英漢構(gòu)詞比較

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上（一） 英漢構(gòu)詞比較掌握英語構(gòu)詞法，對我們理解記憶由構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)來的單詞，豐富我們的表達(dá)和詞匯量的擴(kuò)大，大有裨益。同時(shí)，語言是發(fā)展的，新的英語單詞不斷地出現(xiàn)，這些新出現(xiàn)的單詞，大多是由構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)來的，掌握英語構(gòu)詞法的基本常識，對我們在閱讀中處理生詞或這些新出現(xiàn)的生詞，大有幫助。其實(shí)英語單詞和漢字一樣，存在著很多的“偏旁部首”。學(xué)習(xí)英語構(gòu)詞法，我們可以與漢字的構(gòu)成作個(gè)比較，以便我們更好地理解與掌握英語構(gòu)詞法。漢字基本是由筆畫與邊旁構(gòu)成的，筆畫與邊旁是漢字構(gòu)成的基本要素，英語單詞構(gòu)成的基本要素是字母及字母組合。漢字的構(gòu)成方式有六種，我們稱這六種構(gòu)字方式為“六書”，英語的構(gòu)詞方式

2、有四種。構(gòu)詞要素功能例詞構(gòu)詞方式漢字筆畫象形日六書：形聲、會意、象形、指事、假借、轉(zhuǎn)注邊旁會意樹形聲消英語單詞字母形聲sun五法：轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法、詞綴法、縮略法、字母組合會意(詞根、詞綴)telephone形聲other（二） 英語四種構(gòu)詞法一 . 轉(zhuǎn)換法：英語大多數(shù)有形態(tài)變化的詞，其詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是通過詞綴的增減來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，但也有部分詞的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換不需要通過詞綴的增減來實(shí)現(xiàn)；沒有形態(tài)變化的詞，其詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換是不需要通過詞綴的增減來實(shí)現(xiàn)，這種直接轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞性的構(gòu)詞方式我們稱之為轉(zhuǎn)化法。轉(zhuǎn)化法構(gòu)詞主要發(fā)生在名詞與動詞之間，形容詞與動詞之間，以及部分介詞與連詞之間。轉(zhuǎn)換法構(gòu)成的詞，在詞形上沒有變化，在意

3、思上與原單詞有相關(guān)性，在讀音上要主意非單音節(jié)的名詞與動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換往往發(fā)生了重音的改變。意思上沒有相關(guān)性的詞類轉(zhuǎn)化一般看作一詞多義的兼類詞，例如：patient（耐心的病人），kind （好心的種類）。1名詞與動詞的轉(zhuǎn)化hand（手傳遞）back（背部，后面支持，后退）charge（費(fèi)用收費(fèi)）copy（抄本，復(fù)印件抄寫，復(fù)印）flood（洪水淹沒）heat（熱量加熱）paint（油漆刷漆）phone（電話打電話）pin（別針裝訂） waste（廢物浪費(fèi)）face（臉面對）land（陸地著陸）interest（興趣使興趣）surprise（驚訝使驚訝）taste（味道品嘗）smell（氣味聞）b

4、reak（短暫休息折斷）present（禮物贈送）2形容詞與動詞的轉(zhuǎn)化clean（干凈使干凈，打掃）clear（清楚清理）dirty（臟弄臟）dry（干燥烘干，曬干）empty（空的倒空）free（自由使自由，釋放）slow（慢的放慢）warm（暖和使暖和）cool（涼的冷卻） quiet（安靜使安靜）二詞綴法：詞綴構(gòu)詞法是指在詞根或單詞的前后加上詞綴來改變單詞的意思或詞性。加在前面的叫前綴（prefix），前綴一般改變單詞的意思，但也有改變單詞詞性的，如：en-(enable, enrich,enlarge) ,a- (asleep, awake , alive , alike, acros

5、s) 。加在后面的叫后綴（sufix），后綴一般改變單詞的詞性但也有改變單詞詞性的，如：-less(homeless, careless, hopeless) 1.常用前綴: 前綴意思例詞un-否定或相反unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, uncleardis-否定或相反disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability,in-, im-, il-, ir-否定或相反incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, impossibl

6、e, immoral, illegal, illogical, irregular, irrelativenon-否定或相反non-smoker, non-stop, non-violentmis-錯誤mistake, mislead, misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spellanti-反anti-war, anti-pollutionfore-前面forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefootinter-之間international, interaction, internet, interviewpre-之前prefix, p

7、reface, preposition, predictsuper-超出superstructure, supernatural, superpower, supermantrans-轉(zhuǎn)移translate, transform, transplant, transportationco-一起，共同coexist,co-operate,co-worker, coactions, coauthor, collectuni-統(tǒng)一uniform unisex United Statessemi-半semiconductor, semicircle, semimonthly, semifinalmic

8、ro-微型microvolt, microcomputer, microscopemulti-多multimedia, multicolored, multiform, multinaturalmilli-微小minibus, miniskirt, miniparkde-下降decrease, degradekilo-千kilometer, kilogram, kilowattre-重新rebuild, retell, rewrite, renew, reconsider, reuse, remarry, sub-下面subway 2.常用后綴：詞性后綴例詞備注名詞后綴-ant,-entmer

9、chant, servant, assistant, agent, student-ee具有被動詞含義；-ess專指陰性；-ist指有某一專長的人-an,-ian,-icianItalian,historian,librarian, electrician, magician-er,orvillager singer, driver, doctor, operator, actor, v-istpianist, communist, dentist, artist, receptionist-eeemployee, examinee, payee, interviewee-ary,-arsch

10、olar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-essactress, hostess, manageress-agecourage, storage, marriage, percentage構(gòu)成抽象名詞-alrefusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, -hoodchildhood, brotherhood, boyhood, manhood-domfreedom, kingdom, wisdom-bilityability, possibility, probability, responsi

11、bility-ance, -enceimportance,avoidance,appearance,performance-itypurity, reality, equality-nessgoodness,kindness,tiredness, business-ismcriticism, heroism, tourism, communism-mentpunishment, argument, agreement, government-ion, -ationsuggestion,action,solution,invention,direction-thstrength, length,

12、 width, depth growth, youth-shiphardship, relationship, membership動詞后綴-ize, isemodernize, democratize, organize, apologize, realize-enquicken, weaken, soften, harden-fybeautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify形容后綴-able, -ibleeatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable-alnatural, additional, educ

13、ational, national-ishfoolish, bookish, selfish-ive:impressive,decisive, active, instructive, expensive-ymilky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy-lymanly, fatherly，daily, weekly, monthly-fulbeautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful-ousdangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous-enwooden, go

14、lden, woolen-lesscountless, stainless, wireless, useless, endless, -edpleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited-ingmoving, touching，astonishing, boring, amazing-erneastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern副詞后綴-lypossibly, swiftly, simply，suddenly, highly-wiseotherwise, clockwise, lik

15、ewise-ward(s)downward, inwards, upward, towards 3常用詞根詞根含義例詞-agri-field- ann-year- audi-hear- bell-war- ceed-go- cept-take- circ-ring- clud-closeconclude include exclude- cogn-known- cred-believe- dent-tooth- dict-say- ducleadintroduce- ev-ageevening eve ever never- fact-makemanufacture factory- grad

16、-stepgrade gradual gradually graduate graduation- graph-writephotograph geography paragraph- ject-throwproject- liber-free- lingu-language- liter-letter- loc-place- log-speak- lun-moon- manu-hand- milit-soldier-mit-send- mob-move- oper-work- phon -sound- pict-paint- port-carryimport export transport

17、- tele-far- viv-live三合成法：1）合成名詞 boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket（扒手）, she-goat（雌性山羊）, editor-in-chief（主編）, daybreak（破曉）, handshake（握手）, silkworm（蠶）, outbreak（爆發(fā)）（2）合成形容詞名詞+動詞過去分詞：man-made, homemade副詞+動詞過去分詞：well-known, newly-built（新建的）形容詞+名詞ed：kind-he