱或酸性條件下分解H2CO3 H2O+CO2 (在加熱或酸性條件下分解H4SiO4 H2SiO3+H2O H2SiO3 SiO2+H2OH2S2O3 H2O+S+SO2(在加熱或酸性條

31、件下分解七.堿1、低價態(tài)的還原性:4Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:2NaOH+SO2(少量=Na2SO3+H2OOH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH+OH =H2ONaOH+H2S(足=NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H2O

32、2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaCl3OH+Al3+=Al(OH3NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2O (AlCl3和Al(OH3哪個酸性強(qiáng)? OH+Al(OH3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH2+2NH4Cl 2CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O (實驗室制NH3NaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3·H2O (Al(OH3+NH4Cl不溶解Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3

33、、不穩(wěn)定性:Mg(OH2 MgO+H2O 2Al(OH3 Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH3 Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH2 CuO+H2O 2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八.鹽1、氧化性:(在水溶液中2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻銅線路版 2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+ 2FeCl3+Zn(少量=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+ FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4 (較難反應(yīng) F

34、e(NO33+Ag不反應(yīng)2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S 2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O (實驗室制氮氣 NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O 2、還原性:2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加熱2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2N O+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HN

35、O3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4 (Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì)Na2SO3+S Na2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中 S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:Ca(OH2+CuSO4=Cu(OH2+CaSO4 (波爾多液MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH2+2N H4ClMg2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH3+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH2+

36、3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4ClFe3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足=Cu(OH2+(NH42SO4Cu2+2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH2+2NH4+Cu(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH34(OH2+4H2OCu(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH342+2OH-+4H2O銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3·H2O(足=Cu(NH34SO4+4H2O 總方程式Cu2+4NH3·H2O=Cu(NH342+4H2O銅氨溶液AgNO3+N

37、H3·H2O=AgOH+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色+H2O Ag2O+4NH3·H2O=2Ag(NH32+2OH-+3H2O銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH32NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3·H2O=Ag(NH32+2H2O總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3·H2O(不足=Zn(OH2+(NH42SO4Zn2+2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH2+2NH4+Zn(OH2+4NH3·H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3·H2O(足=Zn(NH34SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH

38、3·H2O=Zn(NH342+4H2O總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:強(qiáng)酸制弱酸,或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaCl PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl HPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl H2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl CO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2 HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙

39、水解反應(yīng)3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO2(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3+3CO2(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO43+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2S(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng)3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3H

40、2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3+3NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反應(yīng) 3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2(1:2CO32-+H2O+2S

41、O2=2HSO3-+CO22Na2CO3(足+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3 (CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗氣 2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2(1:1CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣 2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+NaCl 或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=

42、H4SiO4+2NaClSiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3或SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反應(yīng)Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl (沉淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失 SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消失CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na2CO3+CaCl2=

43、CaCO3+2NaCl(NaHCO3不反應(yīng)CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3Ag+Cl-=AgClAgNO3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3Ag+Br-=AgBrAgNO3+KI=AgCl+KNO3 Ag+I-=AgI3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+3NaNO33Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO4CuSO4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO4Cu2+S2-=CuSFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN3(血紅色,用于Fe3+的特性檢驗6、不穩(wěn)定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2OS2

44、O32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl NH3+HClNH4I NH3+HI 2HI H2+I2NH4I NH3+H2+I2NH4HCO3 NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3 2KNO2+O22Cu(NO33 2CuO+4NO2+O22AgNO3 2Ag+2NO2+O2(保存在棕色瓶中5NH4NO3 4N2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO3 8N2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸銨爆炸反應(yīng)2KMnO4 K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3 2KCl+3O22NaHCO3 Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO32 CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3 CaO+CO2 MgCO

45、3 MgO+CO2九、電離方程式1、酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClOH2SO4=2H+SO42-或:H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42-HNO3=H+NO3-或:HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO3-(以下雷同HCl=H+ClHBr=H+BrHI=H+IH3PO4 H+H2PO H2PO H+HPO HPO H+POHF H+FH2SO3 H+HSO HSO H+SOCH3COOH H+CH3COOH2CO3 H+ H+H2S H+ H+HNO2 H+NO C6H5

46、OH H+C6H5O- (苯酚不是酸,顯酸性HCN H+CNHClO H+ClOH2O H+OH2H2O H3O+OH2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH2、Mg(OH2、Al(OH3、NH3·H2ONaOH=Na+OH KOH=K+OH Ba(OH2=Ba2+2OHMg(OH2 Mg2+2OHAl(OH3 Al3+3OH 酸式電離:Al(OH3 H+ +H2ONH3·H2O +2OHCa(OH2=Ca2+2OH (澄清石灰水Ca(OH2 Ca2+2OH (石灰懸濁液3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4

47、、Al2(SO43、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3NaCl=Na+ClNa2SO4=2Na+NaHSO4=H+Na+Na2SO3=2Na+NaHSO3=Na+HSO3-(錯誤書寫:NaHSO3=Na+H+SO42-MgSO4=Mg2+Al2(SO43=2Al3+3CuSO4=Cu2+AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO +Na+NH4NO3=NH4+NO3-Fe

48、Cl3=Fe3+3ClNa2CO3=2Na+NaHCO3=Na+ (錯誤書寫:NaHCO3=Na+H+ Na2S=2Na+NaHS=Na+HS (錯誤書寫:NaHS=Na+H+ NaH2PO4=Na+H2PONa2HPO4=2Na+HPO (錯誤書寫:Na2HPO4=2Na+H+PO Na3PO4=3Na+POKI=K+INaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClOAgCl Ag+ (難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生微弱電離CaCO3 Ca2+ (錯誤書寫:CaCO3=Ca2+CO 3、熔融電離NaCl Na+ MgCl2 Mg2+2Na2O 2Na+O2Al2O3 2Al3+3O2十、水解反應(yīng)1、單

49、水解-可逆水解NH4Cl+H2O NH3·H2O+HCl NH4+H2O H+NH3·H2OFeCl3+3H2O Fe(OH3+3HCl Fe3+3H2O Fe(OH3+3H+AlCl3+3H2O Al(OH3+3HCl Al3+3H2O Al(OH3+3H+CuSO4+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO4 (金屬活動順序表中Mg2+以后的陽離子均水解NaHCO3+H2O H2CO3+NaOH (NaHSO4不水解,NaHSO3電離大于水解Na2CO3+H2O NaHCO3+NaOH CO32-+H2O HCO3-+OHNaHCO3+H2O H2CO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大

50、于第二步,二步不能疊加Na2SO3+H2O NaHSO3+NaOH SO32-+H2O HSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2O H2SO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步,二步不能疊加HSO3-+H2O H2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2O NaHS+NaOH S2-+H2O HS-+OHNaHS+H2O H2S+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步,二步不能疊加HS-+H2O H2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2O Na2HPO4+NaOH PO43-+H2O HPO42-+OHNa2HPO4+H2O NaH2PO4+NaOH HPO42-+H2O H2PO4-+OHNaH2PO4+H2O H3PO4+N

51、aOH H2PO4-+H2O H3PO4+OHCH3COONa+H2O CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COO-+H2O CH3COOH+OHC6H5ONa+H2O C6H5OH+NaOH C6H5O-+H2O C6H5OH+OH2、雙水解CH3COONH4+H2O CH3COOH+NH3·H2ONH4F+H2O HF+NH3·H2OAl2S3+6H2O=Al(OH3+H2S (隔絕空氣,密封保存Mg3N2+6H2O=Mg(OH2+NH3(隔絕空氣,密封保存Na3P+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3(隔絕空氣,密封保存Zn3P2+6H2O=Zn(OH2+PH3(Zn3P2一種老

52、鼠藥,PH3劇毒神經(jīng)毒劑CaC2+2H2O=Ca(OH3+C2H2(隔絕空氣,密封保存C2H5ONa+H2O=C2H5OH+NaOH十一、電解及電極方程式1、電解質(zhì)溶液在惰性電極條件下,或陰極是較活潑金屬電極,陽極是惰性電極條件下的電解2NaCl+2H2O 2NaOH+H2+Cl2(-2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH-或2H+2e-=H2(+2Cl -2e-=Cl22Cl-+2H2O 2OH-+H2+Cl2CuCl2 Cu+Cl2(-Cu2+2e-=Cu(+2Cl- -2e-=Cl2Cu2+2Cl-Cu+Cl22CuSO4+2H2O 2Cu+O2+2H2SO4(-2Cu2+ + 4e-=2Cu(+2H2O - 4e-=O2+4H+或:4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O 4H2O 4H+4OH-2Cu2+2H2O 2Cu+O2+4H+2H2O 2H2+O2(- 4H+4e-=2H2(+4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O中性電解4H2O 4H+4OH-2H2O H2+O2酸性水解:(- 4H+4e-=2H2(+2H2O-4e-=O2+4H+4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O2H2O H2+O2堿性水解:(- 4H2O+4e-=2H2+4OH-或:4H+4e-=2H2(+4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O2H2O H2+O22、電鍍:鍍