曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第七版答案

1、曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第七版答案（中文）】> 1 市場(chǎng)是通過(guò)相互作用決定一種或一系列產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方的集合，因此可以把市場(chǎng)看作決定價(jià)格的場(chǎng)所。行業(yè)是出售相同的或緊密相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品的廠商的集合，一個(gè)市場(chǎng)可以包括許多行業(yè)。2 評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)理論有兩個(gè)步驟：首先，需要檢驗(yàn)這個(gè)理論假設(shè)的合理性；第二，把該理論的預(yù)測(cè)和事實(shí)相比較以此來(lái)驗(yàn)證它。如果一個(gè)理論無(wú)法被檢驗(yàn)的話(huà)，它將不會(huì)被接受。因此，它對(duì)我們理解現(xiàn)實(shí)情況沒(méi)有任何幫助。3 實(shí)證分析解釋“是什么 ”的問(wèn)題，而規(guī)范分析解釋的是“應(yīng)該是什么 ” 的問(wèn)題。對(duì)供給的限制將改變市場(chǎng)的均衡。a 中包括兩種分析，批評(píng)這是一種“失敗的政策 ” 是規(guī)范分析，批評(píng)其破壞了市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)

2、爭(zhēng)性 是實(shí)證分析。b 向我們說(shuō)明在燃油的配給制下總社會(huì)福利的被損壞 是實(shí)證分析。4 由于兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)在空間上是分離的，商品在兩地間的運(yùn)輸是套利實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件。如果運(yùn)輸成本為零，則可以在oklahoma 購(gòu)買(mǎi)汽油，到new jersey 出售，賺取差價(jià)；如果這個(gè)差價(jià)無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)運(yùn)輸成本則不存在套利機(jī)會(huì)。5 商品和服務(wù)的數(shù)量與價(jià)格由供求關(guān)系決定。雞蛋的實(shí)際價(jià)格從1970 年至 1985 年的下降，一方面是由于人們健康意識(shí)的提高而導(dǎo)致雞蛋需求的減少，同時(shí)也因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)成本的降低。在這兩種因素下，雞蛋的價(jià)格下降了。大學(xué)教育的實(shí)際價(jià)格的升高，是由于越來(lái)越多的人傾向于獲得大學(xué)教育而導(dǎo)致需求提高，同時(shí)教育的成本也在升高。在

3、這兩方面因素作用下，大學(xué)教育費(fèi)用提高了。6 日?qǐng)A相對(duì)美圓來(lái)說(shuō)，價(jià)值升高，升值前相比，兌換同樣數(shù)量的日?qǐng)A需要付出更多的美圓。由匯率的變化引起購(gòu)買(mǎi)力的變化，在日本市場(chǎng)出售的美國(guó)汽車(chē)，由于美圓貶值日?qǐng)A升值，持有日?qǐng)A的消費(fèi)者將較以前支付較底的價(jià)格；而在美國(guó)市場(chǎng)出售的日本汽車(chē)，由于日?qǐng)A升值美圓貶值，持有美圓的消費(fèi)者將面對(duì)較以前提高的價(jià)格。a. 長(zhǎng)期彈性和短期彈性區(qū)別在于消費(fèi)者對(duì)價(jià)格變化的反映速度以及可獲得的替代品。對(duì)紙巾這樣的非耐用品，價(jià)格上升，消費(fèi)者在短期內(nèi)的反映很小。但在長(zhǎng)期，對(duì)紙巾的需求將會(huì)變得富有彈性。對(duì)于象電視機(jī)這樣的耐用消費(fèi)品，在短期內(nèi)，價(jià)格的變動(dòng)可能會(huì)引起需求的劇烈變化，價(jià)格的上升可能會(huì)使

4、消費(fèi)者推遲購(gòu)買(mǎi)。因此耐用品的需求在長(zhǎng)期是富有彈性的。s. 供給價(jià)格彈性是供給量變動(dòng)的百分比和價(jià)格變動(dòng)百分比的比值。價(jià)格上升將引起供給的增加。有些廠商在短期內(nèi)，由于生產(chǎn)能力的限制無(wú)法迅速增加產(chǎn)量。這樣，在短期內(nèi)，供給是缺乏彈性的。然而在長(zhǎng)期情況下，廠商可以調(diào)整生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，因而，從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，供給是富有彈性的。t. 如果商品價(jià)格被定在市場(chǎng)出清水平以下，廠商愿意提供的產(chǎn)量則低于消費(fèi)者希望購(gòu)買(mǎi)的數(shù)量。短缺的程度則取決于供求的相對(duì)彈性。供求均富有彈性情況下的缺口要大于雙方缺乏彈性時(shí)的情況。消費(fèi)者無(wú)法在價(jià)格管制的情況下購(gòu)買(mǎi)到他想購(gòu)買(mǎi)到的數(shù)量。他將去購(gòu)買(mǎi)替代品，這樣，替a.消費(fèi)者將增加蘋(píng)果需求，導(dǎo)致需求曲線外移

5、動(dòng)。均衡價(jià)格和銷(xiāo)售量都將增加。b.由于橙子具有替代性，蘋(píng)果的需求曲線將外移，均衡價(jià)格和銷(xiāo)售量都將增加。u. 產(chǎn)量的下降將導(dǎo)致供給曲線向內(nèi)移動(dòng)，均衡價(jià)格上升，銷(xiāo)售量下降。v. 蘋(píng)果采摘著的增加將使蘋(píng)果生產(chǎn)成本下降，供給增加，均衡價(jià)格下降，銷(xiāo)售量上升。w. 供給曲線將外移，均衡價(jià)格下降，銷(xiāo)售量上升。練習(xí)題1.a.?qded?qd?pp?pqd?qd?pp = 80 , ed= -0.4 p = 100, ed= -0.56 b.?qses?qs?pp?pqs?qs?p.p = 80, es=0.5.【篇二：曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理答案第7 篇】【篇三：曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第六版書(shū)后練習(xí)答案-8】>1. a.

6、 the statement, if the government taxes land, wealthy landowners will pass the taxon to their poorer renters, is incorrect. with a tax on land, landowners can notpass the tax on. since the supply curve of land is perfectly inelastic, landownersbear the entire burden of the tax. renters will not be a

7、ffectedat all.b. the statement, if the government taxes apartment buildings, wealthy landownerswill pass the tax on to their poorer renters, is partially correct.with a tax onapartment buildings, landowners can pass the tax on moreeasily, though theextent to which they do this depends on the elastic

8、ities ofsupply and demand. inthis case, the tax is a direct addition to the cost of rental units,so the supply curvewill shift up by the amount of the tax. the tax will be shared by renters andlandowners, depending on the elasticities of demand and supply.2. a. the statement, a tax that has no deadw

9、eight loss cannotraise any revenue for thegovernment, is incorrect. an example is the case of a taxwhen either supply ordemand is perfectly inelastic. the tax has neither an effect onquantity nor anydeadweight loss, but it does raise revenue.b. the statement, a tax that raises no revenue for thegove

10、rnment cannot have anydeadweight loss, is incorrect. an example is the case of a 100 percent taximposed on sellers. with a 100 percent tax on their sales ofthe good, sellers wontsupply any of the good, so the tax will raise no revenue. yetthe tax has a largedeadweight loss, since it reduces the quan

11、tity sold to zero.3. since the demand for food is inelastic, a tax on food is agood way to raise revenue because6. a. setting quantity supplied equal to quantity demandedgives 2P = 300- p. addingp to both sides of the equation gives 3p = 300. dividing bothsides by 3 gives p =100. plugging p = 100 ba

12、ck into either equation for quantity demanded orsupplied gives q = 200.b. now p is the price received by sellers and p+t is the price paid by buyers.equating quantity demanded to quantity supplied gives 2p =300 - (p+t). addingp to both sides of the equation gives 3p = 300- t. dividingboth sides by 3

13、 givesp = 100 - t/3. this is the price received by sellers. the buyers pay a price equalto the price received by sellers plus the tax (p+t = 100 + 2t/3).the quantity soldis now q = 2p = 200- 2t/3.c.since tax revenue is equal to t x q and q = 200 - 2t/3, tax revenue equals 200t - 2t2/3. figure 9 show

14、s a graph of this relationship. tax revenue is zero at t = 0 and at t = 300.figure 9d. as figure 10 shows, the area of the triangle (laid on its side)that represents thedeadweight loss is 1/2 x base x height, where the base is the change in the price, which is the size of the tax (t) and the height

15、is the amount of the decline inquantity (2t/3). so the deadweight loss equals 1/2 x t x 2t/3 = t2/3. this rises exponentially from 0 (when t = 0) to 45,000 when t = 300, as shown in figure 11.figure 10figure 11e. a tax of $200 per unit is a bad idea, because its in a region in which tax revenue isdeclining. the government could reduce the ta