ChapterTwoPhoneticsandPhonology

1、Tony Yang View Whats phonetics? Phonetics is . Three branches of phonetics: A.the study of the production of speech sounds.B.the study of the perception of speech sounds.C.the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 1/2 lips 3/4 teeth 5 teeth ridge (alveolus)(齒齦齒齦) 6 hard

2、palate(硬腭硬腭) 7 soft palate (velum)(軟腭軟腭) 8 tip of tongue(舌尖舌尖) 9 blade of tongue(舌面舌面) 10 back of tongue(舌根舌根) 11 pharyngeal cavity(咽腔咽腔) 12 glottis/vocal cords(聲帶聲帶) 13 windpipe(氣管氣管) 14 uvula(小舌小舌) 15. nasal cavity(鼻腔鼻腔)咽腔141415IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet 國際音標(biāo)國際音標(biāo)):A standardized and inte

3、rnationally accepted system of phonetic transcription (標(biāo)注標(biāo)注). The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920 by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones, revised in 1993, updated in 1996. Diacritics(發(fā)音符號發(fā)音符號/辨音符辨音符): a set of symbols in IPA, added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer

4、 distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.For example, , , , , etc.Broad transcription(寬式音標(biāo)寬式音標(biāo)): The transcription of The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only.sounds with letter-symbols only. Narrow transcription(嚴(yán)式音標(biāo)嚴(yán)式音標(biāo)): The transcription of The transcription of sounds wit

5、h letter-symbols together with the sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.diacritics. h= Speech sounds which are produced Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction(with no obstruction(阻塞阻塞) in the ) in the vocal tract(vocal tract(聲道聲道) ), , so no turbulence(so no turbulen

6、ce(震動震動) or a total stopping of the ) or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.air can be perceived. Speech sounds which are Speech sounds which are produced by constricting(produced by constricting(收縮收縮) or obstructing the ) or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert(vocal tract

7、at some place to divert(轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)移), ), impede(impede(阻礙阻礙), or completely shut off the flow of air ), or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.in the oral cavity. 1. In terms of manner of articulation: A.A. stops/plosives ( stops/plosives (爆破音爆破音): p, b, t, d, k, g): p, b, t, d, k, g B.B

8、. fricatives ( fricatives (摩擦音摩擦音): f, v, s, z, ): f, v, s, z, , , , , , , h, , h C.C. affricates ( affricates (塞擦音塞擦音) : t) : t, d, d D.D. glides( glides(滑音滑音) or semivowels() or semivowels(半元音半元音) )：w, jw, j E.E. nasals ( nasals (鼻音鼻音): m, n, ): m, n, F.F. liquids ( liquids (流音流音): l, r ): l, r (l

9、ateral (lateral (舌邊音舌邊音): l): l) 2. In terms of place of articulation: A.A. bilabial( bilabial(雙唇雙唇): p, b, m, w): p, b, m, w B.B. labiodental( labiodental(唇齒唇齒): f, v): f, v C.C. dental( dental(齒齒): , ): , D.D. alveolar( alveolar(齒齦齒齦): t, d, s, z, n, l, r): t, d, s, z, n, l, r E.E. palatal( palata

10、l(硬腭硬腭): ): , , , , t, , d, j, j F.F. velar( velar(軟腭軟腭): k, g, ): k, g, G.G. glottal( glottal(聲門聲門): h ): h 3. In terms of voicing(濁音化濁音化): A. voiceless (A. voiceless (清清): ): consonants produced when vocal consonants produced when vocal cords are apart, and air passes through easily. cords are apa

11、rt, and air passes through easily. p, t, k, f, , s, p, t, k, f, , s, , h, t, h, t B. voiced(B. voiced(濁濁): ): consonants produced when the vocal consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the air-stream causes them cords are closed, and the air-stream causes them to vibrate again each

12、other.to vibrate again each other. b, d, g, v, , z, b, d, g, v, , z, , d, d, , m, n, m, n, , l, r, w, j, l, r, w, j注：注：所有的元音都是濁音，故而所有的元音都是濁音，故而只對輔音的區(qū)只對輔音的區(qū)分有意義。分有意義。 A dichotomy: A. Monophthongs (A. Monophthongs (單元音單元音): ): individual vowels individual vowels B. Diphthongs (B. Diphthongs (雙元音雙元音):

13、): vowels which are vowels which are produced by moving from one vowel produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position to another through intervening positions.positions. eeI I, a, aI I, I, au, , I, au, u, u, I I, e, e, u, u Classification of English monophthongs1.

14、 In terms of the position of the tongue A. front: i:, I, e, , B. central: :, , C. back: u:, , :, , :2. In terms of the openness of the mouth A. close: i:, I, u:, B. semi-close: :, C. semi-open: , : D. open: , , , : 3. In terms of the shape of the lips A. unrounded: all the front vowels, all the fron

15、t vowels, central vowels, and a:central vowels, and a: B. rounded: all the back vowels except all the back vowels except a:a:4. In terms of the state of the larynx(喉喉) A. tense: all the long vowelsall the long vowels B. lax: all the short vowelsall the short vowelsSome examples voiceless palatal fri

16、cative j j voiced palatal glide k k i: front close tense unrounded vowel u central semi-open unrounded lax vowel :voiceless velar stopback close rounded lax vowelback open unrounded tense vowelvoiced velar nasal A. Whats phonology? Phonology is the description of the description of the systems and t

17、he systems and patternspatterns of speech sounds in a language. of speech sounds in a language. B. The difference between phonetics and phonology (Read Para. 1 in 2.3.1 on page 22) Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds which allow us to distin

18、guish aspect of the sounds which allow us to distinguish meaning in languagemeaning in language RATHER THAN the physical the physical properties of speech perties of speech sounds.Phone, phoneme and allophones Phone(音音): the speech sound we hear and produce the speech sound we hear and pro

19、duce during linguistic communication. some distinguish during linguistic communication. some distinguish meaning (s, w), some dont (pmeaning (s, w), some dont (ph h, p, p= =).). Phoneme(音位音位/音素音素): an abstract phonological an abstract phonological unit of unit of distinctive valuedistinctive value t

20、hat is represented or that is represented or realized by a certain phone.realized by a certain phone. Allophones(音位變體音位變體): the different phones of a the different phones of a phoneme which can represent one phoneme in phoneme which can represent one phoneme in different phonetic environments. diffe

21、rent phonetic environments. An Example of Allophones/p/p=/s_ph elsewhereNote 1: s_ is the environment in which /p/ appears.Note 2: a phoneme is enclosed in oblique brackets / / in broad transcription, while a phone or an allophone in square brackets in narrow transcription.Complementary distribution

22、; minimal pair; minimal setA. Complementary distribution(互補(bǔ)互補(bǔ)分布分布) refers to the case in refers to the case in which which one of two or more soundsone of two or more sounds occurs in a context where occurs in a context where the other sound(s) never occur(s)the other sound(s) never occur(s). . Some

23、 examples: ph (aspirated 吐氣的) and p= (unaspirated 不吐氣的) ; clear l as in little and dark as in tell. Q: Are allophones in complementary distribution? Q: Are sounds in complementary distributions allophones? Q: Are h and in complementary distribution? B. Minimal pair(最小配對最小配對) When two words are ident

24、ical in every way except for a contrast in one phoneme which occurs in the same place in the string, they are said to form a minimal pairminimal pair. Tell whether the following form minimal pairs. beatbit; parttrap; what-want; kitCathy; ton-tongue; sight-side; peak-leek; sine-signB. Minimal set (最小

25、對立集最小對立集) When more than two words When more than two words can be told apart by changing just one phoneme, they can be told apart by changing just one phoneme, they form a minimal set. form a minimal set. Two kinds of minimal set: (vowel phoneme) feat, fit, fat, fate, fought, foot (consonant phonem

26、e) big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig.Free variation (自由變異自由變異) Free variation: if a sound can be a substitute for the other if a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds ar

27、e in free variation.meaning, the two sounds are in free variation.Two cases:Two cases:A. The two sounds are allophones. A. The two sounds are allophones. Goo Good d d d d dB. A matter of dialect or personal habit.B. A matter of dialect or personal habit. for example: either; direction for example: e

28、ither; directionUnexploded or unreleasedSequential rules (序列規(guī)則) Sequential rules are rules that govern the possible rules that govern the possible combination of sounds in a language. combination of sounds in a language. Therefore, /milk/ is a possible combination, while /ilkm/, /likm/ and others ar

29、e not. 比較：比較： igl and lig (accidental gap or not) 判斷判斷: 1. Sequential rules operates on units larger than phoneme. 2. Sequential rules are part of every speakers innate (固有的固有的) phonological knowledge. Co-articulation refers to “the process of making one sound “the process of making one sound almost

30、 at the same time as the next.”almost at the same time as the next.” (Yule, 2000)Two Effects(效果) of Co-articulation: Assimilation (同化) : nasalization(鼻音化): can kndentalization(齒音化): tenth tenvelarization(軟腭化): sink pan cake; you can go now.deletion(省音): in some situations, some sounds are deleted al

31、though they are present in writing form.e.g. sign, design; climb, comb; friendship; must beFree variation (自由變異自由變異) Free variation: if a sound can be a substitute for the other if a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in free variation.meaning, the two sounds are in free variation.Two cases:Two cases:A. The two s