英國文學(xué)術(shù)語

1、1 .Sentimentalism：Sentimentalismstressesonmaterialsensesasbeingspiritualand/orconsiderssoultobematerial,thusanythingdoneonsentimentallevelismoreorlessmaterialisticratherthanspiritual/transcendental.2 .Ode：acomplexlyricpoemofsomelength,dealingwithanoblethemeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobe

2、sung.Odesareoftenwrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonorapersonoraseasonortocommemorateanevent.3 .Romance：istheprevailingliteraryformandprosperedforabout300years(1200-1500).Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.(ItisapopularterminthemedievalEng

3、land.Itisconcernedwithknights,chivalryandcourtlylove.)A_A4 .Realism：isamodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordinglifeasitreallyiswithoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.ItmaybefoundasanelementintheworksofChaucerorDefoepriortothe19thcentury,butasathdominanttrendinthenovelsofthemiddle-orlowerclassli

4、feinthe19century.5 .Sonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaof14iambicpentameterlineslinkedbyanintricaterhymescheme.(Alyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameter,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.Shakespeare'sarewellknown.6 .Shakespearesonnet(namedafteritsgreatestpractitioner)comprisest

5、hreequatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.The'turnc6meswiththefinalcouplet,whichmaysometimesachieveanepigram.7 .Spenserianstanza(英國詩人)斯賓塞詩體：CreatedbyEdmundSpencer.Itreferstoastanzaofninelines,withthefirst8linesiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.TheFearie

6、Queenewasarepresentative.8 .Enlightenment:TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughouttheWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.ItgreatlyinfluencedtheEnglishsociallifeandliterature.Generallyspeaking,theEnlightenmentmovementwasanexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.9 .Allegory

7、:Astorytoldtoexplainorteachsomething.Itusedextendedmetaphorstoconveymoralmeanings.JohnBunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress.10 .Soliloquy:Acharacterisaloneandspeakshisorherthoughtsloudly.Soliloquyisaspeech,oftenofsomelength,inwhichacharacter,aloneonthestage,expresseshisthoughtsandfeelings.Inclassicaldra

8、mathesoliloquyisrare,buttheplaywrightsofElizabethanandJacobeanperioduseditextensivelyandwithgreatskill.Thesoliloquyadvantagesareinestimablebecauseitenablesadramatisttoconveydirectlytoaudienceimportantinformationaboutaparticularcharacter:hisstateofmindandheart,hismostintimatethoughtsandfeelings,hismo

9、tivesandintentions.11 .TheEnlightenmentMovementFlourishedinFranceandsweptthroughWesternEuropeinthe1dhcentury.Itspurposeistoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofphilosophicalideas.Itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.EnlightenmentisatermusedtodescribethetrendsinthoughtandlettersinEuropea

10、ndtheAmericancoloniesduringthe偌centurypriortotheFrenchrevolution.Thephrasewasfrequentlyemployedbywritersoftheperioditself,convincedthattheywereemergingfromcenturiesofdarknessandignoranceintoanewageenlightenedbyreason,science,andarespectforhumanity.Theenlightenersbelievedinthepowerofreason,andthatisw

11、hythe1§centuryinEnglandhasoftenbeencalledeage“thofreason".12 .NeoclassicismThewriterstooktheancientGreekandRomanclassicalworksastheliterarymodels.Poetrywasheldtobeanimitationonhumanlife.Theytriedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedrules.Itiselegantindictionandstructure.Theystressedrules,re

12、asons.Harmony,balanceandanappealtotheintellectratherthanemotion.13 .GothicNove:Itisstoryofterrorandsuspense,usuallysetinagloomyoldcastle.ProminentfeaturesofGothicfictionincludeterror(bothpsychologicalandphysical),mystery,thesupernatural,ghosts,hauntedhousesandGothicarchitecture,castles,darkness,deat

13、h,decay.Gothicnovelorromances,whichenjoyedmuchpopularityinEnglandinthelastdecadesofthe18thcentury,arenovelsofterrorthatemploymedievalbackgroundandcontaingloomysentiment,superstitioushorrorandmuchsupernaturalism.Theyhavebeensonamedbecause“Gothicarchitecturedatingfromthemiddleagesisinvariablythesettin

14、gfortheelementsofhorrorinthem.Accordingtothesewritersevilforcesreignintheworld,anditisuselesstostruggleagainstone'sate.ThemysteriouselementplaysanenormousroleintheGothicnovel;itissoreplete(full)withbloodcurdlingscenesandunnaturalfeelingsthatitisjustlycalledan“anovelofhorrors14 .SentimentalismAdi

15、rectreactionagainstthecold,hardcommercialismandrationalism.Dissatisfiedwithreason,theyappealtosentimenttothehumanheart,particularlypityandsympathy.Sentimentalismturnstothecountrysideforitsmaterial.15 .RomanticismItoccurredinthemiddle18thcentury.Itstronglyprotestsagainstneo-classism,whichemphasizedre

16、asonandorder.Thegeneralfeaturesare:expressiveness,imagination,individual,worshipofnatureandfreedom.Romanticismisacomplexartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinWesternEurope,andgainedstrengthinreactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.1Inpart,itwasarevoltagain

17、staristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature,2andwasembodiedinthevisualarts,music,andliterature.16 .Criticalrealism:Itoccurredinthe1840s.Thewriterscriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.Theyareconcernedaboutthefate

18、ofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.CharlesDickens.CriticalRealismTheVictorianAgeisanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism-arealismwhichstrivestotellthewholetruthshowingmoral&physicaldiseasesastheyare.Tobetruetolifebecomesthefirstrequirementforliterarywriting.Asthemirroroftruth,l

19、iteraturehascomeveryclosetodailylife,reflectingitspracticalproblems&interests&isusedasapowerfulinstrumentofhumanprogress17 .Dramatic.,monologueAsinglespeakerspeakstoasilentaudience.Suchpoemsrevealnotthepoet'sownthoughtsbutthemindoftheimpersonated.character.Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrat

20、ivepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.Theoccasionisusuallyacrucialoneinthespeaker'spersonalityaswellastheincidentthatisohehsubjectpoem.18 .PsychologicalnoVeAkindofnovelthatdwellsonacomplexpsychologicaldevelopmentandpresentsmuchofthenarrationthrought

21、heinnerworkingsofthecharacter'smind.19 .Naturalism:Apost-Darwinismmovementofthe19thcenturythattriedtoapplythelawsofscientificdeterminationoffiction.Apersoniscontrolledbyenvironmentandheredity.Mostoftheworksarepessimisticanddetachmentfromthestory20 .Modernism:Beganinthelate19Pcenturyandflourished

22、until1950s.Ittakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesarethedistorted,alienatedand川relationshipsbetweenmenandmen,menandsociety,manandhimself.Theyaremoreconcernedwiththeinnerworldofanindividual.Theymovefromtheobjectivetothesubjective.Italsoinclude:al

23、ienation,lossofidentity,loneliness,meaninglesslife,absurdityoftheworld,dehumanizationofthesociety.Frequenttechniques:juxtapositionandmultiplepointsofview.21 .Steamofconsciousnessisusedtodepictthementalandemotionalreactionsofcharacterstoexternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.Itadoptsthepsycho-a

24、nalyticapproachtoexploretheexistenceofunconsciousandunconsciouselementsinthemind.Theactionispresentedintermsofimagesandattitudeswithinthemindofoneormorefigures,oftentogetatthepsychicnatureofthecharacter.22 .Bildungsroman:Anoveloftheyouthfuldevelopmentofaherooraheroine.Itdescribestheprocessbywhichmat

25、urityisachievedthroughvarioussteps.23 .FeministcriticismOccurredinthelate1960s.Itisanattempttodescribeandinterpretwomen'sexperienceasdepictedinvariouskindsofnovel.Itattacksmalenotionsofvalueinliteratureandchallengestheacceptedmaleideasaboutthenatureofwomen.Thus,itquestionsprejudicesandassumption

26、saboutwomenmademalewriters.24 .Post-modernismReferstocertainradicallyexperimentalworksofliteratureandartafterWWH.Muchoftheworksrevealsandhighlightsthealienationofindividualsthemeaninglessofhumanexistence.Theyusenewdevices,forms.25 .Post-structuralismAnattempttosubvertstructuralismandtoformulatenewth

27、eories.Itwasinitiatedbydeconstructors.Eachwordexistsinacomplexweboflanguageandhasavarietyofdenotationandconnotationthatnoonemeaningcanbefinal,stabletosubstitution.26 .TheSpenserianstanzasafixedverseforminventedbyEdmundSpenserforhisepicpoemTheFaerieQueene.Eachstanzacontainsninelinesintotal:eightlines

28、iniambicpentameterfollowedbyasingle'Alexandrine'lineiniambichexameter.Therhymeschemeoftheselinesis"ababbcbcc."Spenserianstanza:SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbc

29、c.27 .ThesonnetisoneofthepoeticformsthatcanbefoundinlyricpoetryfromEurope.Theterm"sonnet"derivesfromtheOccitanwordsonetandtheItalianwordsonetto,bothmeaning"littlesong".Bythethirteenthcentury,ithadcometosignifyapoemoffourteenlinesthatfollowsastrictrhymeschemeandspecificstructure.T

30、heconventionsassociatedwiththesonnethaveevolvedoveritshistory.Thewritersofsonnetsaresometimesreferredtoas"sonneteers,"althoughthetermcanbeusedderisively.Oneofthebest-knownsonnetwritersisWilliamShakespeare,whowrote154ofthem(notincludingthosethatappearinhisplays).AShakespearean,orEnglish,son

31、netconsistsof14lines,eachlinecontainingtensyllablesandwritteniniambicpentameter,inwhichapatternofanunemphasizedsyllablefollowedbyanemphasizedsyllableisrepeatedfivetimes.TherhymeschemeinaShakespeareansonnetisababcdcdefefgg;thelasttwolinesarearhymingcouplet.Traditionally,Englishpoetsemployiambicpentam

32、eterwhenwritingsonnets.IntheRomancelanguages,thehendecasyllableandAlexandrinearethemostwidelyusedmetres.SonnetAsonnetisa14-linepoeminiambicpentameterwithacarefullypatternedrhymescheme.28 Romancesitwasalongcomposition,sometimessinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thece

33、ntralcharacterofromancewasknightandthereasonsfortheiradventurescouldbelove,religiousfaith,orthemeredesireforexcitement.29 .Renaissanceinessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinte

34、restsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheromanchurchauthorities.30 .Iambicpentameter:isaverseforminwhichaonelineofpoemcontains10syllables,whichcouldbedividedintofivefeet.Twosyllablesinonefeetarestressedsyllablefollowedbyaunstressedone.31 .Thecomedyofmannersisagenreofplay

35、/television/filmwhichsatirizesthemannersandaffectationsofasocialclass,oftenrepresentedbystockcharacters,suchasthemilesgloriousinancienttimes,thefopandtherakeduringtheRestoration,oranoldpersonpretendingtobeyoung.Theplotofthecomedy,oftenconcernedwithanillicitloveaffairorsomeotherscandal,isgenerallyles

36、simportantthanitswittyandoftenbawdydialogue.ThecomedyofmannerswasfirstdevelopedinthenewcomedyoftheAncientGreekplaywrightMenander.Hisstyle,elaborateplots,andstockcharacterswereimitatedbytheRomanplaywrightsPlautusandTerence,whosecomedieswerewidelyknownandcopiedduringtheRenaissance.Thebest-knowncomedie

37、sofmanners,however,maywellbethoseoftheFrenchplaywrightMolire,whosatirizedthehypocrisyandpretensionoftheancienrgimeinsuchplaysasL'coledesfemmes(TheSchoolforWives,1662),LeMisanthrope(TheMisanthrope,1666),andmostfamouslyTartuffe(1664).32 .Themiracleplayhadasitssubjecteitherastoryfromthebible,orelse

38、thelifeandmartyrdomofasaint.Intheusageofsomehistorians,however,“miracleplaydenotesonlydramasbasedonsaints'livesmysteeyplay.“33 .ThemoralityplayisagenreofMedievalandearlyTudortheatricalentertainment.Intheirowntime,theseplayswereknownas"interludes",abroadertermgiventodramaswithorwithouta

39、moraltheme.Moralityplaysareatypeofallegoryinwhichtheprotagonistismetbypersonificationsofvariousmoralattributeswhotrytoprompthimtochooseagodlylifeoveroneofevil.TheplaysweremostpopularinEuropeduringthe15thand16thcenturies.HavinggrownoutofthereligiouslybasedmysteryplaysoftheMiddleAges,theyrepresentedas

40、hifttowardsamoresecularbaseforEuropeantheatre.MysteryplaysandMiracleplays(whicharetwodifferentthings)areamongtheearliestformallydevelopedplaysinmedievalEurope.MedievalmysteryplaysfocusedontherepresentationofBiblestoriesinchurchesastableauxwithaccompanyingantiphonalsong.Theydevelopedfromthe10thtothe1

41、6thcentury,reachingtheheightoftheirpopularityinthe15thcenturybeforebeingrenderedobsoletebytheriseofprofessionaltheatre.Thenamederivesfrommysteryusedinitssenseofmiracle,butanoccasionallyquotedderivationisfrommisterium,meaningcraft,aplayperformedbythecraftguilds.34 .Rationalism：Itisusedtodescribethepo

42、liticalbeliefthattheworldpoliticalorderisnotaschaoticassuggestedbyrealists,butmaintainsacertaindegreeoforderwherenation-statesdonotviolateothers'sovereigntyunlessabsolutelynecessary.35 .Thesublimeisaformofexpressioninliteratureinwhichtheauthorreferstothingsinnatureorartthataffectthemindwithasens

43、eofoverwhelminggrandeurorirresistiblepower.Itiscalculatedtoinspireawe,deepreverence,orloftyemotion,byreasonofitsbeauty,vastness,orgrandeur.Whenthinkingoftheliterarysublime,mostscholarspointtotheRomanticPeriodastheageinwhichitflourished.InRomanticpoetry,authorsoftenreferredtomountainsordeepcrags,thin

44、gsthattheyconsideredbothawe-inspiringandterrifying,inordertoexpresstheliterarysublime.36 .Empiricismisoneofseveralcompetingviewsthatpredominateinthestudyofhumanknowledge,knownasepistemology.Empiricismemphasizestheroleofexperienceandevidence,especiallysensoryperception,intheformationofideas,overtheno

45、tionofinnateideasortradition1incontrastto,forexample,rationalismwhichreliesuponreasonandcanincorporateinnateknowledge.37 .Freeverseisaformofpoetrythatrefrainsfromconsistentmeterpatterns,rhyme,oranyothermusicalpattern.Somepoetshaveexplainedthatfreeverse,despiteitsfreedom,muststilldisplaysomeelementso

46、fform.Mostfreeverse,forexample,self-evidentlycontinuestoobserveaconventionofthepoeticlineinsomesense,atleastinwrittenrepresentations,thusretainingapotentialdegreeoflinkage,howevernebulous,withmoretraditionalforms.Somepoetshaveconsideredfreeverserestrictiveinitsownway.38 .Tragedyisaformofartbasedonhu

47、mansufferingthatoffersitsaudiencepleasure.Whilemostcultureshavedevelopedformsthatprovokethisparadoxicalresponse,tragedyreferstoaspecifictraditionofdramathathasplayedauniqueandimportantrolehistoricallyintheself-definitionofWesterncivilisation.39 .Inpoetry,astanzaisaunitwithinalargerpoem.Inmodernpoetr

48、y,thetermisoftenequivalentwithstrophe.Astanzaconsistsofagroupingoflines,setoffbyaspace,thatusuallyhasasetpatternofmeterandrhyme.IntraditionalEnglish-languagepoems,stanzascanbeidentifiedandgroupedtogetherbecausetheysharearhymeschemeorafixednumberoflines(asindistich/couplet,tercet,quatrain,cinquain/qu

49、intain,sestet).Inmuchmodernpoetry,stanzasmaybearbitrarilypresentedontheprintedpagebecauseofpublishingconventionsthatemploysuchfeaturesaswhitespaceorpunctuation.29.DramaticMonologueBydramaticmonologue,itismeantthatapoetchoosesadramaticmomentoracrisis,inwhichhischaractersaremadetotalkabouttheirlives,&

50、amp;abouttheirminds&hearts.In"listening"tothoseone-sidedtalks,readerscanformtheirownopinions&judgmentsaboutthespeaker'spersonality&aboutwhathasreallyhappened.RobertBrowningbroughtthispoeticformtoitsmaturity&perfection&his"MyLastDuchess"isoneofthebest-known

51、dramaticmonologues.39. TheGothicnovelItisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelate18thcentury&wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement,itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror&thesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader'semotion.Withitsdescriptionsofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature,the

52、GothicformhasexertedagreatinfluenceoverthewriteroftheRomanticperiod.WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolpho(1794)byAnnRadcliffe&Frankenstein(1818)byMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.40. Epic(史詩)Anepicisalongoralnarrativepoemthatoperatesonagrandscaleanddealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniv

53、ersalsignificance.Mostepicsdealwiththeexploitsofasingleindividualandalsointerlacethemainnarrativewithmyths,legends,folktalesandpastevents;thereisacompositeeffect,theentirecultureofacountrycoheringintheoverallexperienceofthepoem.Epicpoemsarenotmerelyentertainingstoriesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;th

54、eysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.史詩是長篇口頭敘事詩,內(nèi)容廣泛,通常以重要傳說或者重大歷史事件為題材.大局部的史詩歌頌個人的英雄事跡,同時也在表達(dá)中插入神話、傳說、民間故事以及歷史事件；一個民族的整體文化與全詩所講的經(jīng)歷緊密聯(lián)系,造成一種復(fù)合的效果.史詩不僅僅是愉悅?cè)说膫髌婀适禄蛘邭v史英雄事跡,它們總結(jié)以及表達(dá)了一個民族在其歷史上一個重要或者關(guān)鍵時期的本質(zhì)或者理想.41. Ballad(民謠)Inmoreexactliteraryter

55、minology,aballadisanarrativepoemconsistingofquatrainsofiambictetrameteralternatingwithiambictrimeter.Commontraitsoftheballadarethat(a)thebeginningisoftenabrupt,(b)thestoryistoldthroughdialogueandaction(c)thelanguageissimpleor“folksy,"(d)thethemeisoftentragic-thoughcomicballadsdoexist,(e)theball

56、adcontainsarefrainrepeatedseveraltimes.TheballadbecamepopularinEnglandinthelate14thcenturyandwasadoptedbymanywriters.OneofthemostimportantanthologiesofballadsisF.J.Child'sTheEnglishandScottishPopularBallads.在更為精確的文學(xué)術(shù)語中,民謠指的是抑揚(yáng)格四音步與抑揚(yáng)格三音步詩行交替出現(xiàn)的四行敘事詩.民謠的共同特色包括：(a)詩歌的起首通常十分出其不意.(b)故事通過對話和行為講述.(c)語

57、言簡單,民風(fēng)十足.(d)盡管存在喜劇民謠,但大多數(shù)民謠的主題具有悲劇意味.(e)民謠通常包含重復(fù)多遍的疊句.民謠這種詩歌形式在14世紀(jì)晚期的英格蘭十分盛行,從此以后許多作家對其進(jìn)行模仿創(chuàng)作.歷史上最為知名的民謠集之一為恰爾德收集出版的?英格蘭和蘇格蘭流行歌謠?42. ByronicbelongingtoorderivedfromLordByron(1788-1824)orhisworks.TheByronicheroisacharacter-typefoundinhiscelebratednarrativepoemChildeHaroldsPilgrimage(1812-18),hisvers

58、edramaManfred(1817),andotherworks:heisaboldlydefiantbutbitterlyselftormentingoutcast,proudlycontemptuousofsocial,sHeaUteringinnormsbutsufferingforsomeunnamedsin.EmilyBronteHeights(1847)isalaterexample.43. Heroiccoupletarhymedpairofiambicpentameterlines:LetObservationwithextensiveViewSurveyMankind,fr

59、omChinatoPeru(Johnson)NamedfromitsusebyDrydenandothersintheheroicdramaofthelate17century,theheroiccouplethadbeenestablishedmuchearlierbyChaucerasamajorEnglishverse-formfornarrativeandotherkindsofnon-dramaticpoetry:itdominatedEnglishpoetryofthe18century,notablyinthecoupletsofPope,beforedeclininginimp

60、ortanceintheearly1dhcentury.44. LakepoetsWilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,andRobertSoutheybecameknownastheLakePoets,becausetheylivedintheLakeDistrictinthenorthwesternpartofEngland.Accordingtothecritics,suchas,FrancisJeffrey,ThomasDeQuincey,theLakePoetssharedonlyfriendshipandbriefperiodsofcollaboration,notsimilarphilosophieso