談工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中的技術(shù)美學(xué)

1、談工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中的技術(shù)美學(xué) 摘 要：技術(shù)美學(xué)的主要研究對象是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)問題。 由于 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)越來越重要， 人們不僅在滿足物質(zhì)生活的需求上不斷地獲得 新成就 , 而且也在精神上、審美要求上不斷地提出更高的要求。技術(shù) 美學(xué)的研究內(nèi)容是“ 科學(xué)性” 和“實(shí)用性”的結(jié)合。關(guān)鍵詞：技術(shù)美學(xué)； 物質(zhì)； 藝術(shù)性； 功能1. 前言由于現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)和工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的蓬勃發(fā)展 , 以及人們審美要 求的不斷提高 , 人們對于產(chǎn)品的審美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也發(fā)生著迅速的變化。因此 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)必須掌握這種變化的審美觀念 , 不斷創(chuàng)造出體現(xiàn)時(shí)代美的 產(chǎn)品。2. 設(shè)計(jì)中的美學(xué) 設(shè)計(jì)是一種藝術(shù)質(zhì)的造物活動(dòng)，其本質(zhì)是按照美的規(guī)律為人造 物。這就

2、決定了對設(shè)計(jì)的研究不能脫離審美的范疇。雖然“美”并不 是設(shè)計(jì)的唯一屬性和最終目的， 但就設(shè)計(jì)成果而言， 美的因素卻成為 考察其優(yōu)劣程度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。 隨著工業(yè)化程度的不斷加深以及科學(xué)技 術(shù)的日新月異，設(shè)計(jì)對美的需求也越來越復(fù)雜， 究其根本，乃人們 日益增長的物質(zhì)和精神需求使然。2.1 技術(shù)之美美的發(fā)生經(jīng)歷了制作過程及使用過程兩個(gè)階段， 藝術(shù)性與功利性 相比則顯得更為重要。 其產(chǎn)品所具有美的特征分為以下幾個(gè)方面： 首 先，現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)之美是實(shí)用價(jià)值的外化。 實(shí)用價(jià)值又可被理解為產(chǎn) 品的有用性或?qū)嵱眯?，它被體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品的功能中。其次，現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn) 品的技術(shù)美以一定條件作為美的成因。 雖然技術(shù)美是基于事物

3、有用性 的，但這種有用性必須在一定條件下才能轉(zhuǎn)化成美。 同一件技術(shù)產(chǎn)品 在不同歷史時(shí)期可能形成不同的審美感受。 再次，現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的技 術(shù)之美產(chǎn)生于使用。 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械化大生產(chǎn)決定了生產(chǎn)者在產(chǎn)品制作過程 中不再能體驗(yàn)生產(chǎn)過程的快感， 系統(tǒng)化的大批量生產(chǎn)及理性因素的參 與使生產(chǎn)者喪失了制作產(chǎn)品中對美的體驗(yàn)， 而產(chǎn)品的美只能在使用中 體現(xiàn)，通過目標(biāo)市場對產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)來產(chǎn)生美的感受。2.2 美在形式方面的要求現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品是物化了的意識對象， 其技術(shù)美的體現(xiàn)須通過可視 的物質(zhì)形式來傳達(dá)。 而這種可視的物質(zhì)形式可分為兩種： 一是體現(xiàn)功 能的形式；二是表現(xiàn)審美的裝飾化形式。一般情況下，這兩種形式不 以孤立狀態(tài)出

4、現(xiàn)，而是共同作用產(chǎn)生審美感受。 在新技術(shù)性造物產(chǎn) 生時(shí)，人們可能不會(huì)把過多的精力投入到此造物的形式方面，因此， 隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和時(shí)間的推移，當(dāng)人們開始將重心轉(zhuǎn)移到形式上時(shí)， 該造物就會(huì)以多樣的形式出現(xiàn)， ，可基本功能也許不會(huì)有多大改變。 所以，要求在設(shè)計(jì)過程中依據(jù)具體情況使前述兩種可視的物質(zhì)形式相 互結(jié)合，互為補(bǔ)充。既然技術(shù)美在功能上要求體現(xiàn)自然形態(tài)之美，那 么在形式上就必須考慮到適度調(diào)節(jié)表現(xiàn)審美的裝飾形式。2.3 設(shè)計(jì)對技術(shù)美在工藝材料方面的要求 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)品在技術(shù)的表現(xiàn)上很大程度依靠對材料的運(yùn)用和加 工。先秦古籍考工記曾著： “天有時(shí)，地有氣，材有美，工有巧， 合此四者，然后可以為良” 。

5、可見用材料的性能和特點(diǎn)來表現(xiàn)美的特 征由來已久， 這也是現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)主要表現(xiàn)手段之一。 選擇合乎目的的材 料有助于體現(xiàn)技術(shù)產(chǎn)品所固有的功能特征。現(xiàn)代大工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的產(chǎn)品大都以科學(xué)技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)的， 有著與以往 產(chǎn)品大相徑庭的生產(chǎn)方式及消費(fèi)模式， 其中包含的技術(shù)之美也是不能 與傳統(tǒng)手工技術(shù)之美相提并論， 它已構(gòu)成現(xiàn)代工業(yè)產(chǎn)品之美的一個(gè)重 要因素，并與其他審美的、 功能的、形式的和環(huán)境的諸因素相互作用， 形成張道一先生所謂的“造物的綜合之美” 。3. 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)對技術(shù)美學(xué)的要求 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)對技術(shù)美學(xué)的全面理解就應(yīng)是以技術(shù)美本身提供的人 性尺度為依據(jù) ,在技術(shù)活動(dòng)中不斷豐富和建構(gòu)技術(shù)美學(xué)的內(nèi)涵，可以 說工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與

6、技術(shù)美學(xué)的關(guān)系是在技術(shù)美本體制衡下的一種互動(dòng)關(guān) 系。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐為技術(shù)美學(xué)提供直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)； 技術(shù)美學(xué)又為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 提供規(guī)范和人文導(dǎo)向 ,兩者相互支持、共同發(fā)展。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的對象是 與人息息相關(guān)的一切人造物 ,即產(chǎn)品 ,而工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為人服務(wù)。 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)從本質(zhì)上講不僅是造物設(shè)計(jì)。 隨著人們經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的改善和審 美情趣的提升 ,人的消費(fèi)觀念和價(jià)值觀發(fā)生了質(zhì)的改變。從單純的追 求物質(zhì)享受轉(zhuǎn)向注重對生活質(zhì)量的提升； 觀念上的變化引導(dǎo)著設(shè)計(jì)變 革,要求工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師改變設(shè)計(jì)思維 ,而為工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)提供理論指導(dǎo)的技術(shù) 美學(xué)必須在已有理論體系的基礎(chǔ)上有所發(fā)展。3.1 人性化設(shè)計(jì)是技術(shù)美學(xué)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的目的是

7、為人提供合乎目的的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù) ,技術(shù)美學(xué)也應(yīng)當(dāng)研究“人性化”設(shè)計(jì) ,使得產(chǎn)品能夠最大程度地滿足人的需要， 技術(shù)美學(xué)在文化整合過程中 ,把社會(huì)倫理的審美文化和生態(tài)的因素納 入工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中 ,在對技術(shù)美的自覺追求中領(lǐng)悟到社會(huì)前進(jìn)的人文 性和目的性 ,通過提高生活趣味引導(dǎo)人的生活方式的變革 ,通過物的組 合次序?qū)崿F(xiàn)環(huán)境與人的和諧共處。3.2 關(guān)注“非物質(zhì)性設(shè)計(jì)” 從工業(yè)社會(huì)的物質(zhì)文明向后工業(yè)社會(huì)的非物質(zhì)文明轉(zhuǎn)變將是 21 世紀(jì)設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的總趨勢 ,工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的對象由對固化形態(tài)的“物 ”向虛 擬化形態(tài)的“非物”過渡 :從物的設(shè)計(jì)向非物的設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變；從實(shí)體產(chǎn) 品設(shè)計(jì)向服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變； 從實(shí)物產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)向虛擬

8、產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變 等等。新技術(shù)、新材料、新能源、新工藝的廣泛應(yīng)用 ,使產(chǎn)品越來越小 型化和微型化。如生物技術(shù)、納米技術(shù)在生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng) 用,設(shè)計(jì)師要 及時(shí)掌握新技術(shù)、新材料的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r ,這些都給工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)美學(xué) 帶來新的課題。4. 結(jié)語總之，技術(shù)美學(xué)作為一門新興的邊緣性學(xué)科， 它研究工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的 審美規(guī)律，揭示著社會(huì)物質(zhì)生活和精神生活過程中審美活動(dòng)的必然趨 勢，并且從審美的角度引領(lǐng)人們的審美活動(dòng)向著健康的方向發(fā)展。 因 此，現(xiàn)代工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐就必然需要技術(shù)美學(xué)理論的指導(dǎo)。 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)與 技術(shù)美學(xué)的融會(huì)貫通將構(gòu)建更加完善 的人類生活方式與文化形態(tài)。參考文獻(xiàn)：1 王效杰工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)趨勢與戰(zhàn)略J.北京:中國輕工

9、業(yè)出版社，2009.2 陳望衡.藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)J.武漢:武漢大學(xué)出版社,2000.3 張憲榮，張萱.設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)J.北京:化工出版社,2007.4 （法）第亞尼 ?著，滕守堯譯 . 非物質(zhì)社會(huì)：后工業(yè)世界的設(shè)計(jì)、 文化與技術(shù)J.成都:四川人民出版社,1998.Talk about technology of industrial design aestheticsPick to: the technology is the main research object of aesthetics is the art of industrial product design problems. As a

10、rt and design more and more important, people not only meet the needs of material life in constantly get new achievement, but also on the spiritual and aesthetic requirements continuously put forward higher request. Technological aesthetics research content is the combination of "science"

11、and "practicality".Key words: technical aesthetics; Material; Artistic quality; function1. IntroductionDue to the rapid development of modern science and technology and industrial production, and the continuous improvement of people's aesthetic requirements, aesthetic standards of prod

12、ucts for people is changing so fast. So art design must master the change of aesthetic concept, constantly create era of beauty products.2. The design of the aestheticsDesign is a kind of art creation activity, its essence is in accordance with the laws of beauty creation. It's decision on the d

13、esign study can't from the aesthetic category. Although the "beauty" is not the only attribute design and the final purpose, but in terms of design results, and factors of beauty has become one of its quality standard. With the deepening of degree of industrialization and progress of s

14、cience and technology, design requirement of beauty has become increasingly complex, investigate its fundamental, is the people's growing material and spiritual needs. The beauty of 2.1 technologyBeauty occurs through the production process and use process in two stages, the artistic quality is

15、more important compared with utilitarianism. Its product features that are characteristic of beauty can be divided into the following several aspects: first of all, the beauty of the modern industrial technology is the practical value of externalization. Practical value and can be understood as the

16、product's usefulness, or utility, it is reflected in the features of the product. Second, the modern industrial products technical beauty to certain conditions as the cause of beauty. Although the technology is based on the usefulness of things, but the must useful under certain conditions can b

17、e converted into beauty. The same technology products in different historical periods may form different aesthetic feelings. Again, the beauty of the technology of modern industrial products produced in use. Modern mechanized production determines the producers can no longer experience in product pr

18、oduction process of the production process, with the mass production of the systematic and rational factors participate in make the producers lost the production experience of beauty products, beauty can only be represented by the use of products, through the target market for the product consumptio

19、n to produce beautiful feeling.2.2 beauty is in the form of requirementsModern design products are materialized the object of consciousness, its technological beauty embodies must through the visual form of material to convey. And the material form of the visual can be divided into two kinds: one is

20、 reflect function in the form of; Second, manifests the adornment of the aesthetic form. In general, these two kinds of form is not in isolation, but work together to produce aesthetic feeling. In new technical creation, people may not take too much energy into this form aspectsof creation, therefor

21、e, with the progress of technology and the passageof time, when people began shifting to form, the creation will take the form of diversity, and the basic function can be probably won't have much change. Requirements in the design process, therefore, according to the specific circumstancesmake t

22、he combination of these two kinds of visual material form each other, complement each other. Since technology beauty embodies the beauty of the natural form on the function requirement, so in the form must be given the appropriate regulati ng performa nee aesthetic form of decorati on.2.3 desig n of

23、 the tech no logy in material requireme ntsModer n in dustrial products on the tech ni cal performa nee largely depe nds on the use and processing of materials. The pre-qin ancient books "well written" once the: "day sometimes, to have spirit, material have beauty, skillful, and the f

24、our, then can be good". Visible features and performance of materials in a way that shows has long bee n a feature of beauty, which is one of the main performance means in modern design. Material selecti on is the purpose of in here nt features would help to crystallise tech no logy products.Mo

25、der n big in dustry in the producti on of products mostly in scie nce and tech no logy as the forer unner, with very differe nt with previous product mode of producti on and con sumpti on patter ns, which contains the beauty of the tech no logy is not the equal of the beauty of the traditi onal manu

26、al tech no logy, it is con stitute an importa nt factor of beauty in the moder n in dustrial products, and with other forms of aesthetic, fun cti on al, and en vironmen tal factors in teract, formi ng Zhang Daoyi Mr. The so-called "comprehe nsive beauty of creati on".3. Industrial design t

27、o the requirements of technical aestheticsIn dustrial desig n for a comprehe nsive un dersta nding of the tech ni cal aesthetics should be based on technical beauty itself on the basis of the human scale, in technical activities enrich the aesthetic connotation and con structi on tech no logy, can s

28、ay that aesthetics is the relati on ship betwee n in dustrial desig n and tech no logy in the tech no logy the on tology of checks and bala nces un der a kind of i nteractive relatio nship. In dustrial design practice provide direct technical aesthetics experienee; Technical aesthetics and provide i

29、n dustrial desig n with specificati on and huma ni stic orie ntati on, both mutual support and com mon developme nt. I ndustrial design of the object is closely linked with people of all creation, namely product, in dustrial desig n purpose is to serve huma nity. In dustrial desig n in esse nee is n

30、ot on ly the desig n of creati on. As people econo mic con diti ons improve and aesthetic taste of asce nsion, qualitative cha nges have taken place in people's consumption idea and values. From the simple pursuit of material enjoy to pay more attention to the ascension of the quality of life, C

31、on ceptual cha nge led desig n cha nge for in dustrial desig ner cha nge the desig n thinking, and provide theoretical guida nee for in dustrial desig n tech no logy aestheticsmust be on the basis of existi ng theory system.3.1 huma ni zed desig n is the start ing point and the home of tech no logic

32、al aestheticsIs the purpose of i ndustrial desig n is to provide products and services is the purpose of tech ni cal aesthetics should study "huma ni zati on" desig n, en ables the product to best meet the n eeds of the people, and aesthetics of tech no logy in the process of cultural in t

33、egrati on, the social ethics of the aesthetic culture and the ecological factors in in dustrial desig n process, in the tech no logy realize self-c on scious pursuit of beauty and purpose of humanism and social advancement, by raising the life fun, mal lifestyle cha nge, through the comb in ati on o

34、f content order impleme ntati on en vir onment and harm onious coexiste nee.3.2 attention "immaterial design"Material civilizatio n of the society from in dustrial to post- in dustrial society transform non-material civilization will be the general trend of desig n in the 21st cen tury, th

35、e in dustrial desig n of the object by virtualization of solidified form of "content" to "intangible" in the form of transition: from the design of content to the content of the design change; From the real product desig n cha nges to the service desig n; From the physical product desig n cha nges to the virtual product desig n and so on. New tech no logy, new material, new en ergy, new tech no logy is widely used, make the product more min iaturizatio n and micromatio n. Such as biotech no logy, nano tech no logy should be used in the field of producti on, the desig ner m